1. What is Topology?

A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices
are connected to each other.

2. Types of Topology
There are five types of topology – Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring and Hybrid.

3. What is OSI Model?

The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used
to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes
computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support
interoperability between different products and software.

4. Types of OSI Model Layers

1. Physical Layer
2. Data-Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

5. Difference between TCP(Transmission control protocol) and UDP(User datagram

protocol )

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, whereas UDP is a connectionless

protocol. The speed for TCP is slower while the speed of UDP is faster.

TCP has a (20-80) bytes variable length header. UDP has a 8 bytes
fixed length header.

6. What is packet switching?

Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across various networks. These
data chunks or “packets” allow for faster, more efficient data transfer.

7. What is flow control?

Flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes
to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver.

8. Advantages of HUB.
Advantages of Hub
 Connectivity. The primary function of hub is to allow clients to connect to
a network so that they can share and have conversations. ...
 Performance. Hub is known for having very less number of
performance impacts on the network. ...
 Cost
9. What is router?
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer
networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet.

10. What is virtual circuit?

A virtual circuit (VC) is a means of transporting data over a packet-switched network in such
a way that it appears as though there is a dedicated physical link between the source and
destination end systems of this data

11. What is subnetting?

Subnetting is a process of dividing a single large network in multiple smaller networks. ...
In computer networking, Subnetting is used to divide a large IP network in smaller
IP networks known as subnets.

12. Max IP datagram size is 65535 BYTES

Port numbers:
FTP-21 port number

TCP- 80 port number

UDP- 69 port number

SMTP (Simple Mail

Transfer Protocol)- 25

port number

Full Forms:
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
OSI-Open Systems Interconnection.

ISO-International Organization for Standardization

Isis: Intermediate System to Intermediate System

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) = Converts IP to MAC

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) = Converts MAC toIP

ARQ-Automatic repeat query

CIDR - Classless Inter-Domain Routing
NIC - Network Interface Card

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

ICMP – Internet message control protocol
NIC – Network Interface Carding
HTTP and HTTPS
HTTP is unsecured while HTTPS is secured.
HTTP sends data over port 80 while HTTPS uses port 443.
HTTP operates at application layer, while HTTPS operates at transport layer.

A link (or edge) of a network (or graph) is one of the connections between the nodes (or
vertices) of the network. Links can be directed, meaning they point from one node to the next,
as illustrated by the arrows in the first figure below.

Network topology refers to the manner in which the links and nodes of a network are
arranged to relate to each other.
Physical network topology examples include star, mesh, tree, ring, point-to-point, circular,
hybrid, and bus topology networks, each consisting of different configurations of nodes and
links.

TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the
internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual
network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose
of TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.

In modern computer networking, the term point-to-point telecommunications means a

wireless data link between two fixed points. The telecommunications signal is typically bi-
directional and either time division multiple access (TDMA) or channelized.

The critical angle is the angle of incidence where the angle of refraction is 90°. ... light is

travelling from an optically denser medium (higher refractive index) to an optically less dense
medium (lower refractive index). the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.

A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component without which a computer cannot

be connected over a network. It is a circuit board installed in a computer that provides a
dedicated network connection to the computer. It is also called network interface controller,
network adapter or LAN adapter

It is assigned to each device that is connected to a computer network which uses the IP for
communication. Its routing function allows internetworking and essentially establishes the
Internet. Combination of IP with a TCP allows developing a virtual connection between a
destination and a source.
It is assigned to each device that is connected to a computer network which uses the IP for
communication. Its routing function allows internetworking and essentially establishes the
Internet. Combination of IP with a TCP allows developing a virtual connection between a
destination and a source.