Question1. Explain the network topologies?

Ans1. Network design that defines how devices are physically connected and how
data flows between those devices. There are 6 network topologies -

1. Bus- All devices share single communication cable. It may have problem while
multiple hosts sending data at the same time. It either uses CSMA/CD technology.

2. Star- All hosts in star topology are connected to a central device known as hub
or switch.

3. Ring- Each host connects to exactly 2 other host creating a circular network
structure. when 1 host tries to communicate or send message to a host which is
not adjacent to it, the data will Travel through all intermediate host.

4. Mesh- A host is connected to 1 or multiple hosts.

5. Tree- It uses bus or star topology. It divides the network into multiple layers of
the network.

Core layer (Routers)

Distribution layer (switches)

Access Layer (PCs)

6. Hybrid- It uses all the topologies in the network.

Question2. Explain OSI model with layers.

Ans2. OSI Model -

OSI model is a open system interconnect model. It is a reference model which
helps in troubleshooting of the networks. It was developed in 1984 by ISO
(international system organization). There are 7 layers in OSI model-
APSTN (Application, Presentation, session, transport, Network, Data link ,
physical.
1. Application layer (Data)

1. IT Provides the user interface between machine protocol and users. All the
protocols which have the port number are termed as application layer protocol.
Services Protocols

Mail POP,IMAP,SMTP

File transfer FTP (20 , 21 ) , TFTP (Port no 69, It uses UDP, unsecure protocol,
does not used authentication).

Remote Telnet (23), SSH (secure shell)- 22

Web surfing HTTP, HTTPS

Domain DNS

IP DHCP

2. Presentation Layer (data) (Upper or Software layer)

It performs basically 3 function :

1 Translation

2.Data compression

3. Encryption/Decryption

Formats Extensions

Audio mp3

Video mp4, avi

Picture jpeg, bmp,png

Text ASCII

Docs pdf, doc, txt

3. Session Layer

1. It is used to maintain and terminate session between server and clients. Used
session ID for that purpose.
2. Authentication and authorization perform by this layer (Data)

4. Transport layer (Heart of OSI ) (segments)

1. It provide connection availability from source to destination.

2. Segmention, Acknowledgement, Port assignment, Sequencing, flow control .

3. TCP/UDP (Transmission control protocol/User datagram protocol).

5. Network Layer ( It uses data as a Packets)

1. It perform 3 function :-

1. Logical addressing (IPV4 and IPV6)

2. Path determination

3. Routing

Encapsulation (adding/creating and passing the data through each layer of OSI
model and decapsulation (Removing and passing the data )

Encapsulation - adding /creating and passing the data through each layer of OSI
model and adding control information(header) so that data can be sent from
source to destination. It is only done at the source end.

Decapsulation - Removing and passing the data through each layer of OSI model
and adding control information(header) so that data can be sent from source to
destination. It is only done at the destination end.

6. Data link Layer (IT uses data as Frames) (Lower and Hardware layer)

1. It receives the data from network layer. Physical addressing is done at the data
link layer. MAC (media access control)perform by this layer.

2. DH Packet DT = Frames , DH contains Source MAC and destination MAC

information.

Source IP segments Dest. IP = packets

3. It performs functions: Perform physical addressing (MAC)

2. Physical layer (Bits) (Component logical)

It is a hardware devices and transfer only bits. It will convert bits into signals and
trasmit over local media.

Question3. Explain the term subnet mask and default gateway?

Ans3. Subnet mask - It is used to logical subdivision of IP address into 2 parts. It

is the number that distinguishes network address and host address within the IP
address. It only represent network bits. For class A - we use /8, For class B-
use /16, For class C - use /24.
Default- gateway - The first interface of LAN network through which we can send
out traffic from one network to another network. It is Node in a computer
network that serves as the router to other networks when no route specification
matches the destination IP address of a packet. It is same as router Ip address.

Question4.What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

Ans4. TCP - transmission control protocol,

1. It is a reliable protocol,

2. It is a slower than UDP,

3. It is a connection- oriented protocol because it uses 3 way handshake

process(It will send 3 message between client and server(syn packet sent from
client to server, syn+ack (server to client), ack (client to server) . If this process is
completed then it will transfer the data. Segmentation, acknowledgement,
sequencing all are done under TCP,Examples of TCP - It used in FTP, HTTP, SMTP.

UDP- User datagram protocol,

1. It is unreliable protocol,

2. It is faster than TCP,

3. It is connection less protocol. It has not used 3 way handshake process, no
segmentation, acknowledgement not done in case of udp, examples of UDP -
Dhcp, DNS, VoIP, ONLINE GAMING .

Question5. Explain TCP/IP model?

Ans5. It is defined which protocol will be used to make this communication

possible.

2. There are 4 layers -

1. Application layer (application, presentation, session)

2. Host to host layer (same working as Transport layer of OSI model )

3. Internet layer (same working as network layer of OSI MODEL ), it defines the
protocols which are responsible for logical transmission of data over the entire
network. (IP, ICMP, ARP)

4. network access layer (data link layer and physical layer).

3. It is more reliable than OSI . TCP developed protocols than model.

Question6. What is the difference between OSI model and TCP/IP model.

Ans6. OSI Model - OSI stands for open system interconnection and it was
developed by ISO . IT has 7 layers. IT uses network layer to define routing
standards and protocols. Transport layer is only connection -oriented. Minimum
size of OSI header is 5 bytes. It uses to standardize router, switch , motherboard,
and other hardware parts.

TCP /IP model - It stands for transmission control protocol. It was developed by
ARPANET ( advanced research project agency network). It has 4 layers. It uses
only internet layer. Transport layer is both connection oriented and
connectionless. Minimum header size is 20 bytes. It is used for establish a
connection between different types of computers.
DNS (Domain name server):

DNS is domain name server/system . It works on application layer, It is used for

mapping the Ip address into host names and vice versa. It uses port no 53.

working of DNS-

Between 2 server - use TCP

Between client and server - Use UDP

When I search google.com from the PC, It will send one dns query to the local
DNS which is UDP based. Local DNS search database for the IP address. If the
database is present then it will give back DNS reply to PC. If it is not present then
it will hold that DNS query... and again it will send new DNS query to root DNS
which is TCP based. Root DNS search database for Ip address . It will give back
DNS reply to local DS. then local DNS will further give DNS reply to PC. PC then
send HTTP request to the server. It will received reply from the server.

There are 2 lookup zones in DNS which is used in window server.

1.Forward lookup zone-It is DNS zone in which hostname into IP address relations
are stored.

2. Reverse lookup zone- IT is a DNS zone in which Ip addresses mapping into

Hostnames.

TLD (top level domain)- .com, .org, .in .

DNS recursor - It is a server designed to receive the queries from the client
machines through application like web browsers.

Root Nameserver- Root server is the first step in translating hostnames into Ip
addresses.

TLD nameserver - It is the next step in the search for a specific Ip address. It hosts
the last portion of a hostname ,(.com, .org).
Authoratative nameserver - It is th last step in the nameserver query. If the
authoratative name server has access to the requested record, it will return the IP
address for the requested hostname back to the DNS recursor that made the
initial request.

1. How we can check DNS server Ip :

1. open cmd- use command - ipconfig /all.

In window server, we use 2 types of lookup zones-

1. Forward Lookup zone- used for mapping host name into Ip address .

2. Reverse lookup zone - used for ip address into host name .

Question7. How we troubleshoot DNS server problem in computer?

How we check DNS server Ip - GO to control panel- network and sharing center-
Properties- Ipv4 - check google ip address - 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4.

Troubleshooting - 1. Check google DNS server IP.

2. Go to command prompt - Use troubleshooting commands.

3. Use nslookup command.

. How we can change the DNS server IP :

open control panel - network and sharing - open wifi - properties - change the
DNS server IP.

3. If DNS server is not responding :

1. USe google public DNS server. open control panel - network and internet-
network and sharing- wifi - properties -

use the DNS Ip address- 8.8.8.8 or secondary - 8.8.4.4.

2. Use command prompt -

ipconfig /flushdns (flushing of dns )

ipconfig /registerdns

ipconfig /release

ipconfig /renew

NETSH winsock reset catalog

NETSH int ipv4 reset reset.log

NETSH int ipv6 reset reset.log

Exit

3. Disable all antivirus.

4. Update network adapter drivers

5. Temporarily disable firewalls

6. Turn off the IPv6.

7. use command nslookup in cmd for troubleshooting of DNS .

Question. What is DHCP. Explain the process used in DHCP.

Ans. DHCP stands for dynamic host configuration protocol. It is used for assigning
the ip address on the devices automatically.

It uses 2 ports no 67 (server) and 68 (client).

It increases productivity, decreases administrative overhead.

It uses buffer where we send the range of Ip address which we want to assign it
on the devices.

It uses DORA process.It uses pool (buffer where we save the range of ip address).
It increases productivity.

DORA process used in DHCP.

D- discover (client to server) - it finds the DHCP server of the network. It send
broadcast this message.

O - offer (server to client ) - It has infromation of Ip address and duration of time

that a host can use. It is braodcast in the network layer but unicast in the data link
layer.

R- request - (client to server) - It accepts the Ip address given by the server. and
also it request to assign the Ip address on devices.It is broadcast in the network
layer but unicast in the data link layer.

A - Acknowledgement - (Server to client) - When it recieves the request message

from the DHCp client. It is broadcast in the network layer but unicast in the data
link layer.