CCNA

Networking Basics
1. What is network
Ans. Network is the way to connect two or more than
two computers. Network is as small as two computers
or network is as large as whole world is connected to
each other.
2. What is networking
Ans. Networking is the process of sharing of data and
resources b/w two or more than two devices
Impact of application on the network
1. Batch application
FTP, TFTP, Inventory update
No human interaction
Bandwidth important but not critical
2. Interactive application
Human to machine interaction
Inventory inquiry, database update
Human waiting for response, response time
important but not critical, unless wait become
excessive.
3. Real time application
Human to human intraction
End to end latency critical
VOIP, Video

Characteristics of network
Topology
Speed
Cost
Security
Availability
Scalability
Reliability
Physical topology
Bus: all computers are connected to the single wire
(back bone wire)
Demerit: back bone wire down means all the
computers are down.
Tree: A single HUB/ROUTER is used all computers are
connected to it.(it is most common used topology)
Mesh: in mesh all computers are connected to each
other (this is the most expensive topology) because
if we want to connect five Computer to the single
computer than we required five network interface
card
NIC(network interface card on each card MAC
address bind):NIC is the device which used to
connect the laptop/mobile to the internet
MODEM/DOGGLE/mobile :they are having NIC card
and MAC address
HUB
Suppose I want to connect five Computer to each
other so for this we require five NIC card in one
computer so its cost increased a lot. So to overcome
this problem we start using HUB
Demerit:
less no of ports
whatever data it will receive it will broadcast to the
computers which are connected to the HUB
for example suppose 4 computers A,B,C,D are
connected to the HUB and A want to send to the C
but it will broadcast to the all 4 computers.
It works on shared bandwidth (suppose we 8mbps
speed connection if we are using 4 computers than
this 8mbps speed will divide 2mbps to all 4
computers)
SWITCH
1. More no of ports(8,12,24,)
2. It broadcast only once
 3. It learn mac address
4. After learning the mac address now it will unicast
the data or message
Difference b/w switch and bridge
Switch is hardware based while bridge is software
based
In switch ports are more as compare to bridge

Router
1. It does routing
2. It choose best path to reach destination.
3. It is more secure
4. Routers made to connect different locations to
each other.
Repeater
1. It generally amplify signal

Modem
1. Its main function is to convert analog to digital and
digital to analog

OSI model (open system interconnection) made by

ISO (international standard of organization)
There were two models
1. DOD(department of defence)
2. OSI(open system interconnection)
OSI
OSI model made by ISO in which they made some
rules that if data from PC goes to google server over
internet it must follow these rules. In which they
made 7 layers
Total world internet is working over TCP IP
protocol having 4 layers and these 4 layers are
present in OSI model
Application layer:- (Apple talk, ipx, netbias)
7. Application layer:-all software which we use to access
internet or which help us to interact each other all these
software comes in application layer such as Gmail,
facebook, gtalk, yahoo,whatsapp
Definition - What does Application Layer mean?
The application layer consists of protocols that focus on process-to-process
communication across an IP network and provides a firm communication interface and
end-user services.

Techopedia explains Application Layer

The application layer is the seventh layer of the OSI model and the only one that directly
interacts with the end user.
The application layer provides many services, including:

 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

 File transfer

 Web surfing

 Web chat

 Email clients

 Network data sharing

 Virtual terminals

 Various file and data operations

The application layer provides full end-user access to a variety of shared network
services for efficient OSI model data flow. This layer has many responsibilities, including
error handling and recovery, data flow over a network and full network flow. It is also
used to develop network-based applications.
More than 15 protocols are used in the application layer, including File Transfer
Protocol, Telnet, Trivial File Transfer Protocol and Simple Network Management
Protocol.
Its major network device or component is the gateway.
1. TELNET :- Develop in 1996 this protocol is used to
access router remotely (Port 23). But this protocol
is not encrypted(easily person can read packets and
take all informations)
2. SSH:- this protocol is also used to access routers
remotely. This is encrypted(nobody can see data
whatever you are sending and receiving) (port 22)
3. FTP:- this protocol is generally were used to
transfer file from one computer to another through
command prompt(port 21)
4. TFTP:- this protocol is generally used to upgrade
version of operating system of the routers ( just like
computers have window operating system same
routers also have operating system) (IOS
internetwork operating system)
This protocol is also used to take backup of
configuration of routers or backup of all command
you have used earlier (port 69)
5. HTTP:- this protocol comes under TCP it is generally
used for browsing as browser understand http
6. HTTPS:- this protocol used by banks as it is more
secure than http.(port 443)
7. NTP(network time protocol) this protocol used to
sync clock time of all routers and switches
8. DNS:- Domain name service : By default there are

two DNS. Suppose you are searching

 www.faceook.com browser goes to first DNS and
ask for ip address. if it doesn’t have ip address than
it goes to second DNS than this one provide ip
address to browser. Than related information
opens. 1. It resolve hostname

TELNET , SSH, FTP these all 3 comes under TCP(we

got acknowledgement once data reached at
destination for confirmation) But TFTP works on
UDP(where we didn’t get any acknowledgement of
data)
6 Presentation layer:- presentation layer tells what is
the format of the data. Suppose we open google
page over that Google page some imagese were
there PL will tell the format of the image whether it
is in png jpeg
1. It also convert the formate of the data
according to requirement.
PL layer also does encryption and decription and
compression & decompression
5. Session layer:- main function of the session layer to
create and manage the session via port numbers
For example suppose we open chrome in one tab we are
searching network kings so when request goes to google
server then google server search port no assign to
network kings and data related to netwok kings shown
to you. So different -2 sessions different-2 port numbers
assign to them. All services have different – 2 port
numbers to avoid disturbance to each others
Responsibility of session layer
1. Authentication
2. Authorization
3. Session restoration(check point)
4. Session bean
5. Flow control and synchronization
6. Session layer and presentation layer is not the
responsibility of the operationg system .it is the
responsibility of the app we are using
4th TRANSPORT LAYER:- End to end delivery of data(its
responsibility is to send data from source to destination)
when we talk about transport layer then this include
two protocols
1. TCP
2. UDP
TCP UDP
1. Guarntee delivery of data 1. No gurantee delivery of
data
2. Acknowledgement of data 2 No acknowledgement of
data
3. 100% data delivery 3 simple throughing of data
guarantee from source to no guarantee of data. If
destination(if some packets some packets of data
from data missed then missed. That packet data will
acknowledgement will come not get back
from destination that data is
missing than data will be
sent again)
4. For sending data 4 It is generally used for
audio video call on
skype, whatsapp , gtalk
5 it is fast 5. It is very fast
6. Flow control(suppose lot of
data coming continuously
from router so it will be in
quee because first comes
data will go first)
7. Segmentation/fregmentatio
n
8. It is connection oriented It is connectionless
 Application layer DATA

Presentation layer DATA PDU

Session layer DATA

Transport layer Segment PDU

Network layer Packet PDU

Data link layer Frame PDU

Physical layer Bits in 0, 1 forms PDU

3 Network layer(NETWORK LAYER DEVICE ROUTER):-

Main work of the network layer is to tag ip to the source
and destination (it will assign ip to source and
destination of the data) whatever data will come to
network layer it will rap data and put header means tag
ip address to source and destination(ip address can be
changed)
All this activity is performed by ROUTERS which is called
routing.
1. Routers provide best path to the data
2. Router assign ip address to source and destination
Two protocol work on network layer
1. Ip(internet protocol)
2. Ipx(internet packet exchange)
2 DATA LINK LAYER(DATA LINK LAYER DEVICE
SWITCH):- Main function of the data link layer is to
tag SOURCE MAC ADDRESS and DESTINATION MAC
ADDRESS(mac address can’t be changed it is unique)
mac address changed when data travel from device to
device
For example
laptop Wifi Router Google
router server
Dmac/smac

Smac dmac dmac

Smac
Source mac we knows but don’t know google mac address so
switch used in data link layer and it broadcast mac address
F;F;F;F;F;F(IT MEANS IT BROADCASTING MAC ADDRESS)
1. PHYSICAL LAYER (PHYSICAL LAYER DEVICE HUB) :-
Electric , analog, digital ,cables connectors

PORTS IN TCP and UDP (both having 1 to 65535 ports)

1. Well known ports 1 to 1023
2. Registered ports 1024 to 49151(need to buy just like
private ips from IANA: internet assigned no
authority )
3. Dynamic ports : these ports are generated by PC
49152 to 65535

Some important ports

TCP UDP
TELNET 23 TFTP 69
SSH 22 DHCP 67/68
FTP 21/20 SNMP 189
HTTP 80 DNS 53 (used in both)
HTTPS 443
SMTP 25
POP 110
SSH 22
DNS 53

PING(packet internet goffer)