DEPT OF DATA SCIENCE CN LAB

Experiment No.- 1

AIM- To make an UTP cable with RJ45 connector and built and test simple network using UTP
cable (crossover) and a hub based cable.

Theory-
Physical layer defines the cable or physical medium itself, e.g., thinnet, thicknet, unshielded
twisted pairs (UTP). It transmits raw bit stream over physical cable, defines cables, cards, and
physical aspects, defines NIC attachments to ,hardware, how cable is attached to NIC, defines
techniques to transfer bit stream to cable. All media are functionally equivalent. The main
difference is in convenience and cost of installation and maintenance. Network Cabling Cable
is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another.
There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a network
will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types. The type of
cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size. Types of cables
used in networks are:

1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

3. Coaxial Cable

4. Fiber Optic Cable

5. wireless media

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Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair defined Ethernet Cable Summary

by EIA/TIA

Type Use Specificati Maximum

Cable Type
ons length
Category
Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
1
Unshielded
10BaseT Twisted 100 meters
Category
Data to 4 Mbps (LocalTalk) Pair
2

Category 10Base2 Thin Coaxial 185 meters

Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
3
10Base5 Thick Coaxial 500 meters

Category Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps Token

4 Ring) 10BaseF Fiber Optic 2000 meters

Category Unshielded
Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) Twisted
5 100BaseT 100 meters
Pair
Category
10 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet) 55 meters
6 Unshielded
100BaseTX Twisted 220 meters
Category Pair
10 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet) 100 meters
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Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector-The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling
is an RJ-45 connector.

Fig. 2. RJ-45 connector

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable -A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to
radio and electrical frequency interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference; however, the extra shielding can make the cables quite
bulky. Shielded twisted pair is often used on networks using Token Ring topology.

Ethernet Cable : color – code Standards

T-568A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

The T-568A standard is supposed to be used in new network installations. Most off-the-shelf
Ethernet cables are still of the T-568B standard; however, it makes no functional difference.

T-568B Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

Both the T-568A and the T-568B standard Straight-Through cables are used most often as patch
cords for Ethernet connections. If we require a cable to connect two Ethernet devices directly

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DEPT OF DATA SCIENCE CN LAB

together without a hub or when connecting two hubs together, we need to use a Crossover cable
instead.

RJ-45 Crossover Ethernet Cable

Standard End Crossover End

Pin 1 White/Orange Pin 1 White/Green

Pin 2 Orange Pin 2 Green

Pin 3 White/Green Pin 3 White/Orange

Pin 4 Blue Pin 4 Blue

Pin 5 White/Blue Pin 5 White/Blue

Pin 6 Green Pin 6 Orange

Pin 7 White/Brown Pin 7 White/Brown

Pin 8 Brown Pin 8 Brown

Crossover Ethernet cable is to wire one end using the T-568A standard and the other end using
the T-568B standard. Another way of remembering the color coding is to simply switch the Green
set of wires in place with the Orange set of wires. Specifically, switch the solid Green (G) with
the solid Orange, and switch the green/white with the orange/white.

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DEPT OF DATA SCIENCE CN LAB

By looking at a T-568A UTP Ethernet straight-thru cable and an Ethernet crossover cable with a
T-568B end, we see that the TX (transmitter) pins are connected to the corresponding RX
(receiver) pins, plus to plus and minus to minus. You can also see that both the blue and brown
wire pairs on pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 are not used in either standard. What you may not realize is that,
these same pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 are not used or required in 100BASE-TX as well. So why bother
using these wires, well for one thing its simply easier to make a connection with all the wires
grouped together. Otherwise you'll be spending time trying to fit those tiny little wires into each
of the corresponding holes in the RJ-45 connector.

Deciding which cable to use :

here's a small chart that will give an idea which cable should go where:

computer to computer crossover cable

computer to hub straight through cable

hub port to hub port crossover cable

hub uplink to hub port straight through cable

computer to broadband router port straight through cable

computer to switch straight through cable

computer to cable modem crossover cable

cable modem to router crossover cable

hub uplink to switch port straight through cable

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Two computers scenario:

If we have only two computers, it will need two nic's and a crossover cable. If you also require
both computers to have internet access, then you could either
(a). Install another NIC (connect it to the cable/DSL modem with a crossover cable) or fax modem
in one and connect it to the internet, then use a software proxy, ICS, Wingate, etc to share the
internet.

OR

(b). Get a router (Connect it using a crossover cable to the cable modem and
connect the computers to the built in switch on the router. Some routers don't have built in
switches, in this case you will need to get a switch or hub.

c) More than two computers scenario (hub/switch cascading):

With more computers we will need a hub/switch and straight through cables, connect all
computers to the hub/switch with straight through cable. If you run out of ports then add another
hub/switch to your network. Connect the uplink of one hub/switch to a port on the other
hub/switch using a straight through cable, or connect port to port using a crossover cable.

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If we have more than two hubs/switches, then connect all the hub/switches using uplink ports and
straight through cables, to regular ports on a main hub/switch.

If you require internet connectivity:

(a) Install another NIC (connect it to the cable/DSL modem with a crossover cable), or fax modem
in one machine and connect it to the internet. Use a software proxy, ICS, Wingate, etc to share
the internet.
Now connect the gateway computer and the rest of the computers to the hub's ports using straight
through cables.

OR

(b) Using a broadband router, connect a cable modem with a crossover cable to the WAN port of
the router, then connect the other computers to the router's LAN ports If you do not have enough
ports then get more hub/switches. Connect the uplink ports to the router's LAN port with straight
through cables and connect your computers to the hubs/switches.

Procedure-

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1. Start on one end of cable and strip the cable jacket off using a stripper.
2. Spread, untwist the pairs, and arrange the wires in the order of the desired cable end.
Flatten the end between your thumb and forefinger. Trim the ends of the wires so they are
even with one another.
3. Hold the RJ-45 plug with the clip facing down.Push the wires firmly into the plug. Inspect
each wire is flat even at the front of the plug. Check the order of the wires.Check that the
jacket is fitted right against the stop of the plug.Carefully hold the wire and firmly crimp
the RJ-45 with the crimper.
4. Check the color orientation, check that the crimped connection is not about to come apart,
and check to see if the wires are flat against the front of the plug
5. Similarly make end 2 according to the color coding for straight through cable or crossover
cable on the basis of requirement.

Connecting PC’s using direct cable UTP –

1.use crossover UTP cable.

2.Insert RJ45 connector to both PC’s NIC card.

3.restart both computers and both of them detect the network after logon.

Connecting PC to hub-

1 use straight through UTP cable.

2.Insert RJ45 connector to computer’s NIC card and other end to HUB.

3.Switch o power of HUB and computer.

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Result-

The study of an UTP cable with RJ-45 connector is completed, and build the simple network
using UTP cable and a hub based network successfully.

Precautions-

 A straight-thru cable has identical ends.

 A crossover cable has different ends.
 A straight-thru is used as a patch cord in Ethernet connections.
 A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices without a hub or for connecting two
hubs.
 No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet cable should be untwisted otherwise it will be
susceptible to crosstalk.
 Do not deform, do not bend, do not stretch, do not staple, do not run parallel with power
cables, and do not run Ethernet cables near noise inducing components.