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Ethernet supports the following

topologies

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CSMA/CD

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Cisco CCNA
Flash cards for Cisco CCNA exam
QUESTION ANSWER

Ethernet supports the following topologies Physical bus, logical bus Physical star, logical bus Physical star, logical star

CSMA/CD Carrier Sense, Multiple Access/Collision Detection

Most common transmission medium used for Ethernet Unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP) with RJ-45 connectors

Cat3 Rated Up to 10 Mbps

Cat4 Rated Up to 16 Mbps

Cat5 Rated Up to 100 Mbps

Cat5e Rated Up to 1000 Mbps (Gigabit)

ST, SC, LC, and MT-RJ Fiber Optic Connectors

thinnet or thicknet Coaxial

12-digit hexadecimal number (each number ranges from 0-9 or A-F) Mac Address

10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseT Ethernet Standards

100BaseTx,100BaseT4,100BaseFx Fast Ethernet Standards

Fast Ethernet Bandwidth 100 Mbps Half Duplex, 200 Mbps Full

1000BaseSX Distance 220 to 550 meters

1000BaseLX Distance 550 to 5,000 meters

Cable standard for Twisted pair (Cat5e) 1000BaseT

Collision detection is turned on The device can only send or receive at any given time
Devices connected to a hub must use half-duplex communication Half Duplex

Collision detection is turned off The device can send and receive at the same time
Requires full-duplex capable NICs Requires switches with dedicated switch ports (a Full Duplex
single device per port)

The process of breaking a message into packets, adding control and other information, and
Encapsulation transmitting the message through the transmission media

Used to get the MAC address of a host from a known IP address ARP

Used to discover the IP address of a device with a known MAC address BootP, RARP

Route discovery protocol that uses the link-state method OSFP (Open Shortest Path First)

Route discovery protocol that uses the distance-vector method RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

Process layer TCP/IP Suite layer also called the Application Layer

connects two media segments that use the same protocol Bridge

80/20 Rule At least 80% of network traffic should stay within a segment. No more than 20% of network
traffic should pass through the bridge to another segment.

Device used to isolate traffic to a segment Bridge

A multiport bridge Switch

Devices that connect multiple segments or devices and forward packets to only one Switches
specific port

If the destination address is not in the database, the packet is sent out all ports except
for the one on which it was received. Flooding

Receive the entire frame. Verify the frame's integrity (check the CRC). Frames with errors are
Store-and-forward not forwarded. Forward the frame to the destination device. Introduce more latency (delay)
than cut-through switches.

Read the destination device address. Forward the packet without verifying frame integrity.
Cut-through Are faster than store-and-forward switches (less latency).

Fragment-free Read the first 64 bytes of a frame. Verify that the packet is not a fragment. Forward non-
fragmented frames. Introduce some latency, but not as great as store-and-forward switching.

A device that sends packets from one network to another network Router

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7 Layers of the OSI Model Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

Benefits of the OSI Model Reduces Complexity Standardizes Interfaces Facilitates Modular Engineering Ensures
Interoperable technology Improves troubleshooting ability

Binary Transmission. Defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional

Physical Layer of the OSI Model specifications for activating, maintaining and deactivating the physical link.

Also called the framing layer. Takes upper layer data and turns it into frames and allows it to
Data Link Layer of the OSI Model acces the media. Defines how data is formatted for transmission and how access to the
network is controlled. -Provides error detection

-Data Delivery - Deliver data packets that are actually routed between systems. -Selects the
Network Layer best path to deliver data -Provides logical addressing and path selection

-Allows reliable data transport to occur. -Handles transportation issues between hosts -
Transport Layer Establishes, maintains and terminates virtual circuits -Provides reliability through fault
detection and recovery information flow control

-Interhost Communication - Establishes, manages and terminates sessions between

Session Layer applications. -Makes sure a session is properly established

Data Representation -Designed to represent data itself to the application -Ensures data is
Presentation Layer readable by the receiving system -Formats data -Structures data -Negotiates data transfer
syntax for the application layer -Provides encryption

Network process to applications -Process data for the application -Provides network
Application Layer resources to application processes such as electronic mail, file transfer and terminal
emulation -Provides user authentication

Frame Check System (Also known as CRC) - placed during the framing process at the Data
FCS Link layer and is a mathematical computation of all the information in the frame. Used for
error checking.

Datagrams Seen at the Application, Presentation and Session layer

Segments Formed at the Transport layer

Packets Formed at the network layer

Frames Formed at the Data Link level

Bits Bits reside at the physical level of the OSI model

TCP/IP Model Application (Process) Host-to-Host Internet Network Access (can be broken into 2 pieces)

ARP Maps IP addresses to BIA (Burned in Addresses) mac addresses

RARP Maps Mac addresses to IP addresses

IP protocol Operates at layer 3 of the OSI model Connectionless Packet treated independently
Hierarchal Addressing scheme Uses best effort delivery

Operates at the transport layer Provides sockets based connectivity with connection
UDP Protocol limitations Connectionless protocol Limited error checking Uses best effort delivery No
recovery features

Operates at the transport layer Connection oriented (session established prior to sending
TCP Protocol data) Full duplex mode Provides error checking Acknowledgement of receipt Data recovery
features Uses three way handshake

DHCP Operation Messages Discover (BootP, RARP broadcast) Offer Request Acknowledge

EIA-232-D Defines Asynchronous serial connections - OSI Layer 1

HDLC Specifies encapsulation for synchronous data links using bit-oriented framing - OSI Layer 2

PPP Provides synchronous and asynchronous point to point connections -OSI Layer 2

ISDN Communication protocols that allow telephone networks to carry voice, data,graphics, music
and video - OSI Layer 1-3

T568A Pinouts 1. G/W 2. Green 3. Orange/W 4. Blue 5. Blue/W 6. Orange 7. Brown/W 8. Brown

T568B Pinouts 1. Orange/W 2. Orange 3. GR/W 4. Blue 5. Blue/W 6. Green 7. Brown/W 8. Brown

What pins do switches use to send data? 3 and 6

What pins do nics use to send data? 1 and 2

Used when the pins on each endpoint use different pins to send and receive data Straight-through cable

How many bits in a mac address? 48 bits

How many bits in the OUI of the Mac address 22 bits

How many bits are in the Vendor assigned portion of the Mac address? 24 bits

What makes up the structure of a frame? Preamble Destination Mac Address Source Mac Address Length/Type Header/Data FCS

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How many bytes are in the data portion of a frame? 46-1500 bytes

How many bytes in the preamble portion of a ethernet frame? 8 bytes

How many bytes in the preamble portion of a 802.3 frame? 7 bytes for preamble, 1 byte for SOF (start of frame)

How many bytes in the FCS portion of a frame? 4 bytes

How many bytes in a frame? 1518 or 1514 without the FCS

What is the first address in a frame? Destination address

How many bytes in the source and destination mac address for a frame 6 bytes each

What are the three different ways to communicate within a network? unicast (1 station to another) broadcast (communicate with all systems on a particular
segment) multicast (build applications to advertise directly to a client group or socket)

Base 2 number system binary numbers 1's and 0's

How many bits are in a 1 byte? 8

What layers of the OSI model do WAN technologies run on? Layers 1 and 2

Name three WAN Networking devices ATM Switches Frame Relay Switches ISDN/PSTN Switches

WAN Technologies are based on what type of communication? Serial Communication

What is DTE? Data Terminal Equipment - User device with interface connecting to the WAN link.

What is DCE? Data-Circuit Terminating Equipment - End of the WAN provider side of the communication
facility.

What type of connection is made between DCE and DTE points? Primarily EIA/TIA-232 (RS232) but can also use V.35 , X.21 and HSSI

Name an example of DTE. CSU/DSU

Name Data-Link Protocols ATM PPP HDLC LAPF (Frame Relay) LAPD (ISDN2)

What are the two WAN link options Dedicated (Leased lines such as T1,T3,E1,E3)0 Switched (circuit switched, packet switched,
cell switched)

What is the available bandwidth for a T1 leased line? 1.544 Mbps

What is the available bandwidth for a T3 leased line? 43.7 Mbps

What is DS0? A phone company standard - digital signal type 0 and equals 65 kb in size

How many DS0's in a T1, T3 24 DS0 in a T1 (last DS0 used for framing) 672 DS0 in a T3

What is the frame structure of HDLC? Flag | Address | Control | Data | FCS | Flag

What is the frame structure of Cisco HDLC? Flag | Address | Control | Proprietary | Data | FCS | Flag

What is the difference between the industry standard HDLC and Cisco's proprietary
HDLC? Cisco HDLC allows for simultaneous multiplexing of layer 3 protocols.

What is the default serial connection on all Cisco routers? HDLC

What is PPP? Industry standard for encapsulation that includes authentication, link level compression,
multiple layer 3 multiplexing and callback

Point to point connection advantages Simplicity Quality Availability

Point to point connection disadvantages Cost Limited Flexibility

What is the maximum yield of a single DS0? 56 Kbps

How many DS0's in a ISDN? 3 DS0 (1 used for the framing)

What is the D channel? The 24th DS0 channel used for framing

DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier (used with Frame Relay)

What is VCI? Virtual Circuit Identifier (used in Cell switching with ATM)

What is PAT? Port Address Translation - translates the local computer's IP address to the access router's
public IP address.

What is NAT? Network Address Translation without the translation of ports.

What is the 5 4 3 rule? Can not have more than 5 segments with 4 repeaters and 3 segments populated

What is microsegmentation? Dedicated paths between sender and receiver hosts

In the Hierarchy of design, what is the Core Layer? Provides optimal transport between core routers and distribution sites

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In the Hierarchy of design, what is the Distribution Layer? Provides Policy-based connectivity, peer reduction, and aggregation.

In the Hierarchy of design, what is the Access Layer? Provides common group access to the internetworking environment.

What is the 5 4 3 rule? Can not have more than 5 segments with 4 repeaters and 3 segments populated

What is microsegmentation? Dedicated paths between sender and receiver hosts

In the Hierarchy of design, what is the Core Layer? Provides optimal transport between core routers and distribution sites

In the Hierarchy of design, what is the Distribution Layer? Provides Policy-based connectivity, peer reduction, and aggregation.

In the Hierarchy of design, what is the Access Layer? Provides common group access to the internetworking environment.

What are the parts of the UDP header? Source Port (16 bit) Destination Port (16 bit) UDP Length (16 bit) UDP checksum (16 bit)
Data (level 5-7 data)

What is the three way handshake for TCP? Syn Syn/Ack Ack

What flag indicates the very last packet in a TCP session? Fin

What is the standard network management method that leads to consistent and Qos (Quality of Service)
predictable data flow across the network?

What is the network management tool that manages latency, jitter and packet loss and
provides priority and dedicated bandwidth? Qos (Quality of Service)

What is the address range for a class A IP address? 1-127

What is the address range for a class B IP address? 128-191

What is the address range for a class C IP address? 192-223

What is it called when all hosts in a given network scheme will always use the same
subnet mask to provide exact routing. classful subnetting

What metrics are used for routing? Bandwidth, delay, hop count, cost

What is the function of distance vector routing protocols? Passes periodic copies of the entire routing table to neighbors, which accumulate distance
vectors

After the initial synchronization of routers, small, event triggered link state updates are
What is the function of a link state protocol? passed between neighbors.

In routing, what is the administrative distance number for RIP? 120

In routing, what is the administrative distance number for EIGRP? 90

In routing, what is the administrative distance number for OSPF? 110

In routing, what is the administrative distance number for IS-IS? 115

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