Networking Questions

Public IP Vs private IP

A private IP address, such as a home or office network, is assigned to a device on a local

network and is used to identify the device within that network. On the other hand, a public IP
address is assigned to a device directly connected to the internet and is used to identify the
device on the internet.

Static Vs dynamic IP

The main difference between static and dynamic IP addresses is that a static IP address stays
the same while a dynamic IP address changes whenever the device connects. A static IP
address is a manually configured signifier assigned to a device.

What is PING- protocol behind ping

Ping is essentially a combination of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo requests
and response messages. When a network administrator inputs a ping command on the
command prompt, an echo request—a small data packet of up to 64 bytes—is sent to the target
device or a specified IP address.

Class A/B/C network

Class A networks use a default subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 and have 0-127 as their first octet. ...

Class B networks use a default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 and have 128-191 as their first
octet. ...
Class C networks use a default subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 and have 192-223 as their first
octet.

What is a Subnet Mask?

A subnet mask is a number that distinguishes the network address and the host address within
an IP address. A subnet is a smaller network within a network that requires a subnet mask.
Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into two or more subnets.

OSI layers
The OSI (open systems interconnection) Model divides the functions of a networking system into
7 layers, each layer abstracted from the one below it. Within the model, each layer interacts only
with the layers above and below.

The OSI model consists of seven abstract layers arranged in a top-down order:

Physical Layer - The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is
responsible for the actual physical connection between the devices.

Data Link Layer - The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the
message. This layer's main function is to ensure data transfer is error-free from one node to
another, over the physical layer.

Network Layer - The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other
located in different networks. It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest
path to transmit the packet, from the number of routes available.

Transport Layer - The transport layer provides services to the application layer and takes
services from the network layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is
responsible for the end-to-end delivery of the complete message.

Session Layer - This layer is responsible for establishing connections, maintaining sessions,
authentication, and ensuring security.

Presentation Layer - The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer. The data from
the application layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to transmit
over the network.

Application Layer - At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find the
Application layer which is implemented by the network applications. These applications produce
the data, which must be transferred over the network. This layer also serves as a window for the
application services to access the network and for displaying the received information to the
user.

Hub Vs switch Vs router

A Hub is just a connector that connects the wires coming from different sides. There is no signal
processing or regeneration. It is an electronic device that operates only on physical layers of the
OSI model.

Switch is a point-to-point communication device. It operates at the data link layer of the OSI
model. It uses a switching table to find out the correct destination.

Routers are multiport devices and more sophisticated as compared to repeaters and bridges. It
contains a routing table that enables it to make decisions about the route, i.e. to determine which
of several possible paths between the source and destination is the best for a particular
transmission.

Unicast Vs multicast vs Broadcast

Unicast - A communication where a message is sent from one sender to one receiver. Data is
sent to a single recipient.

Multicast - A communication where a message is sent from one sender to all receivers. Data is
sent to all recipients in a network.

Broadcast - A communication where a message is sent from one sender to a group of receivers.
Data is sent to a group of recipients

LAN VS WAN

LAN - LAN means local area network. LANs connect users and applications in close
geographical proximity (same building). LANs use OSI Layer 1 and Layer 2 data connection
equipment for transmission.

WAN - WAN means wide area network. WANs connect users and applications in geographically
dispersed locations (across the globe).WANs use Layer 1, 2, and 3 network devices for data
transmission.

TCP handshake

TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a reliable connection. The connection is full
duplex, and both sides synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge (ACK) each other.

Subnetting

Subnetting is the process of creating a subnetwork (also known as a subnet) within a network.
Network interfaces and devices within a subnet can communicate with each other directly.
Routers facilitate communication between different subnets.

TCP Vs UDP

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It
lies between the Application and Network Layers which are used in providing reliable delivery
services. It is a connection-oriented protocol for communications that helps in the exchange of
messages between different devices over a network. The Internet Protocol (IP), which
establishes the technique for sending data packets between computers, works with TCP.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Transport Layer protocol. UDP is a part of the Internet
Protocol suite, referred to as the UDP/IP suite. Unlike TCP, it is an unreliable and
connectionless protocol. So, there is no need to establish a connection before data transfer. The
UDP helps to establish low-latency and loss-tolerating connections over the network. The UDP
enables process-to-process communication.

Socket
A socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication link between two programs running on the
network. The socket mechanism provides a means of inter-process communication (IPC) by
establishing named contact points between which the communication takes place.

Ports used by DHCP, DNS, SMTP, Kerberos, and LDAP. FTP, telnet, GC

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) uses UDP port 67 on the server side and UDP
port 68 on the client side. DHCP also has two versions: DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 to support IPv4
and IPv6, respectively.

The standard port for DNS (Domain Name System) is port 53. DNS client applications use the
DNS protocol to query and request information from DNS servers, and the server returns the
results to the client using the same port. Port 53 is used for both TCP and UDP communication.

Originally, the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) used port 25. Today, SMTP should instead
use port 587 — this is the port for encrypted email transmissions using SMTP Secure (SMTPS).
Port 465 is also used sometimes for SMTPS. However, this is an outdated implementation and
port 587 should be used if possible.

There are four Kerberos ports in the /etc/services file: TCP port 88, UDP port 88, TCP port 750,
and UDP port 750.

The standard port for SSL-based LDAP (LDAPS) communication is 636, although other ports
can be used, such as the default 1636 when running as a regular user.

The telnet command (short for teletype network) utilizes the telnet network protocol to connect to
remote machines and manage them through a TCP/IP network. The protocol uses port 23 to
establish a connection and provides a way to manage remote systems using the CLI.

Global catalog servers listen on port 3268 (using LDAP) for queries, as well as on the standard
LDAP port 389. Port 3269 may also be used on a global catalog server to process requests for
global catalog information over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).