2 Latticeenergyf

1
Lattice Energy-Madelung constants – Born Haber cycle
Prof.P. Ravindran,
Department of Physics, Central University of Tamil
Nadu, India
http://folk.uio.no/ravi/CMP2015
P.Ravindran, PHY074- Condensed Matter Physics, Spring 2016 July: Lattice Energy-Madelung constants – Born Haber cycle
Introduction
Cohesive energy 
energy required to
break up crystal into
neutral free atoms.
Lattice energy (ionic

crystals)  energy
required to break up
crystal into free ions.
P.Ravindran,
Kcal/molPHY074- Condensed Matter Physics, Spring 2016 July: Lattice Energy-Madelung
= 0.0434 eV/molecule constants
KJ/mol = 0.0104 – Born Haber cycle
eV/molecule
6
Interactions between Ions
Typically consider an ionic solid with many cations and many

anions
All ions are interacting with each other: repulsion and attraction
Lattice energy of a solid – ΔE of ions in gas vs solid
High LE – strong interaction between ions, tightly bonded solid
Start with the CPE of 2 ions with charges z1 and z2:
CPE12 
z1e  z 2 e 

z1z 2 e 2
4 0 r12 4 0 r12
Total PE of ionic solid is sum of CPE interactions between all ions
Electronegativity and Chemical Bonds
1. Ionization enthalpy
The enthalpy change when one mole of
electrons are removed from one mole of
atoms or positive ions in gaseous state.
+ - st
X(g)  X (g) + e H 1 I.E.
+ 2+ - nd
X (g)  X (g) + e H 2 I.E.
Ionization enthalpies are always positive.
2. Electron affinity
The enthalpy change when one mole of
electrons are added to one mole of atoms
or negative ions in gaseous state.
- - st
X(g) + e  X (g) H 1 E.A.
 - 2 nd
X (g) + e  X (g) H 2 E.A.
Electron affinities can be positive or negative.
I.E. and E.A. only show e- releasing/attracting
power of
free, isolated atoms
However, whether a bond is ionic or covalent

depends on the ability of atoms to attract
electrons in a chemical bond.
3. Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
Mulliken’s scale of electronegativity

1
Electronegativity(Mulliken)  ( IE  EA)
2
Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 1966
Pauling’s scale of electronegativity
Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 1954

Nobel Laureate in Peace, 1962
 calculated from bond enthalpies

 cannot be measured directly
 having no unit
 always non-zero
 the most electronegative element, F, is
arbitrarily assigned a value of 4.00
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
H He
2.1 -
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8 -
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.5 -
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 -
What trends do you notice about the EN values in
the Periodic Table? Explain.
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
H He
2.1 -
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8 -
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.5 -
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 -
What trends do you notice about the EN values in
the Periodic Table? Explain.
The EN values increase from left to right across a

Period.
 The atomic radius decreases from left to right across a

Period.Thus,the nuclear attraction experienced by the
bonding electrons increases accordingly.
What trends do you notice about the EN values in the Periodic
Table? Explain.
The EN values decrease down a Group.
The atomic radius increases down a Group, thus

weakening the forces of attraction between the nucleus
and the bonding electrons.
Ionic Bonding
The equations that we will use to predict lattice energies for crystalline solids are the
Born-Mayer equation and the Kapustinskii equation, which are very similar to one
another. These equations are simple models that calculate the attraction and
repulsion for a given arrangement of ions.
Born-Mayer Equation:
U0 = (e2 / 4  0) * (N zA zB / d0) * A * (1 – (d* / d0))
U0 = 1390 (zA zB / d0) * A * (1 – (d* / d0)) in kJ/mol
Kapustinskii equation :
U0 = (1210 kJ Å / mol) * (n zA zB / d0) * (1 – (d* / d0))
Where:
e is the charge of the electron, 0 is the permittivity of a vacuum
N is Avogadro’s number
zA is the charge on ion “A”, zB is the charge on ion “B”
d0 is the distance between the cations and anions (in Å) = r+ + r-
A is a Madelung constant
d* = exponential scaling factor for repulsive term = 0.345 Å
n = the number of ions in the formula unit
Ionic Bonding
The origin of the equations for lattice energies.
U0 = Ecoul + Erep
The lattice energy U0 is composed of both coulombic (electrostatic) energies and an additional
close-range repulsion term - there is some repulsion even between cations and anions because of
the electrons on these ions. Let us first consider the coulombic energy term:
For an Infinite Chain of Alternating Cations and Anions:
In this case the energy of coulombic forces (electrostatic attraction and repulsion) are:
Ecoul = (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB / d) * [+2(1/1) - 2(1/2) + 2(1/3) - 2(1/4) + ....]
because for any given ion, the two adjacent ions are each a distance of d away, the next two
ions are 2d, then 3d, then 4d etc. The series in the square brackets can be summarized to
give the expression:
Ecoul = (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB / d) * (2 ln 2)

where (2 ln 2) is a geometric factor that is adeqate for describing the 1-D nature of the infinite
alternating chain of cations and anions.
Ionic Bonding
For a 3-dimensional arrangement, the geometric factor will be different for each different
arrangement of ions. For example, in a NaCl-type structure:
Ecoul = (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB / d) * [6(1/1) - 12(1/2) + 8(1/3) - 6(1/4) + 24(1/5) ....]
The geometric factor in the square brackets only works for the NaCl-type structure, but
people have calculated these series for a large number of different types of structures
and the value of the series for a given structural type is given by the Madelung constant,
A.
This means that the general equation of Coulombic energy for any 3-D ionic solids is:
Ecoul = (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB / d) * A
Note that the value of Ecoul must be negative for a stable crystal lattice.
Ionic Bonding
The numerical values of Madelung constants for a variety of different structures are
listed in the following table. CN is the coordination number (cation,anion) and n is the
total number of ions in the empirical formula e.g. in fluorite (CaF2) there is one cation
and two anions so n = 1 + 2 = 3.
lattice A CN stoich A/n
CsCl 1.763 (8,8) AB 0.882
NaCl 1.748 (6,6) AB 0.874
Zinc blende 1.638 (4,4) AB 0.819
wurtzite 1.641 (4,4) AB 0.821
fluorite 2.519 (8,4) AB2 0.840
rutile 2.408 (6,3) AB2 0.803
CdI2 2.355 (6,3) AB2 0.785
Al2O3 4.172 (6,4) A2B3 0.834
Notice that the value of A is fairly constant for each given stoichiometry and that the
value of A/n is very similar regardless of the type of lattice.
Ionic Bonding
If only the point charge model for Coulombic energy is used to estimate the lattice energy (i.e. if U0 = Ecoul) the
calculated values are much higher than the experimentally measured lattice energies.
E.g. for NaCl (rNa+ = 0.97Å, rCl- = 1.81Å):
U0 = 1390 (zA zB / d0) * A = 1390 ((1)(-1)/2.78) * (1.748) kJ/mol = - 874 kJ/mol
But the experimental energy is -788 kJ/mol. The difference in energy is caused by the repulsion between the
electron clouds on each ion as they are forced close together. A correction factor, Erep, was derived to
account for this.
Erep = - (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB d*/ d2) * A and since
Ecoul = (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB / d) * A the total is given by
U0 = (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB / d0) * A * (1-(d*/d0))
This is the Born-Mayer equation, when the constants are evaluated

we get the form of the equation that we will use:
U0 = 1390 (zA zB / d0) * A * (1 - (d* / d0)) in kJ/mol
Note: d* is the exponential scaling factor for the repulsive term and
a value that we will use for this is 0.345 Å.
Ionic Bonding
Using the Born-Mayer equation, for our example with NaCl.
U0 = 1390 (zA zB / d0) * A * (1 - (d* / d0))
= 1390 ((1)(-1)/2.78) * (1.748) * (1-(0.345/2.78) kJ/mol = - 765 kJ/mol
Which is much closer to the experimental energy of -788 kJ/mol.
Kapustinskii observed that A/n is relatively constant but increases slightly with
coordination number. Because coordination number also increases with d, the value of
A/nd should also be relatively constant. From these (and a few other) assumptions he
derived an equation that does not involve the Madelung constant:
Kapustinskii equation :
U0 = (1210 kJ Å / mol) * (n zA zB / d0) * (1 – (d* / d0))
One advantage of the Kapustinskii equation is that the type of crystal lattice is not
important. This means that the equation can be used to determine ionic radii for non-
spherical ions (e.g. BF4-, NO3-, OH-, SnCl6-2 etc.) from experimental lattice energies. The
self-consistent set of radii obtained in this way are called thermochemical radii.
24
Consider a line of alternating cations

and anions:
CPE of an ion in center:
2 2
z N Ae
E  A 
4 0d
A = 2 ln 2
CPE is negative, net attraction
between the ions
Now expand the model to 3D:
Coefficient A – Madelung constant –
related to arrangement of ions
25
As ions are separated, the

attraction decreases
If ions are too close, past the point
of contact, they repel each other
There is an ideal separation
between ions:
Born-Meyer equation
N A z1z2 e 2  d * 
PE min  1 A
40d  d 
d* = 34.5 x 10-12 m
Ionic Crystals
ions: closed outermost shells Cohesive/Binding energy

~ spherical charge = 7.9+3.615.14 = 6.4 eV
distribution
Electrostatic (Madelung) Energy
Interactions involving ith U i  U i j
j i
ion:
  R/  q2
 e  n.n.
 R
Ui j   2
  q otherwise
 pi j R
Utot  NUi
  q2 
For N pairs of  N  z e  R/ 
  z ﹦number of n.n.
ions:  R 
ρ ~ .1 R0
 

﹦Madelung constant
j i pi j
dU tot  z  R /   q 2 
At equilibrium:  0  N  e  2   R0 /    q2
 → 2
R e 
dR  R  0
z
N q 2    N q 2
U tot 0  1   Madelung Energy  
R0  R0  R0
Evaluation of Madelung Constant
App. B: Ewald’s method  

i fixed
j i pi j
 1 1 1 
  2 1       2ln 2
 2 3 4 
KCl
Kcal/mol = 0.0434 eV/molecule
31
Madelung Constant 
Neighbors Signs Numbers Distance

1st - 6 r
2nd + 12 2r
3rd - 8 3r
4th + 6 2r
Arrangement of ions in sodium chloride structures.
31
Total Coulombic potential:
e2 e2 e2 e2
U A  6  12 8 6  ...
4 0 r 4 0 2 r 4 0 3r 4 o (2r )
e 2 1.748e 2
 
4 0 r 4 0 r
32
32
33
Crystal Potential
The crystal potential is the summation of repulsive

energy and the Coulombic attraction
V (r )  U R (r )  U A (r )
e 2
B Repulsive energy ER
 n
r 4 o r
Interatomic separation r
Net energy EN
Ed
Attractive energy EA
33
Exclusion repulsive force UR
Crystal Potential V(r)
equilibrium position
r = ro
V(r)
Coulombic attraction UA
distance r
Equilibrium position
 The position at which the energy is minimum.

 Balance between the repulsive force and attractive
force.
 To evaluate, the first order derivative of V with
respect to r is zero, i.e.
dV nB e 2
  0
dr r  ro ron 1 ro2
The equilibrium position is then
given by
nB
ro  n 1
e 2
And the minimum energy is
e 2 1
Vmin  V (ro )   (1  )
4 o ro n
37
Example
 Parameters for Sodium Chloride:

– B = 1.209x10-96 eV m9
– n=9
–  =1.7576
– Ionization energy for sodium = 5.14eV, and electron
affinity of chlorine = 3.61 eV
 Find the cohesive energy Ecoh
Definitions
Sodium ion
 Ionization Energy Na+
Sodium atom
+
Eion
A loss in energy for the ionization

38
38
Electron affinity
Chorine atom Cl Chorine ion Cl-
Capture
electron
Energy released by capturing electron
Cohesive energy
Sodium
atom
Chlorine
dissociation atom
NaCl molecule
Cohesive energy is the energy required to

dissociate the molecule into atoms..
Equilibrium position of Sodium Chloride Crystal
nB
ro  n 1
e 2
96
9 x1.209x10
8 19
1.7476x1.609x10
Did I make mistake? It must

be e2
41
41
There is no mistake. Sine the unit of B is eV m9. It must be
converted into Joule by multiplying the electron charge e. The
electron charge cancels out one of the e factor in the
denominator.
Effectively, it can express B in eV m9, while eliminating one e
in the denominator.
The calculation result for ro becomes
r0 = 2.887x10-10 m
The energy required to dissociate a sodium
chloride molecule into separate ions:Ed
2
 
NaCl  Ed  Na  Cl
Why e instead of e ?
e 1 2
Ed  V (ro )  (1  )
4 o ro n
19
1.747565x1.602x10 8
 12
x
4 x 4.1416x8.85x10 9
= 7.96 eV
43
43
Ionization energy of Na
Na  Eion  Na   e  Eion = 5.14 eV
Electron affinity of Cl
 
Cl  e  Cl  Eaff Eaff = 3.61 eV
 
Na  Cl  Na  Cl  Eion  Eaff
recall
 
Na  Cl  NaCl  Ed
44
Na  Cl  NaCl  Ed  Eion  Eaff
Na  Cl  Na   Cl   NaCl  Ecoh
where
Ecoh = Ed -Eion + Eaff
In our present case Ecoh = 7.96 -5.14 +3.61 =

6.43 eV
Cohesive energy per ion = 6.43/2 = 3.21eV
45
45
Born-Haber Cycles
Calculating lattice enthalpies.
Lattice enthalpy terms
 ∆Hө L.E = Lattice enthalpy. The standard

enthalpy change when one mole of
crystalline substance is formed from its
constituent gaseous ions.
 Na+(g) + Cl-(g) → NaCl(S)
Born-Haber cycles
 Define and apply the terms enthalpy of formation,

ionisation enthalpy, enthalpy of atomisation of an
element and of a compound, bond dissociation
enthalpy, electron affinity, lattice enthalpy (defined
as either lattice dissociation or lattice formation),
enthalpy of hydration and enthalpy of solution.
 Construct Born–Haber cycles to calculate lattice

enthalpies from experimental data.
What do we mean by lattice enthalpy?
For an ionic compound the lattice -  -  -
enthalpy is the enthalpy change  -  - 
when one mole of solid in its
-  -  -
standard state is formed from its
ions in the gaseous state.
The lattice enthalpy cannot be measured
directly and so we make use of other
known enthalpies and link them together
with an enthalpy cycle.
This enthalpy cycle is the Born-Haber cycle.

kJmol-1
+800
Born-Haber Cycle for Sodium Chloride
+700
+600
1 Sublimation of Sodium
+500
+400
+300
+200
Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
+100 θ
HS = +107kJmol-1
0 Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
-100
-200
-300
-400
kJmol-1
+800
+700
+600
+500
+400
2 Bond Dissociation of Chlorine
+300
Na(g) + Cl(g)
½ HθD = +121kJmol-1
+200
Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
+100
0 Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
-100
-200
-300
-400
kJmol-1
+800
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
+700
e-
+600 e-
+500
3 First Ionisation of Sodium e-
θ
+400 H I = +502kJmol-1 e-
e-
+300
Na(g) + Cl(g)
+200 
Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

+100
0 Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
-100
-200
-300
-400
kJmol-1
+800
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
+700
+600 4 Electron Affinity of Chlorine

θ
+500 HE= -355kJmol-1
+400
Na+(g) + Cl-(g)
+300
Na(g) + Cl(g)
+200
+100
0
Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

-e
-100
-200
-
-300
-400
kJmol-1
+800
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
+700
+600
+500
+400
-  -
Na+(g) + Cl-(g)
+300
Na(g) + Cl(g)
+200
 - 
Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

-  -
+100
0 Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
-100
θ
-200 HF = -411kJmol-1
-300
5 Formation of Sodium Chloride
-400
NaCl(s)
kJmol-1
+800
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
+700
+600
+500
+400
Na+(g) + Cl-(g)
+300
Na(g) + Cl(g)
+200 Lattice Enthalpy for
Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
+100 Sodium Chloride
0 Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g)
-  -
-100
H θ = -786 kJmol-1
 - 
-200 L
-  -
-300
-400
NaCl(s)
Born-Haber cycles
 Explain and use the term: lattice enthalpy.
 Use the lattice enthalpy of a simple ionic solid and

relevant energy terms to construct Born–Haber cycles.
Lattice Enthalpy Values (kJ mol-1)
Cl¯ Br¯ F¯ O2-

Na+ -780 -742 -918 -2478
K+ -711 -679 -817 -2232
Rb+ -685 -656 -783
Mg2+ -2256 -3791
Ca2+ -2259
Smaller ions will have a greater attraction for each other

because of their higher charge density. They will have larger
Lattice Enthalpies and larger melting points because of the
extra energy which must be put in to separate the oppositely
charged ions.
Lattice Enthalpy Values
Cl¯ Br¯ F¯ O2-
Na+ -780 -742 -918 -2478
K+ -711 -679 -817 -2232
Rb+ -685 -656 -783
Mg2+ -2256 -3791
Ca2+ -2259
Smaller ions will have a greater attraction for each other because of their
higher charge density. They will have larger Lattice Enthalpies and larger
melting points because of the extra energy which must be put in to separate
the oppositely charged ions.
Na+ Cl¯ K+ Cl¯
The sodium ion has the same charge as a potassium ion but is smaller. It has a higher
charge density so will have a more effective attraction for the chloride ion. More energy
will be released when they come together.
Calculating Lattice Enthalpy
SPECIAL POINTS
One CANNOT MEASURE LATTICE ENTHALPY DIRECTLY
it is CALCULATED USING A BORN-HABER CYCLE
greater charge
densities of ions = greater attraction
= larger lattice enthalpy
Effects
Melting point the higher the lattice enthalpy,

the higher the melting point of an ionic compound
Solubility solubility of ionic compounds is affected by the

relative
values of Lattice and Hydration Enthalpies
Ionic Bonding
If we can predict the lattice energy, a Born-Haber cycle analysis can tell us why
certain compounds do not form. E.g. NaCl2
(H°ie1 + H°ie2)
Na(s)  Na(g)  Na+2(g)

H°sub
Cl2(g)  2 Cl(g)  2Cl-(g)

Lattice Energy, Uo
H°d H°ea
NaCl2(s)
H°f
H°f = H°sub + H°ie1 + H°ie2 + H°d + H°ea + Uo
H°f = 109 + 496 + 4562 + 242 + 2*(-349) + -2180

H°f = +2531 kJ/mol
This shows us that the formation of NaCl2 would be highly endothermic and very
unfavourable. Being able to predict lattice energies can help us to solve many problems so we
must learn some simple ways to do this.
Born-Haber Cycle - MgCl2
1 Enthalpy of formation of MgCl2
Mg(s) + Cl2(g) ——> MgCl2(s) Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)
2 Enthalpy of sublimation of magnesium

Mg(s) ——> Mg(g) 5
6
3 Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine Mg+(g) + 2Cl(g)
½Cl2(g) ——> Cl(g) x2
4
4 Ist Ionisation Energy of magnesium Mg2+(g) + 2Cl–
Mg(g) ——> Mg+(g) + e¯ Mg(g) + 2Cl(g) (g)
5 2nd Ionisation Energy of magnesium 3

Mg+(g) ——> Mg2+(g) + e¯ Mg(g) + Cl2(g)
2 7
6 Electron Affinity of chlorine
Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
Cl(g) + e¯ ——> Cl¯(g) x2
1
7 Lattice Enthalpy of MgCl2
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl¯(g) ——> MgCl2(s)
MgCl2(s)
CaO
Ca2+ (g) + 2 e- + O (g)
H H electron affinity/ies
590 H ionisation –142
energy/ies
1150 Ca (g) + O (g) +844
H Ca2+ (g) + O2- (g)
193
atomisation(s)
248 Ca (s) + ½ O2 (g) H lattice
? energy
of formation
–635 H formation
CaO (s)
– 635 = 193 + 248 + 590 + 1150 – 142 + 844 + Hlattice

Hlattice = – 635 – 193 – 248 – 590 – 1150 + 142 – 844
= – 3518 kJ mol-1
63
(0,1,0)
(1,0,0)

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1

Lattice Energy-Madelung constants – Born Haber cycle

Lattice energy (ionic

Interactions between Ions

Typically consider an ionic solid with many cations and many

Ionization enthalpies are always positive.

Electron affinities can be positive or negative.

free, isolated atoms

However, whether a bond is ionic or covalent

Mulliken’s scale of electronegativity

Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 1966

Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 1954

 calculated from bond enthalpies

The EN values increase from left to right across a

 The atomic radius decreases from left to right across a

The EN values decrease down a Group.

The atomic radius increases down a Group, thus

U0 = 1390 (zA zB / d0) * A * (1 – (d* / d0)) in kJ/mol

For an Infinite Chain of Alternating Cations and Anions:

Ecoul = (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB / d) * [+2(1/1) - 2(1/2) + 2(1/3) - 2(1/4) + ....]

Ecoul = (e2 / 4  0) * (zA zB / d) * (2 ln 2)

CsCl 1.763 (8,8) AB 0.882

NaCl 1.748 (6,6) AB 0.874

Zinc blende 1.638 (4,4) AB 0.819

wurtzite 1.641 (4,4) AB 0.821

fluorite 2.519 (8,4) AB2 0.840

rutile 2.408 (6,3) AB2 0.803

CdI2 2.355 (6,3) AB2 0.785

Al2O3 4.172 (6,4) A2B3 0.834

E.g. for NaCl (rNa+ = 0.97Å, rCl- = 1.81Å):

U0 = 1390 (zA zB / d0) * A = 1390 ((1)(-1)/2.78) * (1.748) kJ/mol = - 874 kJ/mol

This is the Born-Mayer equation, when the constants are evaluated

U0 = 1390 (zA zB / d0) * A * (1 - (d* / d0)) in kJ/mol

U0 = 1390 (zA zB / d0) * A * (1 - (d* / d0))

= 1390 ((1)(-1)/2.78) * (1.748) * (1-(0.345/2.78) kJ/mol = - 765 kJ/mol

Which is much closer to the experimental energy of -788 kJ/mol.

Interactions between Ions

Consider a line of alternating cations

Interactions between Ions

As ions are separated, the

ions: closed outermost shells Cohesive/Binding energy

Neighbors Signs Numbers Distance

Arrangement of ions in sodium chloride structures.

The crystal potential is the summation of repulsive

 The position at which the energy is minimum.

 Parameters for Sodium Chloride:

A loss in energy for the ionization

Chorine atom Cl Chorine ion Cl-

Energy released by capturing electron

Cohesive energy is the energy required to

Did I make mistake? It must

Na  Eion  Na   e  Eion = 5.14 eV

Ecoh = Ed -Eion + Eaff

In our present case Ecoh = 7.96 -5.14 +3.61 =

Calculating lattice enthalpies.

 ∆Hө L.E = Lattice enthalpy. The standard

 Na+(g) + Cl-(g) → NaCl(S)

 Define and apply the terms enthalpy of formation,

 Construct Born–Haber cycles to calculate lattice

This enthalpy cycle is the Born-Haber cycle.

Na(g) + 1/2 Cl2(g)

+600 4 Electron Affinity of Chlorine