CBRC Human Behavior and Crisis Management

Prepared By: Ms. Christina Mae M. Laguda RC

The Psychology of Crime
Why do people commit crimes?
Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, argued that criminal behavior springs from a “death instinct.” Man
has the natural urge to die and redirect this primitive energy towards others.

Ted Bundy
He killed more than 30 women.
In his official confessions, he told investigators how he strangled his victims with a rope even as he raped
them. He beheaded at least a dozen of his victims with hacksaws and carried their heads around with him
for days.

Jeffrey Dahmer
Dahmer would make love with the dead bodies of his male victims after killing them.
The police found in Dahmer’s apartment seven skulls and a complete skeleton in the closet. Four heads
were discovered in the refrigerator and freezer. Torsos and other parts of the body bathed in acid were
also found.

Low Self-Esteem
Ted Bundy never knew his father. He heard he was a military man his mother dated a few times. When
he was about 10 or 12, Bundy was devastated when one of his cousins called him a bastard and showed
a birth certificate to prove it.
Jeffrey Dahmer was a loner. He made a façade to hide his identity problem. He had one sexual experience
in high school. It was with another boy.

Peter Sutcliffe
He was found guilty of murdering 13 women and attempting to kill seven others, most of them prostitutes.
He usually smashed the heads of his victims with a hammer. He continued his frenzied killings for four
years.

Frustration
Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, felt betrayed when he found out that his girlfriend was having an
affair with another man. This was aggravated when a prostitute got away with his money without
consummating the sex act.
His frustration deepened when his mother, whom he adored like a saint, was discovered to be dating
another man.

Control and Drive for Power

William Glasser said that “everything we do – good or bad, effective or ineffective, painful or pleasurable,
crazy or sane, sick or well, drunk or sober – is to satisfy powerful forces within ourselves.”
Rapists attack their victims not purely to satisfy their glandular needs. Their satisfaction increases with
the sufferings of their victims. Theirs is the desire to control, to have power over others. Theirs is to
compensate for their psychological impotence.
Psychology

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- is an academic and applied discipline involving the phenomenological and scientific study of
mental processes and behavior,
- Psychology as an independent experimental field of study began in 1879 (“Birthdate of
Psychology), when
Wilhelm Wundt
- founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research, focused on the
Doctrine of Mental Powers, at Leipzig University in Germany, for which Wundt is known as the “Father of
psychology".
DR. SIGMUND FREUD (1890’s)
* Theory of Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory
- explains organically the physical, nervous and emotional disorders.
- Freud's understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods, introspection and
clinical observations,
- And was focused in particular on resolving unconscious conflict, mental distress and
psychopathology.
- According to him, “in neurotic behavior, we are faced with human action guided principally by
powerful unconscious motives whose roots can be traced to the neurotic conflicts in inarticulate infancy.”
- He introduced three (3) Psychic Personalities:
1.) Id – present at birth, unconscious biological drives, pleasure seeker, and uncontrollable; “Pleasure
Principle”
2.) Ego – strong, conscious, controllable; compensates for the demand of Id, guides man’s actions
to remain within the boundaries of social convention; gateway to action; “Reality Principle”.
3.) Super Ego – depends on the morals of the society, resulted from incorporating within the
personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others, tells what is
right from wrong: “the Conscience”.
- Freud also had a significant influence on Carl Jung, whose analytical psychology became an
alternative form of depth psychology.
Philosopher Karl Popper argued that Freud's psychoanalytic theories were presented in
untestable form. Due to their subjective nature, Freud's theories are often of limited interest to many
scientifically-oriented psychology departments. Followers of Freud who accept the basic ideas of
psychoanalysis but alter it in some way are called neo-Freudians. Modification of Jung's theories has led
to the archetypal and process-oriented schools of psychological thought.
* ARISTOTLE – “Tabula Rasa”
• INTROSPECTION
- St. Augustine
- Introduced observation and recording of the natures of one’s own perception, thoughts, and feelings.
• BEHAVIORISM
- John B. Watson
- Dissatisfied with introspection
- Thinking should be studied by sub vocal speech thru the movement of muscles in the throat.
Behaviorism
Partly in opposition to the subjective and introspective nature of Freudian
psychodynamics, and its focus on the recollection of childhood experiences, during the early decades of
the 20th century, behaviorism gained popularity as a guiding psychological theory.

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Founded by John B. Watson and embraced and extended by Edward Thorndike, Clark L. Hull, Edward C.
Tolman, and later B.F. Skinner, behaviorism was grounded in animal experimentation in the laboratory.
Existentialism and humanism
Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and
psychoanalysis, arising largely from the existential philosophy of writers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and
Søren Kierkegaard. By using phenomenology, inter subjectivity and first-person categories, the humanistic
approach seeks to glimpse the whole person--not just the fragmented parts of the personality or cognitive
functioning.
Cognitivism
As computer technology proliferated, so emerged the metaphor of mental function as
information processing. This, combined with a scientific approach to studying the mind, as well as a belief
in internal mental states, led to the rise of cognitivism as a popular model of the mind. Cognitive
psychology differs from other psychological perspectives in two key ways.
Links between brain and nervous system function also became understood, partly due to the experimental
work of people such as Charles Sherrington and Donald Hebb, and partly due to studies of people with
brain injury.
Cognitive Psychology = concerned with the mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge.
= has been subsumed along with other disciplines, such as philosophy of mind, computer science, and
neuroscience, under the umbrella discipline of cognitive science.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given stimulus.
It is composed of adoptive adjustments people make as they cope with one another, with
problems, with opportunities, and with working together-aspects, in a given situation; It is the sum total
of man’s reaction to his environment or the way human beings act .
HUMAN BEING
- are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer and think in rational
ways.
2 Common Seen behaviours:
1. Normal/ Accepted behaviour – actions in accordance with the law and norms.
2. Abnormal behaviour – actions against the normal behaviour, criminal behaviour to be specific.
Major kinds of Behavior
 OVERT BEHAVIOR – Behaviors that are outwardly manifested.
 COVERT BEHAVIOR – Behavior that is hidden.
 VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR – Behavior that is done with full volition or will.
 INVOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR – Refers to bodily processes that goes even when we are awake or
asleep.
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
 - Actions that is prohibited by the state and punishable by law. (legal)
 - Action that may be rewarding to the actor but inflicts pain or loss to others. That is why
criminal behavior is an anti-social behavior. (moral)
The Criminal
Is any person who has been found to have committed a wrongful act in a course of judicial process.
ON THE BASIS OF DEFINITION OF CRIME, CRIMINAL MAY BE DEFINED IN THREE WAYS:

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 A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by a court in violation of criminal law.
(Legal def.)
 A person who violated a social norm or one who did an anti-social act (Social def.)
 A person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment (Psychological def.)
 What is M’Naghten rule?
In 1734 an English court maintained that a man was not responsible for an act if he does not know
what he is doing.
 What is Durham rule?
The Durham rules states that an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act is the
product of mental disease or defect.
Origins of Criminal Behavior
The following are the possible sources of Criminal Behavior:
1. Biological Factor – heredity
- Born Criminal by Cesare Lombroso
- Duke and Kallikak Study by Richard Dugdale and Henry Goddard
2. Personality Disorder
3. Learning Factor
– DAT by Edwin Sutherland
- Imitation Theory by Gabriel Tarde
- Identification Theory by Daniel Classer
MAJOR FACTORS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. ENVIRONMENT - the surroundings that influence human actions.
2. LEARNING - education, experience or practice
3. HEREDITY – passing of traits from parents to offspring
Some environmental factors that affects the development of behavior:
1. Family background – It is a basic consideration because it is the family whereby an individual first
experiences how to relate and interact with another. The family is said to be the cradle of personality
development as a result of either a close or harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure.
The pathogenic family structure:
 The inadequate family – Characterized by inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family
living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological, for meeting the demands of the family
satisfaction.
 The anti-social family – Those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of the influence
parents to their children.
 The discordant or disturbed family – Characterized by non-satisfaction of one or both parent from
the relationship that may express feeling of frustration. This is usually due to value differences as
common sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
 The disrupted family – Characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of death, divorce,
separation or some other circumstances.
2. Childhood trauma – The experiences, which affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing
developmental processes. The developmental processes sometimes being blocked by parental
deprivation as a consequence of parents or lack of inadequate maturing at home because of parental
rejection, overprotection, restrictiveness, over permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
Other Factors:

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 Institutional influence such as peer groups, mass media, church and school, government
institution or non-government institution Etc.
 Socio cultural factors such as war and violence, group prejudice and discrimination, economic
and employment problems and other social changes.
 Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also a factor that influences man to commit
crime. Because poverty is one of the many reasons to criminal behavior.
Criminal Psychiatry
Mental disturbances as causes of crimes
1. Mental deficiency – a condition or incomplete development of the mind existing before the age of 18.
Whether arising from the inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. Mental deficient person are
prone to commit malicious damage to property and unnatural sex offenses.
Classes of mental deficiency
 Idiot – a person whose case there exist mental defectiveness of such a degree that they are
unable to guard themselves against common physical dangers. There mentality is comparable to
a 2 years old child.
 Imbecile - a person whose case there exists mental defectiveness which thought not amounting
to idiot is yet pronounces that they are incapable of managing themselves on their affairs. Their
mentality is comparable to a child of 2 to 7 years old.
 Feeble minded person - whose case there exists mental defectiveness which thought not
amounting to imbecility, is yet pronounce that they require attention, supervision, and control for
their own or protection of others.
2. Mental retardation – is a mental disorder characterized by sub-average general functioning existing
concurrency with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common mental disorder before the age of 18. The
person is suffering from low I.Q., and difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in fast learning.

Levels of mental retardation

 Mild mental retardation I.Q. level is between 50 to 70, subject is educable
 Moderate mental retardation I.Q. is between 35 to 49, subject is trainable
 Severe mental retardation I.Q. is between 20 to 34, subject is totally dependent
 Profound mental retardation I.Q. is below 20, subject needs life support retarded
What is Personality?
Personality – Personality refers to sum total of typing ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that makes each
person unique.
There are two types of personality:
1. Introvert – an introvert is a person whose attention is focused inward he/she is usually shy,
reserved, and self-centered person.
2. Extrovert – an extrovert is a person whose attention is directed outward. He/she is a bold and
outgoing.
VIEWS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body such
as the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of the human being that can be observed and
measured.

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3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information into
various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious motives that originate from repressed sexual and
aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation toward self-
actualization.
Two Basic Types of Behavior
Inherited behavior
These are inborn behavior, any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of
their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection e.g. the survival of species who are
dependent on behaviors like breathing, digesting food, mating and depending oneself.
Learned Behavior
= behaviors we acquire as we age thru the process of learning, interacting, communication and we need
to cope up with the changes in the environment and improve one selves and increase the chance of
survival.
Classification of Human Behavior (HICS)
Habitual = refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.
Instinctive = they are generally unlearned and simply comes out, out of man’s instinct, which can be seen
among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
Symbolic = are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words, and shown through
symbols or body signs.
Complex = are those behaviors that combines two or more of the classified ones.
Causes of Human Behavior (SPA)
Sensation = is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause, that leads to a particular
reaction or behavior, in short, the effects e.g. Visual (sight), Olfactory (smell), Cutaneous (touch), Auditory
(hearing), gustatory (taste).
Perception = refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the
actual behavioral response in a given situation.
Awareness = refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation or past experience with a given
stimulus or object.
Extra Sensory Perception (ESP)-Sixth Sense
- Special perceptive power without the aid of the sensory organs
1. Telepathy – transmission of thoughts, ideas or feelings from one mind to another.
2. Clairvoyance – by touching objects he can tell what transpired or happened
3. Precognition – one can foretell events, automatic writing or during in a state of trance
4. Psychokinesis – mind over matter, one can move things or even bend metal
Level of Awareness
1. Conscious – aware
2. Preconscious – not conscious at the moment , “available memory” ex. Argument with a friend,
favorite book etc
3. Unconscious – deepest in the human mind, storehouse for primitive instinctive drives, memories
which are repressed ex. Trauma during childhood
Dreams – altered state of consciousness
Classification:

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1. Prophetic Dream – things will happen in the future
2. Paralysis Dream – dreamer is unable to move partially or totally
3. Prodomic Dream – dreaming of physical disorders or diseases
4. Levitation Dream – kinesthetic, flying, swimming, or falling down
5. Frightening Dream – nightmare
6. Community Dream – 2 or more persons in a place or community or dream of more or less the
same or with slight change
Sleep Disorders
1. Insomnia – dissatisfaction with the amount of sleep
2. Narcolepsy – daytime sleepiness attack
3. Apnea – breathing problem during sleep
SOMNAMBULISM
-a person performs an act while sleeping
SOMNOLENCIA
- state of half-sleep and half- awake
Attributes of Behavior
Duration – how long in terms of function of time
Extensity – size, distance and location
Intensity – magnitude, whether mild, strong and disintegrated
Quantity – whether normal, abnormal, misleading or unacceptable

O Abnormal Behavior
= “A.B.” is a Latin initials which means “away from” , Abnormal behavior then can be defined as
a behavior which is away from or deviating from the normal behavior. Normal Behavior on the other
hand, is one that is within the concept of a person as his own behavior which he or she sees normal, and
that people who behave as they do, are likewise normal and those that do not behave similarly are
abnormal.
STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT according to FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
STAGE AGE CHARACTERISTICS
1. ORAL birth to 12-18 mos. - interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing
and biting
2. ANAL 12-18mos – 3yrs - gratification from expelling and withholding feces (toilet
training)
3. PHALLIC 3-5, to 6 yrs. - interest in genitals, Oedipal conflict, identification with same-
sex parent
4. LATENCY 5-6yrs to Adolescence - sexual concerns
5. Genital Adolescence- Adulthood -reemergence of sexual interest, establishment of
mature sexual relationship
8 Major Stages of Man’s Life Span:
1. Pre-natal stage (0-280days or 9 Calendar months) – shortest and very important period, which is
composed of:
Ovum/zygote period – first two weeks
Embryo period – 2nd week to 2nd month
Fetus period – second month to birth

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2. Infancy stage – first two weeks after birth
Two Divisios: 1.) Partunate Period – from birth-30min.after birth
2.) Neonate – 30min. After birth-2nd week of postnatal life.
3. Babyhood Period – second week to two years old
* True foundation period of life (establishment of critical development period of personality
behavioral patterns)
* Age of rapid growth and change
* Physical and psychological hazards are common.
4. Childhood – which is divided into: (Early childhood, 2- 6 yrs. old and late childhood, 7 to eleven yrs.)
Eighteen months to three yrs.:
o They encounter discipline “they can no longer do whatever they please”
o Toilet training must discuss
o Imitation takes place
Four to five years old:
* Start of identification process
Six to ten years old:
* Social Influence occur
*Proving their competence
*Finding place among peers by:
= Evaluation
= Assignment of social role
= Rebellion against adult world

5. Puberty – end of childhood and beginning of adolescence

- Sexual apparatus becomes mature as a preparation for reproduction.
Sexual Maturity age:
= 13 years old for girls
= 14 years old for boys
Physical development
Personality changed and blossomed
Adolescence – which is divided into (early adolescence, puberty to 17 yrs. and late adolescence, 17 to 21
yrs.) Period of storm and stress
6. Adulthood – 18 to forty yrs. old. =the longest period in the man’s life span
a. Early Adulthood- (18-40) settling down and reproductive age
7. Middle age – 40-60yrs.old
Advanced MA – 50-60yrs.old
8. Old Age or Senescence-(60-up) Second Childhood
Developmental Tasks
Every stage of life has its accompanying developmental tasks. They are tasks imposed on the
individual by maturation and culture that prepare him for the next stage of life.
3 R’s of Human Developmental Task
Response=immediate action
Reaction = 2nd response
Reasoning = using mental intervention

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• Stimulus = refers to any force or motion coming from the environment and which reach an
organism has the tendency to arouse.
• Response =the reaction to a stimulus, in response to, in answer to.
• Reasoning = mental intervention occurs upon receiving the stimulus.
• Reaction = an action in mental attitude evoke by external influence.
THEORIES OF LEARNING
• Connectionism Theory – by Thorndike states that practice strengthens the association between
stimuli an response by using the law of exercise.
• Classical or Respondent Conditioning – by Pavlov which states that the association between a
conditioned stimulus and response is strengthened by repeated presentation with the
unconditional stimulus.
FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING
• Motivation – arouses interest, provides an objective and direct towards a goal, thus it facilitates
learning.
• Reinforcement - can be made through the use of audio-visual aid, reviews, drills, and other
means.
• Extinction – means to let something die out or be forgotten by disuse if it will not facilitate
learning.
• Association – meaning the more connection are made with a subject, the better it will be
learned and retained.
• Interest – in a lesson will facilitate learning and serve as its own motivation, aside from having
the one teaching making the topic interesting.
• Rewards or punishments – should be immediate for it to be effective and make learning easy.
• Regency – means that learning should be made recent in the minds of learners for them not
forget what they have learned.
Motivation is defined as behavior instigated by needs within the individual and directed towards a goal
that can satisfy the needs. Motivation may also be regarded as explanation for action which influences
behavior in many ways.
PERSONALITY
= a pattern of habits, attitudes and trials that defines an individual’s characteristics, behavior
and qualities.
Personality includes the following:
HABITS – reactions so often repeated that becomes a person’s fixed characteristic or tendency.
ATTITUDES - may either be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable, learned or acquired.
PHYSICAL TRAITS– this includes facial appearance, height, weight, physical defects, complexion, strength
and health.
MENTAL TRAITS– includes our ability to control the mind.
EMOTION - came from the Latin word “Emovere” meaning “to move, to agitate or to excite”
(Anger, love, fear, anxiety, jealousy, hatred, etc.)
EMOTIONAL TRAITS – gives an individual the capacity to face different situations in life and still maintain
composure.
SOCIAL TRAITS– the individual’s ability to get along fine with others.
MORAL AND RELIGIOUS TRAITS– the standards of a person’s actions and behaviors.
Personality Traits that affect Human Behavior:

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1. EXTROVERSION – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment.
2. INTROVERSION – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of
experiences.
3. AMBIVERSION – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics.
4. NEUROTICISM – persons high in neuroticism react intensely. They respond more poorly to
environmental stress.
5. PSYCHOTICISM – persons high in psychoticism tends to be impulsive, aggressive individuals without
concern for others.
3 BASIC FORMS OF PERSONAL CONFLICT:
Approach – Approach conflict
A conflict in which the aroused motives have two incompatible goals, both of which are
desirable.
Approach – Avoidance conflict
A conflict which individual has a single goal with desirable and undesirable aspects, causing
mixed feelings.
Avoidance – Avoidance conflict
A conflict in which there is simultaneous arousal of motives to avoid alternatives, both of which
are undesirable.
FRUSTRATION
-Situation which blocks the individuals motivated behavior
- characterized by anxiety, irritability, emotional tension, fatigue or depression
Reactions to Frustration
People differ in the way they react to frustration. An individual’s way of reacting to frustration is known
as coping mechanism. Generally, people faced with frustration is sometimes reacting to one or two ways;
by fighting the problem in a constructive way and direct way by means of breaking down the obstacles
that stops a person from reaching his goal; or by getting angry and becoming aggressive; or by running
away from the problem or flight, by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and giving up without a
fight. These reactions to frustration are called fight-flight reactions.
Frustration-tolerance
Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted states or tolerance to frustration.
Some people are able to withstand prolonged periods of tension without showing signs of abnormality.
Others become neurotic or psychotic, or convert their frustration into anti-social acts or become
alcoholics or drug addicts.
O Direct approach = people who handle their problems in more objective ways. They identify the
problem first and look for the most practical way of solving it.
O Detour = when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he
always end up with a negative outcome or result thus he tries to make a detour or change
direction first and find out if the solution or remedy is here.
O Substitution = most of the time resulted in handling frustration when an original plan intended to
solve the problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most practical way to face the
problem is to look for alternative means.
O Withdrawal or Retreat = is corresponding to running away from the problem or flight which to
some is the safest way.

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O Developing Feeling of inferiority = comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which
gives a positive result. Being discouraged to go on working for a way to handle a frustration could
result diminishing self-confidence, until the time when inferiority complex sets in.
O Aggression = is a negative outcome of a person’s inability to handle frustration rightly.
Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in one’s negative attitude towards life both
in the personal and professional aspect.
O Use of Defense Mechanism = most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is the man last resort
when a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event.
Among the most common defense mechanism used are the following:
O 1. Identification – a process whereby an individual without awareness, satisfies frustrated desires
by psychologically assuming the role of another person.
O 2. Substitution - is resorted to, when an unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object
is replaced by one that is attainable or acceptable.
O 3. Compensation - a process whereby one makes up for some real or imaginary inadequacy by
doing well in another activity.
O 4. Rationalization – it is a fallacious thinking intended to justify ideas and behavior in a way that
seems reasonable to oneself, although, they are intellectually justified and often socially
disapproved as well.
O 5. Displacement - this is where one transfer his emotion connected with one person or thing to
another unrelated person or object.
O 6. Fantasy or daydreaming – this is where an imagined sequence of events or mental images that
serves to express unconscious conflicts, to gratify unconscious wishes or to prepare for an
anticipated future event.
O 7. Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to oneself, but projected onto
others so that they may seem to have these feelings or ideas, that free the individual from the
guilt and anxiety associated with them.
O 8. Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the opposite
of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. It is shown, when an individual is motivated to
act in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way, and be able to keep his urges and impulses
under control.
O 9. Denial – when a person uses this mechanism, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality
because of strong inner needs.
O 10. Repression – is an unconscious process where unacceptable urges or painful, traumatic
experiences are completely prevented from entering consciousness
O 11. Suppression – is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally
disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of one’s mind such as, when a person
attempts to forget emotional pain by losing himself in his work.
O 12. Regression – when a person employs this defense mechanism, he goes back to a pattern of
feeling, thinking, or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage of development, such
as when a person demands for something from others and when denied, uses tantrums to get it,
as what he or she has done in early childhood when parents give to demands of children by the
use of tantrums.
O 13. Sublimation – is the changing of unacceptable id impulses or needs into socially and
culturally acceptable channels or means. It is also a positive and construction mechanism for

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defending against otherwise unacceptable impulses and needs. Such as when a homosexual
works as a physical therapist and finds sexual satisfaction in performing his job, in meeting his
needs and impulses.
Neurosis – a condition where a person compromises with reality by developing imaginary ailments,
anxiety, depression, phobia, obsession or compulsion;
Psychosis – a mental condition where the person may withdraw from the real world into the world of
fantasy and make-believe, where a person’s hidden or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled;
Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial personality – a mental disorder where one, instead of
compromising with reality, withdraw into his shell. The person may go to the other extremes and may
become very aggressive and cruel in his behavior towards others. And, when his antisocial behavior
comes in conflict with the law, he becomes a criminal.
Psychoneurotic person – are those in the twilight zone between normality and abnormality .They are
not insane, but neither are they normal. The neurotic is always tense, restless and anxious. Frequently,
they have obsession, compulsion. Phobia, and in some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the dominant
characteristic.
Among these behavior pattern considered as unhealthy reactions to frustration are the following;
1. Obsession – is an idea that persistently recurs in a person’s mind sometimes against his wish, though
it may have no basis at all.
2. Anxiety - manifested through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness from anticipation of danger the
source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized.
CLASSIFICATION;
o Panic disorder,- a person suffers from brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often
marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, and/or difficulty breathing.
o Obsessive compulsive disorder - is a type of anxiety disorder primarily characterized by repetitive
obsessions (distressing, persistent, and intrusive thoughts or images) and compulsion (urges to
perform specific acts or rituals)
3. Phobia - an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, uncontrollable, and most of the time has no
reasonable foundation.
O Achluophobia- Fear of darkness.
O Acrophobia- Fear of heights.
O Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets. Fear of
leaving a safe place.
O Ballistophobia- Fear of missiles or bullets.
O Bibliophobia- Fear of books.
O Caligynephobia- Fear of beautiful women
O Cacophobia- Fear of ugliness.
O Coitophobia- Fear of coitus
O Hoplophobia- Fear of firearms.
O Hydrophobia- Fear of water
O Necrophobia- Fear of death or dead things
O Ochlophobia- Fear of crowds or mobs.
O Ochophobia- Fear of vehicles
O Thanatophobia or Thantophobia- Fear of death or dying.
O Erotophobia- Fear of sexual love or sexual questions

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THANATOS
- unconscious wish for death
4. Compulsion – is an irresistible impulse to perform certain acts that are repetitive and ritualistic.
e.g.
O Arithromania- obsessive preoccupation with numbers
O Kleptomania - irrational predilection for stealing
O Dipsomania abnormal craving for alcohol
O Pyromania craze for starting fires
O Pornomania obsession with pornography
O Plutomania - mania for money
O Opsomania - abnormal love for one kind of food
O Technomania - craze for technology
O Sebastomania - religious insanity
O Ergomania - excessive desire to work; workaholism
O Clinomania - excessive desire to stay in bed
O Doromania - obsession with giving gifts
O Graphomania - obsession with writing
O Homicidal maniac – the impulse to kill
O Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power
O Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s life
5. Regression - a behavior pattern wherein a person returns to state of former adjustment and
attempts to experience them again in memory.
6. Hallucination – a sensory perception in the absence of an actual external stimulus.
7. Schizophrenia or dementia praecox – is characterized by disturb thinking. This term was given by
Eugene Bleuler which literally means “splitting of minds”
O Tactile Hallucination – affects the patient’s sense of touch. He may feel that something is crawling
under his skin.
O Lilliputian Hallucination – when things people or animals appear to be smaller than they really
are.
O Auditory Hallucinations – or Paracusia/ Paracusis, he patient may hear angry, unpleasant or
sarcastic voices.
O Gustatory Hallucinations – involves sense of taste, some psychosis patients say that they have an
unpleasant taste in their mouths.
O Olfactory Hallucination – when the patient smells things that are not here.
O Hypnagogic Hallucinations – dreamlike hallucinations, very vivid ones, all the onset of sleep.
O Hypnopompic Hallucination – during awakening, also vivid and dreamlike.
O Kinesthetic Hallucination – involves the sense of bodily movements.
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
1. SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA – gradual decline of interest and ambition, and withdraws from social
contacts as well as irritable and inattentive.
2. PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA – delusions of persecutions and/or grandeur, hallucinations, usually
auditory, are most of time present
3. HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA – inappropriate giggling and smiling without apparent reasons

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4. CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA – extreme violence and shown excessive motor activity,
grimacing/frowning, talkativeness and unpredictable emotional outburst.
8. Delusion – a false belief firmly held despite incontrovertible proof of evidence to the contrary
O Delusions of Grandeur - An individual is convinced he has special powers, talents, or abilities and
superior. Sometimes, the individual may actually believe they are a famous person or character.
O Delusion of Persecution - The most common type of delusions and involve the theme of being
followed, harassed, cheated, poisoned or drugged, conspired against, spied on, attacked, or
otherwise obstructed in the pursuit of goals. Delusions of Reference- imagines himself to be the
target or center of events or happenings.
O 9. Memory disorder or amnesia – partial memory loss caused by painful memories associated
with some shocking experiences which are repressed and cannot be recalled.
There are two main types of amnesia;
o Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular
date, usually the date of an accident or operation
o Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into
the long-term store. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods
of time
TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
O AMNESIA – refers to loss of memory that can have either physical or psychological cause.
O PSYCHOGENIC FUGUE STATE- resembles amnesia in that there is a loss of memory but the loss is
so complete that the individuals cannot remember his or her identity or previous life.
O DEPERSONALIZATION – refers to experiences in which the individual feels that he or she has
become distorted or “unreal” or that distortions have occurred in one’s surroundings. One might
feel that he is a real robot even though she knows she is a real person or that her room is not real
or that her parents are not real people.
O MULTIPLE PERSONALITY – the individual shifts abruptly and repeatedly form one personality to
another as if more than one person were inhabiting the same body. This is commonly known as
“split personality disorder.”
O PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Formerly referred to as “character disorders” are a class of personality types and
behaviors defined as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from
the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it.”
O PARANOIA – refers to cases showing delusions and impaired contact with reality but without the
severe personality disorganization characteristic of schizophrenia.
The main symptom is characterized by “suspicion”
Different Clusters/Class of PD
Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders)
O Paranoid personality disorder: characterized by a pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of
others, interpreting motivations as malevolent
O Schizoid personality disorder: lack of interest and detachment from social relationships, and
restricted emotional expression, solitary
O Schizotypal personality disorder: distorted cognitions and perceptions, odd behaviors based on
belief in magic or superstition
Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders)

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O Antisocial personality disorder: fail to conform to social norms and may have repeated physical
fights.
O Borderline personality disorder: pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image,
identity, behavior and affects often leading to self-harm and impulsivity; drastic mood shifts,
suicidal behaviors
O Histrionic personality disorder: pervasive pattern of attention-seeking behavior and excessive
emotions
O Narcissistic personality disorder: a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration,
exaggerated self-importance
Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders)
O Avoidant personality disorder:, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, timid, shy but do
wish to have friends, afraid of rejection or criticism and don’t enjoy being alone.
O Dependent personality disorder: pervasive psychological need to be cared for by other people.
O Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (not the same as obsessive-compulsive disorder):
characterized by rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism and control
SEXUAL DEVIANCY
SEXUALITY
- Behavior associated with relation between sexes and the reproductive organ.

* Normal Sexuality/
- sexual completion that leads to mature ad adjusted individual capable of entering
relationships with a member of the opposite sex which are physically and mentally stable and satisfying
heterosexual needs.
Heterosexuality- The only normal sexual relation between members of the opposite sex that
could lead to reproduction.
* Abnormal Sexuality/Sexual Deviancy
-A sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and sexual gratification by means other than
heterosexual relation.
CLASSIFICATION OF SEXUAL ABNORMALITIES
As to choice of Sexual Partner
1. Heterosexual - sexual desire towards opposite sex; socially and medically acceptable
2. Homosexual - sexual desire towards the same sex
3. Infantosexual/phedophilia - sexual desire towards an immature person
4. Bestosexual/Bestiality - sexual desire towards animals
5. Auto sexual (Self-Gratification or Masturbation) - a form of self-abuse or solitary vice carried
without the cooperation of another person.
6. Gerontophilia - sexual desire toward an elder person
7. Necrophilia (Necro lagnia) – sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or actual sexual
intercourse with a corpse
8. Incest – sexual relations between persons who by reason of blood relationship cannot legally
marry
As to Instinctual Strength of Sexual Urge
1. over Sex:
a. Satyriasis – excessive sexual desire of men to intercourse

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b. Nymphomania – strong sexual feeling of women, they are commonly called “hot” or “fighter”
(Both Satyriasis and Nymphomania are general expression of compulsive neurosis.)
As to Mode of Sexual Expression or Way of Sexual Satisfaction
1. Oralism – refers to the use of mouth as a way of sexual gratification
a. Fellatio (Irrumation) – The female agent receives the penis of a man into her mouth and by
friction with the lips and tongue coupled with the act of sucking the sexual organ
b. Cunnilingus – The sexual gratification is attained by licking or sucking the external female
genitalia.
c. Anilism (Anilingus) – form of sexual perversion wherein a person derives excitement by licking
the anus of another person of either sex.
2. Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – refers to painful or cruel act as a factor for gratification. The example
of this is flagellation, it is a sexual deviation associated specifically with the act of whipping or being
whipped.
a. Sadism (Active Algolagnia) – form of sexual perversion in which the infliction of pain
on another is necessary or sometimes the sole factor in sexual enjoyment.
b. Masochism (Passive Algolagnia) – refers to the attainment of pain and humiliation from the
opposite sex as the primary factor for sexual gratification.
3. Fetishism - it is a form of sexual perversion wherein the real or fantasized presence of an object or
bodily part is necessary for sexual gratification or stimulation.
As to the Part of the Body
1. Sodomy – refers to a sexual act through anus of another human being
2. Uranism – attainment of sexual gratification by fingering, licking, fondling with the breast, licking
parts of the body, etc.
3. Frottage (Fratteurism) – form of sexual gratification characterized by the compulsive desire of a
person to rub his sex organ against some parts of the body of another.
2. Partialism – form of sexual deviation wherein a person has special affinity to certain parts of the
female body. Sexual libido may develop in the breast, buttock, foot, legs, etc., of women.
As to Visual Stimulus
1. Voyeurism – characterized by a compulsion to peep to see persons undress or perform other personal
activities. The offender is sometimes called “Peeping Tom”. Usually, after peeping, the person
masturbates in excess.
2. Mixoscopia (Scoptophilia) - perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained by watching couple
undress or during their sex intimacies.
As to Number of Sex Partner
1. Triolism – sexual perversion in which three persons are participating in the sexual orgies. The
combination may consist of two men and a woman or two woman and a man.
2. Pluralism – a group of person participates in the sexual orgies. Two or more couples may perform
sexual act in a room and they may even agree to exchange partners for “variety sake” during “sexual
festival”.

OTHER FORMS OF SEXUAL DEVIATION

1. Don Juanism – form of sexual deviation characterized by promiscuity and making seduction of
many women as part of his career.

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2. 2. Paraphilia (in Greek ‘para’=over and ‘philia’= friendship) – a rare mental health disorder term
recently used to indicate sexual arousal in response to sexual objects or situations that are not
part of societal normative arousal/activity patterns.
Common Forms of Paraphilia:
Exhibitionism – behavior by a person that involves the exposure of private parts of his/her body to
another person in a situation when they would not normally be exposed. When the term is used to
refer to the psychological compulsion for such exposure, it may be called Apodysophilia or a Lady
Godiva Syndrome.
Pygmalionism– sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual desire for statutes.
Frotteurism (Frottage) - the act of obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by rubbing one’s genitals
against others in public places or crowds or sexual urges are related to the touching or rubbing of their
body against a non-consenting, unfamiliar woman.
Pedophilia – used to refer to child sexual abuse which comes from the Greek word ‘paidophilia’ ‘pais’ =
“child” and ‘philia’ = “friendship”. Also called “pedophilic behavior”.
Scatologia (Coprolalia) – sexual pleasure is obtained through the compulsive use of obscene language.
Urophilia (Urolagnia)– attainment of orgasm is responsive to, and being urinated upon and/or swallowing
urine.
Mysophilia - obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by filth or a filthy surrounding. Put simply, this is
getting horny from smelling, chewing or rubbing against dirty underwear (Greek ‘mysos’=unclean

CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Crisis (from the Greek - “krisis” meaning “to separate” plural: "crises" "critical") is any event that is, or
expected to lead to, an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, community, or
whole society.
Management came from Latin Italian “maneggiare” which means to handle.

Crisis management is the action by which an organization deals/handles with a major event that
threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public. The study of crisis
management originated with the large scale industrial and environmental disasters in the 1980s
Emergency
- latin word “emergentia” meaning “dipping / plunging”
a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or environment. Most
emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some
situations, mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only be able to offer palliative care for the
aftermath.
O Disaster - a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial
extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the
environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events
such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that
can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people.
TYPES OF CRISIS
O Natural crisis

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Typically natural disasters considered as 'acts of God,' are such environmental phenomena as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, storms, and
droughts that threaten life, property, and the environment itself
NDCC (National Disaster Coordinating Council)
- PD 1566
NDRRMC (National Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Council)
-RA 10121 known as “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010”
- Agency of the government under the DND, responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare
of the people during disasters or emergencies.
Note: EO No. 137 declares JULY as the “NATIONAL DISASTER CONSCIOUSNESS MONTH” (NDCM)
Man-Made Crisis
1. Civil Disturbance (Labor strikes/ demonstration, riots, “welga ng bayan”.
2. Revolt ( Mutiny, Insurrection, coup d’etat)
3. Revolution
4. Border incident
5. War
6. Kidnapping
7. Hijacking
8. Hostage taking etc.
Other type of Crisis and Emergency:
3. Technological Crisis – it is caused by human application of science and technology.
Eg.
 Technological malfunctions
 Misapplication of new technology
 Note: July is the National disaster consciousness month as declared by Executive order No.
137
Distinction between Emergency, Crisis and Disaster:
O EMERGENCY – situation is still controlled and the response given is for the purpose of containing
the situation from getting out of control.
O CRISIS – the situation is already beyond normal
O DISASTER – if the effects of crisis can no longer be controlled
Purpose of Crisis Management
O “SALVARI VITAS” – to save lives
Phases of Crisis Management
* Proactive Phase (3 P’s)
O 1. Prediction – foretelling the likelihood of the crisis, assessment.
O 2. Prevention – institutions of passive and active security measures, as well as other remedy of
destabilizing factors.
O 3. Preparation – entails planning, organization, training.
* Reactive Phase – actual execution of all coordinated efforts and plans
(PIAP)
O 1. Performance – Implementation and contingency plan
O 2. Initial Action – monitoring the progress of incident, securing the scene.
O 3. Action (Negotiation or Tactical Action Intervention)

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O 4. Post Action – when the suspect surrenders and the situation is cleared.
Phases of hostage situation
1. Capture phase – moving to the attack site then carry out the plan.
2. Transportation or consolidation phase – it depends on the situation some hostage takers
consolidate their victims on the capture site and some transports them into places favorable to
the hostage taker.
3. Holding phase – the holding phase is a waiting period and it is the lengthiest phase in many
ways, this is the safest for the hostage the situation has had a chance to stabilized.
4. Termination phase – the easiest and safest termination for the hostage is a voluntary release
followed by hostage takers surrender. Most dangerous is the killing of hostages as a means to end the
crisis. It depends on how the hostage taking incidents end.
Ten (10) steps to take during crisis
1. Assess the situation - by knowing the following; what is happening and why; what is likely to happen
and how quick the response should be to avoid further damage in all aspect; who are involve and who
else; and resources at hand.
2. Draw preliminary plan of action – step by step and have contingency plan for the eventualities.
A contingency plan is a plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected) plan
3. Line up a crisis management team – deal with the situation set up a crisis management center.
4. Set up a crisis management center
5. Communication system – to have an immediate access to all members of the team prioritize matters
face problems one-at-a time prepare detailed plans continuously monitor what exactly is happening,
evaluate actions and reaction.
6. Prioritize matters
7. Face problems one at a time.
8. Prepare detailed plans
9. Continuously monitor what exactly is happening.
10. Evaluate actions and reactions.
HOSTAGE INCIDENT/SITUATION
It is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a person captive
with the use of force and threat of violence while the law enforcement officers are in close contact with
the suspect and his captive.
It is any incident in which people are being held by another person or persons against
their will, usually by force or coercion, and demands are being made by the hostage taker.
O The following procedure shall be followed during a Hostage Situation;
O (1) Crisis Management Task Group shall be activated immediately;
O (2) Incident scene shall be secured and isolated;
O (4) Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to the incident scene;
O (5) Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other information shall be recorded. Witnesses shall be
directed to a safe location.
O Priorities in hostage situation
O 1. Preservation of life – hostage, hostage-taker, public etc.
O 2. Arrest of the hostage-taker, recover and protect property
O 3. Successfully negotiate – to do this, there must be; a need on the part of the hostage-taker to
live and release the hostage.

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PRINCIPLES IN HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
1. The hostage has no value to the hostage taker (tool)
2. The priorities in the hostage situations are the preservation of life and the apprehension of the
hostage taker, recover and protect property.
3. Hostage situation must not go violently
4. There must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker.
Ground Commander/On-Scene Commander
O There shall be only one Ground Commander/On-Scene Commander holding at least a
senior rank and/or one (1) with Experience in hostage/crisis situation or relative training. Until
such time that he officially designates a spokesperson, he may issue appropriate press statements
and continue to perform the role of the spokesperson.
Negotiators/ Negotiation Team
O Negotiators shall be designated by the Ground Commander. No one shall be allowed to talk to
the hostage taker without clearance from the negotiator or Ground Commander. The Negotiation
Team is directly under control and supervision of the On-Scene Commander.
Negotiation team structure will be as follows:
O a. Negotiation Team Leader (NTL)/coordinator;
O b. Primary Negotiator;
O c. Secondary Negotiator;
O d. Intelligence liason/recorder; and
O e. Board Negotiator.
Assault Team
O An assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails. Members of the
assault team shall wear authorized and easily recognizable uniform during the conduct of the
operation.
Support Personnel
O An ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed at the incident area.
Plans
The On-Scene Commander shall, upon the assessment of the situation, prepare necessary plans to
include but not limited to:
O a. Emergency Response Plan - depends on the threat posed by the hostage-takers and need of
the Negotiation Team and On-Scene Commander.
O b. Breakout Plan - possibility of breakout shall be considered immediately upon drawing up
negotiation strategy. This should be considered as one of the priority plans.
O c. Delivery plan - in case the hostage-takers change plans in the middle of the execution.
O d. Surrender plan- should be drawn up in a way that the hostages’ lives will not be jeopardized.
O e. Hostage Reception/ Release - for security reasons, released hostages should be contained and
isolated.
O f. Collection plan - safety of the police personnel involved is the priority consideration.
Guidelines during Negotiations
O a. Situation must be stabilized first and contained before the start of the negotiation;
O b. All relevant tools and information that can strengthen a negotiator’s position and create a
favorable climate for a successful negotiation must be prepared e.g. facts relevant to the
situation, financial and non-financial terms, issues and concerns, etc;

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O c. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process, unless
their presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis. If so introduced, they shall be
properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage negotiations;
O d. In case the negotiator breaks down or he/she finds himself/herself in a deadlock, it is
recommended to employ the service of a mediator.
O e. Police officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in hostage
negotiations.
O f. Whatever the scale of an incident and the extent of resources deployed, it is essential that
proper liaison exist between Tactical/Assault Team, Technical Support
Team and the Negotiation Team.
O g. All activities on the scene, even the delivery of food to the stronghold, must have tactical
coordination with the NTL/Coordinator.
Negotiation through Mediator
O a. The mediator will act as a referee, helping the negotiators resolve their differences.
O b. The mediator must be well-versed about the issues in order to be able to eventually
recommend an effective solution.
O c. The main object is to reconcile the object of the negotiator with that of the other party.
Characteristics of hostage-takers;
Mentally deranged - suffers from delusion and hallucination, and they;
O (a) sets the rule
O (b) reacts on overwhelming stress, forcing them to take action to relieve stress; may
even
O (c) Take members of their family as hostage.
Severe depression – suffers also some mental aberration which is an answer to life stress that could
lead to self-destruction as in suicide.
Personality disorder – characterized with continuing violation of the rights of others with an anti-social
and maladaptive patterns of behavior that brings him repeatedly in conflict with society. If he demand
for a member of his family, do not grant, family could be the cause of being what he is.
Paranoid – he is suspicious and has excessive self-importance, feels threatened and persecuted, highly
suspicious of people and impulsive.
Sociopathic personality – he is sociable, carefree but highly impulsive and unable to delay gratification
so that if hostage is a woman, raping her is a probability.
Terrorist – with political purpose or agenda. They use threats and harassment to create an atmosphere
of fear, disregarding women and children as victims. They are only loyal to themselves and other allied
groups and willing to give life as part of martyrdom.
Criminals - Caught in the act of committing crime often take hostages, they have three common demands:
1 Escape
2. Money
3. Transportation from the scene
O Prisoner - They center on complaints concerning prisoner conditions and demand for
improvement.
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS OF THE NEGOTIATOR UPON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE OF INCIDENT
O Containment - control of area and people;

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O Establish contact – if several hostage-takers are involved, talk with the leader only. If recognize
as an officer of the law, never tell rank, since hostage-taker may ask for demands that he think
can be at once granted. If deceit has to be used, do not get caught and bluff;
O Time lengthening - this will give more time to the police to organize and coordinate plan of action.
It could also lead to the hostage-taker’s loss of objectivity.
O Telephone negotiation technique - Be the caller, plan and prepare and be ready with what has
to be negotiated. Discipline oneself to listen. For whatever demand granted hold on to the
concession, and try to get something in return. E.g. release the women and children hostages.
O On a face-to-face negotiation
O 1. observe the rules;
O 2. Do not be over anxious, prepare for a psychological, physical and emotional confrontation.
O 3. Wear body armor,
O 4. Have a weapon, but if ask to come without one, ensure that they too, should lay down
firearms before you enter the place of negotiation.
O Coming on a face-to-face situation, observe prescribed distances as in *personal distance:
O =it should be one to three feet (1-3 FT.),
O *intimate, = about 6 inches. In getting out, face hostage-taker, slowly walk out of the door with
good cover or tactical backup.
On surrender approach - start with a position approach and act as if the hostage-taker will surrender.
Do not talk too much, talk detail of surrender process, and explain why now is better than later.
Positive Effects of Time
1. Hostage-taker will wear down emotionally and psychologically.
2. Hostage-taker have more demand for food, water, and drinks.
3. Anxiety reduce, hostage-taker given chance to organize his true self.
4. Hostage taker’s rationality increases.
5. Hostage-taker - negotiator relationship gets improve.
6. Hostage-taker’s demands may be reduced.
The negotiation team
1. Primary negotiator – this negotiator actually communicates with the hostage taker.
2. Secondary negotiator (Back up) – this negotiator assist the primary negotiator by offering
advice, monitoring the negotiations and keeping notes.
3. Third negotiator – these intelligence negotiator interviews persons associated with the hostage
taker to compile criminal history and history of mental illness, as well as to gather other relevant
information.
4. Note: Only the police should negotiate, as a general rule, direct civilian participation in
negotiations is entirely unacceptable. The TACTICAL NEGOTIATION process is a POLICE
OPERATION.
Cardinal rule in negotiation
“COMMANDER SHOULD NOT NEGOTIATE; NEGOTIATOR SHOULD NOT COMMAND”
Advantages of telephone negotiation
O easier to say NO to some demands;
O easier to end and conclude the negotiation;
O conversation is quicker;
O important items can easily be committed;

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O Negotiator has the advantage and less risk.
Disadvantages
O Impersonal – hostage’s reaction cannot be observe.
O Hostage taker – negotiator relationship
O trust and rapport should be established, but while trust is there, be aware of it;
O If deceit is to be used, tell lies but don’t get caught.
If attack has been decided upon, it should be carried within seven (7) seconds upon the decision.
Manila hostage crisis
O The Manila hostage crisis, officially known as the Rizal Park hostage-taking incident,] occurred
when a dismissed Philippine National Police officer took over a tourist bus in Rizal Park, Manila,
Philippines on August 23, 2010. Disgruntled former senior inspector Rolando Mendoza of the
Manila Police District (MPD) hijacked a tourist bus carrying 25 people (20 tourists and a tour guide
from Hong Kong, and four Filipinos) in an attempt to get his job back. He said that he had been
summarily and unfairly dismissed, and that all he wanted was a fair hearing and the opportunity
to defend himself.
O Hoaxes The right proportion of hoaxes with live IED’s can keep security forces tied up guessing
for a long time.
O Arson Not so popular tactic, arson used to destroy disrupt. Such targets as public utilities political
headquarters and more commonly economic and industrial target.
Hijacking Taking control of legitimate vehicles gain the terrorist to pursue their plans.
Ambush Attack on a target by terrorist who have been hiding and waiting for them.
Kidnapping Taking a person away illegally and by force and usually to hold them prisoner in order to
demand something form their family, employer or government.
Hostage taking - taking someone who has been captured by a person and who may be killed or injured if
people do not what the terror group demands.
Assassination Oldest of all terrorist tactics in the book and still widely used today.
The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th, or 9/11 were a series of
four coordinated terrorist attacks launched by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda upon the United States
in New York City and the Washington, D.C. area on Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
4 Airplanes that crashed during the 9/11 bombing
1. American Airlines Flight 11
2. United Airlines Flight 175
3. American Airlines Flight 77-target is the Pentagon
4. United Airlines Flight 93-crashed in Shankville Pennsylvania, but the original target is the White
House.
Republic Act No. 9372
AN ACT TO SECURE THE STATE AND PROTECT OUR PEOPLE FROM TERRORISM
SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall henceforth be known as the "Human Security Act of 2007.“
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is declared a policy of the State to protect life, liberty, and property from
acts of terrorism, to condemn terrorism as inimical and dangerous to the national security of the country
and to the welfare of the people, and to make terrorism a crime against the Filipino people, against
humanity, and against the law of nations.
O SEC. 3. Terrorism.- Any person who commits an act punishable under any of the following
provisions of the Revised Penal Code:

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CBRC Human Behavior and Crisis Management
Prepared By: Ms. Christina Mae M. Laguda RC
O a. Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in the Philippine Waters);
O b. Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
O c. Article 134-a (Coup d' Etat), including acts committed by private persons;
O d. Article 248 (Murder);
O e. Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention);
O f. Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction), or under
O 1. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
O 2. Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of
1990);
O 3. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968);
O 4. Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law);
O 5. Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974); and,
SEC. 4. Conspiracy to Commit Terrorism. - Persons who conspire to commit the crime of terrorism shall
suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of imprisonment.
There is conspiracy when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of the
crime of terrorism as defined in Section 3 hereof and decide to commit the same.
SEC. 5. Accomplice. - Any person who, not being a principal under Article 17 of the Revised Penal Code or
a conspirator as defined in Section 4 hereof, cooperates in the execution of either the crime of terrorism
or conspiracy to commit terrorism by previous or simultaneous acts shall suffer the penalty of from
seventeen (17) years, four months one day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment.
SEC. 18. Period of Detention without Judicial Warrant of Arrest. - The provisions of Article 125 of the
Revised Penal Code to the contrary notwithstanding, any police or law enforcement personnel, who,
having been duly authorized in writing by the Anti-Terrorism Council has taken custody of a person
charged with or suspected of the crime of terrorism or the crime of conspiracy to commit terrorism shall,
without incurring any criminal liability for delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial
authorities, deliver said charged or suspected person to the proper judicial authority within a period of
three days counted from the moment the said charged or suspected person has been apprehended or
arrested, detained, and taken into custody by the said police, or law enforcement personnel: Provided,
That the arrest of those suspected of the crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism must result
from the surveillance under Section 7 and examination of bank deposits under Section 27 of this Act

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