The Cell: Endomembrane System,
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton, and
Extracellular Component
(60 mins)
Content Standard
The learners demonstrate and understanding of
(1) Composition of endomembrane system;
(2) Structure and function of organelles involved in
energy transformation;
(3) Structure and function of cytoskeleton and;
(4) Composition and functions of the extracellular
components or matrix.
Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to construct three-
dimensional models of whole cells using
indigenous or recyclable materials. The models
shall show the following cell parts:
(1) Endomembrane system;
(2) Mitochondria; and
(3) Chloroplast
Learning Competencies
The learners:
(1) explain the postulates of the cell theory
STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1
(2) describe the structure and function of major and
subcellular organelles STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2
(3) describe the structural components of the cell
membrane STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-11
(4) relate the structure and composition of the cell
membrane to its function STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-
h12
Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit lesson, the learners shall be
able to:
 Illustrate the structure of the
endomembrane system, label its parts, and
understand how the system works
 Illustrate the structure of mitochondria,
label its parts and understand the enfolding
of the inner mitochondrial membrane
 Illustrate the structure of the chloroplast,
label its parts and relate these parts to
photosynthesis
 Understand the connection of the
endomembrane system to other cell parts
such as the lysosomes, peroxisomes,
endosomes, and cell membrane
 Understand how the cellular components
or matrix determine the appearance and
function of the tissues
Introduction
I. The Cell Theory
A. The Discovery of Cells
1. An English scientist,
Robert Hooke, first named cells in
1665 when he
observed a slice
of cork (a bark
from an oak tree)
with a microscope that magnified
30 times (30X).
2. The contemporary of
Robert Hooke, Anton van
Leewenhoek (a Dutchman)
discovered organisms we now
know to be single-celled. He
improved the microscope’s
magnification into 300X that
Hooke used and he discovered a microbial world
from a droplet of pond water and also observed
blood cells and sperm cells of animals.
3. After two centuries, in 1839, these
discoveries of the two scientists were acknowledge
as ubiquitous unit of life by Matthias Schleiden
and Theodor Scwhann, German scientists. Rudolf
Virchow, also a German scientist, stated that the
cell exists from a preexisting cell. Thus, these
statements created what we call now the cell
theory.
B. The Postulates of the Cell Theory
1. All living cells are composed of cells
(some unicellular, some multicellular)
2. Cells are the basic unit of the structure
and function in living things.
3. New cells are produced from existing
cells.
Motivation
I. Class Activity: Individual Oral
 Ask the following questions to the students:
o What are the two types of the cell?
o What is an organelle?
o What organelle/s that are present in
both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
o What are the types of eukaryotic cell?
o What organelle serves as a gate of the
cell?
II. Group Activity: Jigsaw Puzzle
 Mechanics:
o Divide the class into 3 groups.
 o Give them a cut-out picture of animal
cell, plant cell and a prokaryotic cell  The common organelles present in both
(bacterium) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell are:
o Give them 3 minutes to assemble the o Cytoplasm
pictures and another 3 minutes to name o ribosomes
the parts of each cell. o Cell/plasma membrane
o The group members will be given o Flagella/flagellum
incentives in their performance grade
by following the matrix below.  Present a short video clip that shows an overview of
the cell organelles, structure and its functions. A
Score 3 2 1 multimedia presentation.
Perfect or Missed out Missed out
at least at lease 3 at least 5
missed out below of and up of
one of the the parts of the cell
parts the the cell. parts.
cell.
B. Organelle
III. Laboratory Activity (Optional)
 Organelle literally means “little organ”
 Proceed to the Laboratory Guide and Methodology  It is the specialized parts of the cell that has
in General Biology in the separate page/folder. unique jobs to perform.

II. Eukaryotic Cell

A. The Endomembrane System

INSTRUCTION
1. Nucleus
I. The Cell
1.1 Structure
The nucleus is
A. Categories of Cells
a double-membrane
bound organelle of a
1. Prokaryotic Cells cell. Its enveloping
= always one-celled or unicell membrane is called the
= these cells have no true nucleus nuclear envelope
= have no membrane-bound perforated with nuclear
organelles
pores which regulates
= usually small in size (100 nm to 5
the entry and exit of macromolecules. The nuclear
μm) side of the envelope is lined with nuclear lamina, a
netlike protein filament that maintains the shape of
2. Eukaryotic cells the nucleus. Within the nucleus, the DNA is
= more complex organized along with proteins into material called
= have nucleus chromatin.
= Have membrane-bound
organelles 1.2 Nucleolus
=10-100 μm (some are larger) A subcellular organelle where components
of ribosomes are synthesized and assembled. These
components then pass through the nuclear pores to
the cytoplasm, where they combine to from
ribosomes. A nucleolus is roughly spherical, and
through the electron microscope it appears as a
mass of densely stained granules and fibers
adjoining part of chromatin.
 Show a video clip of protein synthesis following
DNA replication. A multimedia presentation.

1.3 Function
(Figure 1.1 A closer look on the comparison of a The nucleus controls the protein synthesis
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell) in the cytoplasm by sending molecular messengers
in the form of RNA (ribonucleic acid). As we saw
in the video, this messenger RNA (mRNA) is
synthesized in the nucleus according to the
instructions of DNA. The mRNA then conveys the
genetic messages to the cytoplasm via the nuclear
pores. Once in the cytoplasm, an mRNA molecule
attaches to ribosomes, where the genetic message
is translated into the primary structure of a specific
protein.

2. Ribosome
2.1 Structure