MESOPOTAMIAN EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
CIVILIZATION
BEGINNING OF 10000 B.C
CIVILIZATION
LOCATION OF Between River Euphrates and
CIVILIZATION River Tigres
(The lowest part of the valley
was known as Land of Sumer
and its inhabitants were known
as Sumerians. The north eastern
region of sumer was called
Babylonia and Akkad, the
highlands in north were known
s Assyria. Mesopotamia is a flat
plain between the 2 rivers.
CITIES Sumer, Babylonia and Assyria
PEOPLE AND Due to open boundaries the
THERE Mesopotamia was open for all
OCCUPATION by which the civilization was
mixed of kind of people. The
first to come were Sumerians,
then the Babylonians and last
of all the Assyrians That’s why
the civilization is called the
grave of civilizations
Farmers, Traders, Carpenters,
Tool makers, Potters and Artist
ARCITECTURE *The temples with fire bricks
INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
7500 B.C
Near river Nile and its
tributaries
Only Egyptians lived in area of
civilization and did not had
contacts with the other
civilizations on earth. Farmers,
Traders, Carpenters, Tool
makers, Potters and Artist were
there occupations commonly
Built Pyramids
ANCIENT CHINESE
CIVILIZATION
5000 B.C
Near river Sarasvati, Indus
and its tributaries
Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro,
Dholavira, Lothal,
Rakhigarhi, Gola dhoro,
Ganweriwala
Farmers, Traders, Potters
The planned cities were one
3500 B.C
Near river Hwang-Ho in north,
Yangtse-Kiang in centre and
Sikiang in South
(Due to its rivers the fertile soil and
temperate climate made this river
valley ideal place to live. Ancient
Chinese enjoyed the benefit of
having the finest waterway in the
world. This
Made china a self dependent
country. )
Farmers, Potters, Artist, Tool
makers and Carpenters
They built the great wall of
 were made known as
ZIGGURATS which were
decorated with colored tiles,
marble slabs and precious
stones.
*Hanging Garden of
Babylonia
(Babylonians made hanging
gardens in the city those stand
till today and are one of the
wonders of the world)
RELIGION OF They worshiped many Gods
THE PEOPLE and Goddess. They basically
worshiped the forces of nature
like The Sun, Rain, Moon and
(huge stone structure made of of their best work in the field china which is about 2900 km
stones to keep dead bodies of of architecture. long, 8 metres of height and 7
the rulers{tomb of king} and Drainage pattern of the city. metres wide running over plains,
essentials which are needed in Dwelling houses deserts, and mountains. It starts
life, the largest pyramid is Graet granary at Harappa from eastern sea, runs across the
GIZAH called Great pyramid The Great Bath at Mohenjo- northern and western borers of
made by a Pharaoh known as Daro (Swimming pool) china and reaches Tibet.
Khufu in 3000 BC ) The Assembly hall *they built stupa type temples
The Sphinx The Lothal Docks known as Pagodas the temples
(A strange form of architecture were decorated with sculptures
which represent a mythical inside the temple
animal with the body of a lion
and the head of a Man, Its
carved of a single huge stone
block. It’s a mystery as to why
it was made)
Karnak and Abu Simbel
(TEMPLES with great halls
having a number of columns
were made, Abu simbel is
designed in such a manner that
the rays of rising sun reachs the
interiors, they are made on the
bank of nile river)
Construction of Cannels,
Dams and dykes were some
other magnificent works of
architecture by them.
They worshipped many gods Chinese in the earliest period
and goddess as many as 2000. were worshipers of nature gods
Of all the gods RA the sun god like the people of other
was most important, he was civilization. They also worshiped
 the Stars
They also built a temple in
honor of their gods known as
Ziggurats. They also created a
statue of Sun god which was
placed in the centre of the
temple
AGRICULTURE Wheat, Barley, Pulses and
AND Vegetables
DOMESTICATION They domesticated Cows,
OF ANIMALS goats, Sheep, Oxen and Ass
ACHIEVMENTS *Sumerians were First to build
AND up Trade with other
DISCOVERIES civilizations.
*Sumerians were First to
develop the art of writing.
*Sumerians were the First to
divide a circle into 360’.
*They were the one to divide
the day and night into 12 hours
each.
*They established the first
considered as giver of life and
warmth.
They also worshiped some
animals (Cows, Crocodiles,
Snakes and Hawks)
They believed in life after death
so they used to preserve the
dead bodies (known as
Mummy) and kept some
essentials with the dead body
for his life after death
Grain Crops (Wheat, Barley
and Millets), Flax, Dates,
Apples, Peaches, Figs and
Mulberries are the crops grown
by farmers.
They domesticated Cows,
Goats, Sheep, Asses, Pigs,
Geese, Camels and Horses
(bought to Egypt later by
Hykes)
*First to built a Calendar (It had
365 days which were divided
into 12 equal months of 30 days
each and remaining 5 days were
left for spiritual/Religious
activities.
*First to preserved the dead
body in a way they are in same
manner as they were kept till
today
*First to built Cannels and
their ancestors and their heroes.
The king was regarded as the son
of heaven god known as Shangti.
At later stage they became the
followers of Confucianism,
Taoism and Buddhism
Rice, Wheat, Millets, Soya beans
and Tea (Chinese were the first
rate agricultural community in the
ancient world)
*First to make silken cloth.
*Chinese are first to cultivate tea
plants (they dried the leaves and
used as a medicine, later it
became a drink
*First to make cups, Saucers,
bowls, beakers, vases, jars,
candlesticks, etc from a special
type of clay called porcelain.
Some of them were as thin as
eggshells, with shining, glossy
 library of the world.
*They were the first to make an
extensive use of wheel.
*The first to introduce the idea
of the arch, columns, dome and
vaults in the construction of
buildings
*They were the First to make
use of fired bricks.
*First one to cultivate Wheat.
Social and Sumerians were divided into
Economic life of three classes. The uppermost
People consisted of the members of the
royal family, priest and high
officials. The middle class
consisted of farmers, artisans
and Traders. The lowest class
consisted of the slaves who
were mostly tillers of land.
Dams For cultivation surfaces covered with beautiful
throughout the year for constant pictures or design in various
water supply colors on it.
*Introduced paper to the world
(They first wrote on stones,
walls and clay tablets. Later
they made a sort of paper from
reeds called papyrus. The
papyrus grew in the marshes
along the river nile.
The Egyptians used to cut &
made it flat sheets, which
pasted together and dried)
*They developed decimal
system in mathematics
*They did a note worthy
progress in the field of
medicine by knowing many
diseases and there cure
*They were the first to make
cloth
*First solar clock was also
made by them
Nothing about their social life There life was based on family
has been found by the system, the head of the family
archiologists till today. was highly respected, and they
They used batter system to gave every person in the family a
exchange the commodity in definite place in the society. The
their economic life women’s were confined within
the four walls of the house. They
were even suppose to observe
pardah and were kept under the
 Although the slavery existed in strict control of men
ancient Sumer the slaves were Slavery was practiced in ancient
not treated harshly and women china
enjoyed a reasonable position
in the society
LITERATURE