MUC LUC Mue luc MO BAU. Chuong 1:80 PHUC.. 1.1 Lich sit hinh thanh Khai n nigm s6 phir 1.2 Khai niém sé phi 1.3 Cac phép toan trén tip cdc sé phir 1.4 Dang hrong gidc va dang mii cia sé phite ‘Chuong 2: UNG DUNG SO PHUC VAO GIAI TOAN HINH HOC PHANG .. 2.1 Phuong phép giai toan. 2.2 Mé ta mot so két qua ciia hinh hoc phang bing ngén ngit sé phite 2.3 Ung dung sé phitc giai toan chimg minh hinh hoc va tinh toan 2.4 Ung dung 86 phite giai to’in dumg hinh. 2.5 Ung dung sé phite gidi toan qui ti KET LUAN... TAI LIEU THAM KITAO...MO DAU 86 phite xudt hign tir thé ky XIX do nhu cau phat trién cia Todn hoe vé gidi nhiing phuong trinh dai s khi ra di s6 phite da thie toan hoe tién 1én manh mé va gidi quyét duge nhiéu van dé cia khoa hgc va kf thuat. Déi voi hoc sinh bic THPT thi s phite 1 mot ndi dung con méi mé, voi thoi Iugng khdng nhieu, hoe sinh méi chi biét duge nhing kién thite rit co ban cha sé phite, vie khai thac cdc tmg dung ctia sb phite cin han ché, dc biét la vide sir dung s6 phtre nhu mét phuong tién dé gidi cde bai ton Hinh hoe phiing 18 mét van dé khé, ddi hdi hge sinh phai 06 nang lye gia ton nhat dink, biét van dung kién thite da dang cia ton hoe. Mic dit sich gido khoa Giai tich lép 12 da dura bai tap img dung Sé phite vio gidi ton hinh hoc phang nhung cén rit it. Véi nhitng Ii do trén, téi chon dé nghién ciru li: “Ung dung s6 phite vao giai toin Hinh hge phang’Chuong I: so PHUC Chuong nay trinh bay lich str hinh thanh sé phite, dinh nghia, eéc phép ton va tinh chat cua sé phite. 1.1 Lich sir hinh thanh khai nigm sé phite Lich sit sé phir bit dau tir thé ki thir XVI. Dé 1A théi ki Phuc hung ta todn hoc chau Au sau dém trudng trung c6. Cac dai rong 40 V—1, bV-1, a+bV-1 xuit hign da tign tir thé ki XVI trong ede cdng trinh ciia cia cée nha todn hge Italy “Nghé thuat vi dai hay Ia vé cde quy tc cita dai sé” (1545) cita G. Cardano (1501 ~ 1576) va “Dai s6” (1572) cia R. Bombelli (1530 ~ 1572). Nha toan hoe Bite Felix Klein (1849 — 1925) da danh gid cng trinh cita G. Cardano nhu sau: “Tde phdm quy gid dén t6t dinh nay da chita dung mam mong cita dai sé hign dai va né vuot xa tam cia todn hoe thoi ¢6 dai Khi giai phurong trinh bac hai Cardano va Bombelli da dua vio xét ki higu la Ii gidi hinh thie cia phuong trinh x* +1=0. Xt bidu thite BY=1 1a nghiém hinh thite cia phuong trinh x? +57 =0. Khi do bidu thite tng quit hon c6 dang a+5V-1,b 40.6 thé xem 1a nghiém hinh thite cia phuong trinh (x—a)’ +b? =0. Vé sau biéu thite dang a+ bY=I, b #0 xudt hign trong qué trinh gidi phurong trinh bac hai, bac ba (cdng thite Cardano) duge ggi la dai hrong “io” va sau d6 duge Gauss goi la sé phite va thirong duge ki higu li a+ ib, trong a6 ki higu L.Buler dira vio (nim 1777) goi li don vi “io”. Qué trinh thita nhan sé phite nhu mét céng cu quy gid cita todn hoc da dién ra rit cham chap. Ngay tén goi va ki higu i:= J—I 1a don vi ao cing a noi ban khoan, thac mic tit dé din dén khiing hoang niém tin vi n6 khéng c6 gi chung véi sé - m6t cong cu cla phép dém, mac di ngudi ta van xem né 1d mot ki higu tra tugng théa man dinh nghi Sy khiing hoang niém tin cing tro nén sau sic hon boi vige chuyén mét cach thiéu can nhdc va thiéu than trong mét s6 quy tic cla dai sé théng thing cho cdc s6 inh ra nhimg nghich Ii khé chju. Ching han nhw nghich Ii sau day: vi 3 phite di sanén 7 =—1, nhung dong thai bing cach st: dung cde quy te thong thuéng ciia phép ton khai edn bac hai lai thu duge PAA = (DED = JEN = Vi =1 Nhu vay -1=1 Ta nhdn manh lai ring hé thie i” =—1 la dinh nghia sé méi i cho phép ta dura vao xét s6 phite. Diéu dé e6 nghia ring hé thite dé khOng thé chimg minh, né chi 1 quy wée, Tuy vay, cing cé nguéi muén chimg minh hé thite d6, Trong cuén sich “phuong phép toa d6 cia minh, vign si L.S. Pointriagin di m6 ta Iai chimg minh 46 nhur sau: Dau tién nguéi ta lay nita duéng tron vei duéng kinh AB. Tit R ty ¥ cia nita duéng tron ha dung vudng géc RS 1a trung binh nhan gitta cdc dé dai ctia cdc doan AS va SB. Vi n6i dén dG dai nén sé khdng sai s6t lon khi néi ring binh phurong, doan RS bing tich cdc doan thing AS va BS, Bay gid, tro vé voi mat phang phitc, ki higu diém -1 1a A, diém +1 1a B va diém i 1a R. Khi dé S sé li diém 0. Tac gia cua phép chimg minh &3 lp ludn nh sau: Doan thing RS li i, doan thing AS la -1 va SB 1a +1. Nhu vay theo dinh li vira nhie lai 6 trén ta 66 P =(-D)G)=-1 That dang tiée 1a phép chimg minh ki la nay vin durge viét trong sich va giéng day & mét sé truéng phé thong true thé chién thit IL Lich str todn hoc cing ghi lai ring Cardano cing da nhac dén cac nghiém phite ‘Chang han khi gi nhung lai goi ching la cae nghiém “nguy bid hg phrong trinh, [xt y=10 |xy=50 Cardano da tim duge nghiém 54-5 va ng da goi nghigm nay la “am thudn ty” va tham ch edn goi la “nghiém am nguy bign Co 18 tén goi “io” [a di san vinh etn cui “mét thoi ngay the dang tran trong cita sé hoc”nha bac hoc lén thé ki XVIII ban chat di Tham chi déi voi nl va bin chat hinh hge cia cae dai hrong do khéng duge hinh dung mét cach 1 ring ma edn bi dn. Chang han, lich sir cing ghi lai rang I. Newton da khéng thita nhan ca dai lugng do va khong xem cdc dai lgng do thude vio cde khdi nigm s6, cin G. Leibniz thi thét lén ring: “Cac dai rong do ~ dé 1 noi an ndu dep 8 huyén digu d6i voi tinh than cia ding téi cao, d6 duéng nhu mét gidng luéng cu séng 6 mét chén nio dé gitta céi 06 that va cdi Khong c6 that”. Ngu@i dau tién nhin thdy Igi ich do dua sé phir vao toan hoc mang lai chinh 1a nha toan hoc Italy R. Bombelli. Trong cuén “Dai so” (1572) 6ng 43 dinh nghi phép tinh s6 hye trén cac dai hrgng ao va do dé ng da sing tao nén Ii thuyét “G0”. Thuat ngit s6 phite duge ding dau tién boi K. Gauss (nam 1831). Vio thé ki XVII — XVIII nhiéu nha todn hoc khéc cling di nghién cttu cde tinh chat cha dai lugng Euler (1777 ~ 1855) ki (1738), cdn A. Moivre 4 (s6 phite) va khdo sit cde img dung ciia ching. Ching han L nha toan hoc Bite mé rong khai niém logarit cho sé phite ba (1667 ~ 1754) nha toén hoc Anh nghién citu va giai bai ton cin bac tir nhién déi vei 6 phite (1736). Su nghi ng@ déi vai sé do (s6 phitc) chi tiéu tan khi nha toan hoc nguéi Nauy 1a C.Wessel dua ra sy minh hoa hinh hoe vé sé phite va cde phép toan trén ching trong céng trinh céng bé nim 1799. di khi phép biéu din minh hoa sé phite cing duge goi 1a “so dé Argand” dé ghi nhin céng lao ciia nha ton hoc Thuy S¥ R. Argand ~ ngudi thu duge két qua nhu ciia Wessel mét cach déc lap. Li thuyét thudn tiy sé hoe déi véi ede s6 phite voi tr cach 14 cde etip sé thye C6 thir ty (a,b), aeR,bER duge xay dyng bai nha todn hge Ailen 1 W.Hamilton (1837). 6 day don vj “io” ichi don giin 1a don vi “io” durge Ii gidi mét cdch hign thu nét cp sé thu cé thir tu - cp (051), tite 1a Cho dén thé ki thir XIX, Gauss mdi thanh céng trong. e Iudn chimg mot cach vitng chic khdi nigm sé phitc. Tén tudi cia Gauss citing giin lién véi phép ching minh chinh xac dau tién 46i véi dinh li co ban cia Dai sé khing dinh ring trong tradng sé phite C moi phwrong trinh da thitc du c6 nghigm.Ban chat dai sé ctia sé phite thé hign & ché sé phite 1a phan tir cia trong mo rong (dai s6) C cita truéng sé thyc R thu duge bing phép ghép dai sé cho R nghigm 7 celia phurong trinh x +1=0. V6i dinh li co ban cia Dai s6, Gauss 43 chimg minh duge trréng C 6 thanh cua phurong trinh dai sé hue R (wa do d6 ca trréng hitu ti Q) khéng 6 tinh chat dong dai sé. Ching han, phuong trinh voi trudng déng dai 6, Diéu dé cé nghia 1a khi xét cde nghiér trong trang nay ta khéng thu duge thém sé méi. Duong nhién tring, hé sé thye c6 thé khong c6 nghiém thue. Nhin lai hon 2500 nam tt théi Pythagor tdi gid, con dudmg phat trién khai nigém vé sé cé thé tm tit boi N > Z > Q—> R > C voi cdc bao ham thite: NeZcQcRcC. Bing cic két qua sau sic trong cae céng trinh cia cai nha to’in hoe K. Weierstrass, G.Frobenius, B.Peirce nguéi ta mdi nhan ra ring moi cé ging mé rong tap sé phir theo con dudng trén déu khéng cé két qua kha quan. K.Weierstrass 43 chimg minh tip hgp s6 phite C khéng thé mé rong thanh tap hgp rng hon bing cach ghép thém sé mdi dé trong tap hgp s6 réng hon thu duge vin bao toan moi phép tinh va moi quy ludt ciia cdc phép ton da ding trong tip hop s6 phite. Nhin lai lich sit lau dai ctta sy phat trién khai nigm sé ta thay ring cit mdi lin khi dua vao nhing sé méi céc nha todn hoe cing déng thoi dua vao cic quy tgawes thye hign cdc phép todn trén ching. Déng théi vdi diéu dé cdc nha Toan hoe luén ludn c6 ging bao toan cic quy ludt sé hoc co ban (lust giao hodn cia phép cng vi phép nhan, luat két hyp va luat phan bé, luat sip xép tuyén tinh cia tp hyp s6). Tuy nhién st bio toin dé khng phai khi nao cing thye hign duge, vi du nhw khi xay dung trémg sé phite ngudi ta khéng bao toan duge luat sip xép tuyén tinh vén cé trong truémg sé thy, Téng két lich sit toan b6 qué trinh phat trién khai nigm sé, nha toan hoc Dite Kronecker (1823 - 1891) da viét: “Thuong dé da tao va sé tye nhién, cén tat ca cdc loai 6 cén lai déu la cong trinh sdng tao ctia con ngudi" C6 thé ndi ring véi khing dinh bat hi nay, L.Kronecker da xac dinh nén méng viing chi cho tda lau dai ton hoc tring If , mA con ngwéi dang sé hitu. 61.2 Khai nigm sé phire Ta biét ring trudmg sé thye j nhan duge bang cach lam “day” traéng sé hitu ti & , ma né duge xdy dung tir vanh sé nguyén ¢ . Vige lam day xudt phat tir sw nghién ctru cée phuong trinh dai sé véi hé sé hitu ti va gidi han ctia cdc day sé hitu ti. Tuy nhién trrdng j vin khéng day du, béi vi ngay ca phuong trinh don gidn x4ls0 (D cing khéng c6 nghi¢m trong ; . Con trong giai tich néu chi gidi han trong j_, nguéi ta khng thé giai thich duge tai sao him f(x) = khong thé khai trién duge lex thanh chudi Kiy thita trén toan bo dudng thing, Voi li do trén, bude ta phai tim kiém trudng K nao d6 chita | nhu mot tnréng con sao cho tdi thiéu phtrong trinh (1) c6 nghiém. 6 day ta néi ; 1a trang con cia K néu cde phép todn trén | durge cm sinh béi c: c phép toan tren K. 1.2.1 Xay dung trong sé phire Gia sir truémg £ chita ;nhu mgt tnrdng con ma phuong trinh_ x* +1=0 6 nghiém trong n6, khi dé £ phai cé mét phan tir i dé? =-1. Vij C£nén £ chita tat cd cic phan tir dang a+ib, a,b¢j .Do d6, m6t cich ty nhién ta xét tap £ cdc cp s6 thc (ab); £ = {(a,b):a,b a=c,b=d ii) Phép cng: (a,b) + (c,d) = (a+e,b+d) iii) Phép nhan: (a,b).(c,d) = (ac — bd,ad + be) Tap hgp £ véi quan hg bing nhau, cic phép cng va nhdn xéc dinh nbu trén Lip thanh mét truéng théa min cac diéu kign sau: 1) {chia trong £ nhu m6t trrdng con (qua déng nhit ae j voi (a,0) €£ ) 2) Tén tai nghiém cia phyong trinh x” +1=0 trong £ . 1.2.2 Djnh nghia Tring £ durge xay dyng nhu trén duge goi ld rwdng 86 phiteMoi phan tit cia £ duge ggi la sé phite + VayVz e€ ,tac6 z=(a,b)=a(l,0)+b0,)=a+ib Wa,b ej Day 1a dang dai sé cia sé phitc z, trong dé. a duge ggi la phin thy cita sé phite z, ki higu la Rez b duge goi la phin ao cita sé phite z ki higu 1 Imz S6 phite lién hyp Cho z=atib ,Wabe; ,khidd Z=a-ibe£ duge goi la sd phite lidn hop ctia 86 phite z, ki az, 1.3 Cac phép toan trén tp cae sé phire 1.3.1 Phép cong Ta goi ting cla hai sO phite 2, =a,+ib,;2,=a,+ib, la 86 phite z= (a, +4,)+i(b, +b,) a va duge kihigu la z= 2, +z. Tir dinh nghia eiia phép cOng ta c6 cdc tinh cl i) Kéthop: 2+(2, +2) ii) Giao hoan: 2,42, Dac biét khi z,; z,1i hai s6 thc thi dinh nghia (1) tring véi dinh nghia phép cong cae 86 thy. 1.3.2 Phép trir Phép céng trén 6 phép todn nguge, nghia 1a voi hai sé phite 2, =a,+ib,;z,=a,+ib, tacé thé tim duge sé phite z sao cho z, +z =z,. S6 phite nay goi ld higu cia hai sé phite 2,va Z,, ki higu a z= 2, —z,, 10 ring tir dinh nghia tac z=(a,-4,)+ i(b,-b,) 2) 1.3.3 Phép nhan Ta goi tich ciia hai sO phite z, =a, +ib, ;z, =a, +ib, 1a s6 phite z xac dinh boi 2= (aa, ~hb,) + (ab, + b,a,) @) Va ki higu Ia 2=2%).Tir dinh nghia ta cé nhitng tinh chat sau: DKathop (2,2, = (@,23)24- ii) Giao hoin 2,2, = iii) Phép nhdn c6 tinh phan phéi voi phép cong 2,(z, + 25) = 2) + 2,25 Néu Z, va Z, 1a hai sé thy thi dinh nghia (3) tring voi dinh nghia thong thuéng cia phép nhan trong tap hgp cdc sé thyc. Dac bigt khi lay z, tir dinh nghia (3) ta c6 i, R6 ring vai z, =a, + ib, ; 1, + ib, thi céng thitc (3) cé duge bing cach nhin théng thuéng (phép nhan trong tp hgp sé thyc) va thay i? =—1. Chay: 22=a° +6720 1.3.4 Phép chia Phép toan nhan cé phép ton nguge néu it nhat mét trong hai sé dé khic khong. Gia sit z, #0. Khi dé ta cé thé tim duge mét so phite z=a+ib sao cho Theo dinh nghia cia phép nan ta ¢6 hé phwrong trinh sau [a,a—b,b=a, 4) |ba+ a,b =5, Vi z, #0 nghia la dinh thite cla hg Cramer khic 0 nén hé phwong trinh trén ludn lun c6 mét léi giai duy nhat. $6 phite z c6 duge nay goi 1a thong cita hai s6 phite z, va z> Gidi he (4), ta duge aa, + bb, a+b 6 5 btm a, +by Ki higu 2==) z, 1.3.5 Lay thira Tich cit n Lan sé phite z duge goi la lity thita bac m ciia s6 phite z. Ki higu 2". 91.3.6 Cin bac n S6 phite w duge goi la Can bac n cia s6 phite znéu Ww" = Z. Ki higu Ww 1.3.7 Dinh it V6i cde 86 phite 2,,2),2, ta co: i) 2=2,Vzreq c£ ii) z=2,Vzek =a +B 20 (Vz=atib \Wa,be; ) Y) 2RA=Rz Suy ra; z,WAe; Wrek vii) z+z2=2Rez=2a; z-2=2ilmz=2ib (Vz=atib ,Wa,bej ) 1.4 Dang lwong giac va dang mii cia sé phir 1.4.1 Dang luwgng giac ciia sé phire Xét mat phing tong img voi hé toa dé Décac Oxy va ta biéu din mét sé =atib ,Wa,bej bei mét diém c6 toa 46 (a,b). Nhu vay cdc sé thyc sé phite duge biéu dién béi cdc diém trén truc Ox, nd duge goi la true thc, cic sé thuan ao duge biéu dién béi cae diém trén true Oy, né duge goi la truc do. Neuge lai, voi mdi diém cia mat phiing Oxy cé toa 46 (a,b), ta dat trong img voi mot s6 phite z=a+ib pibe=s OG x Hinh 1 10Vay c6 su tuong img | -1 gitta tap hgp tat cd cde sé phite £ vai tap hop tat ca cdc diém cia mét mat phi Vi mii di c6 toa dé (a,b) trong mat phing tuong img vei mét vée to cd ban kinh vée to r= Ja? +b? va géc cue tong img g. Do dé mai sé phite z c6 thé biéu dién dudi dang z= r(cosp+ising). Day la dang luong gide cha sb phitc, trong dé r, g lan lugt 1a ban kinh cye va géc eye cita sé phite z, Ban kinh r goi la modun cha s6 phitc z, ki higu r=|z|. Géc eye @ goi la argument ciia s6 phite z, ki higu la p= Argz Hinh2 Va’ +b? 20. Va argument ciia sé phite duge xac dinh vdi sai khdc mét béi cha 27. Modun cita s6 phite durge xéc dinh mét cach duy nhat | arcig? + 2k (keg) khi a>0 onan) 4 arcig + (2k +1) m, (keg) khi a<0 a #.# vista ] la gid tri chinh cia ham arcrg. a 14.2 MOt s6 tinh chat Cho cde sé phite z= r(cose + ising); 2,=n(cosg, tising,): 2, =n (cose, +i in py). uTa c6 cdc tinh chat sau; 1) Néu 2, = Z, thi modul cita ching trimg nhau vi argument ciia ching 932, sai khac nhau mét sé nguyén lan 277 2) Tinh chat cia modun va argument 3) Tich cia hai sé phite 1-2) =7,(cosg, + ising,).7,(cosg, + ising,) =nn[(cose,cose, —sin g, sin g,) + i(cosg, sing, —sin gcose,)] =fr[cos(g, + ,) + isin(g, + 9,)] Nhu vay, tich Z cita hai sd phite vid z= dudi dang lugng giée z= r(cosp + ising), odo r latich oa 4r,, hode il le [z,|-|2.| ; eon argument @ la ting (9, + @, Joba hai argument thita s6, hay néi cach khac arg z,z, = argz, +argz,. Bang phuong php quy nap toan hoc dé ding chimg minh duge [;(cose, +ising,)\{r,(cos@, + ising,)]....[r, (cose, +ising,)] 1, [COS(P, +P, +...+9,) +isin(g, + 9, +...+9,)] Hoan toan tuong ty ta c6 thé Lim phép chia cdc s6 phite Enh, 2, _ n(cosg, tising,) _ 7 (cosg, +ising,)(cosg, - ising.) 2, 7(cosg, +ising,) 7,(cosg, + ising, )(cos@, - ising,) [(cosg,cos¢, + sin g, sin g,) + i(sin g,cosg, — cosg,sin g,)] [eos(g, — 9,) + isin(y, — 9,)] 12Z, | = argz, —argz, Bay gi c6 thé dé dang biéu dién tich cita hai s6 phite Z = 2,2, voi 2, = 4(cosg, +ising,); 2, =1,(cosg, +ising,) 14 mét diém véi ban kinh vée to KF, va argument —, +P, Hinh 3 143 Cong thire Moivre Cho mét sé phitc bat ki duéi dang long gide z = r(cosg+t ising), theo céng thite 6 trén ta 06 r(cosg + ising)" = r"(cosng + isinng), Vn N Céng thite trén dirge goi la cong thire Moivre, Cong thire Moivre eiing ding khi 71a cac s6 nguyén am. That vay: 1 r(cosg + ising) r'[cos(-¢) + isin(-¢)] (2°) =[r\(cos(-g) +isin(-9))T" =r"[cos(-ng) +isin(—ng)] ‘Dya vio céng thite Moivre ta dinh nghia cin bac n cia sé phite: 13Cho z=r(cosg + ising), can bac n ciia s6 phite z 1a mét so phite bigu. duéi dang lvgng giac W=p(cos@+isin@), sao cho W"=z, hay [o(cos0 + isind)]" = r(cosp + ising) Theo céng thite Moivre, tacé p" =r, suy ra p = 4/r, Con argument gr2kr nO) va @ sai khde nhau , hay nO = 9 + 2kz ,(k €Z). Vay 0= n Negugc lai, khi ta nang bac mii n sé w= Gr (coset 5 i gin 242K) (4 2), thi ta duge 2, Nhu vay: 7 7 gfrlcosp rising) = Vr (cos 2 4 j gin 272 n n véi k =0,1,2,..4—1 sé nhan duge 1 gia tri khae nhau cho 4/2 cs a. 7 tgo thanh cp s6 eGng voi cong boi —, va sé hang n M6i gid tri cua © (econg ieng k-0) n Do tinh chu ki cia hamsin x;cosx véi k>n+1 thi nhimg gid tr cia lz Iai lap lai mét trong 7 gié tri ban dau. Do dé, cin bac n cla mét sé phite c6 ding nm gia tri khac nhau. Nhing sé. nay biéu dién nhu dinh cian da gide déu nam trén duéng tron véi tim 14 géc toa dé va ban kinh 1a /Z_ 141.4.4 Dang mii cia sé phite +h vidt s6 phite ta dat bé don gidn cose tising= dang lrgng gide drge bién dé thanh dang ma 6 1a dang 36 mit cha sé phite 2 # 0. Dé dang chimg minh rang néu z, teen, 1 212, = Hine 3 Ah 2 Phép nang s6 phite z= a +ib = r(cos@ + ising) lén liy thita bac n cita so phite duge thyre hign theo eéng thite Moivre nine z=r'e 15Chwong 2: UNG DUNG SO PHUC VAO GIAI TOAN HINH HQC PHANG. Chuong nay trinh bay phuong phap giai toan, m6 ta mot s6 két qua eta hinh hoc phang bang ng6n ngit sé phite va ba img dung ctia sé phite vao gidi toan hinh hoc. 2.1 Phwong phdp gidi toan Khi giai cac bai todn trong hinh hoc phing ta déng nhit sé phitc z=x-+iy voi diém M(x,y) trong mat phing véi hé toa 46 vudng géc Descartes Oxy, va goi z 1a toa vj cia diém M (déi vi hé toa dé d6); ki higu M(z), hodc ki higu don gidn hon la M; ding thoi cing ding mhat sé phite z=x-+iy voi véc to OM trong a6 digm dau O 1a géc toa d6, diém cudi M 1a diém biéu dién sé phite z, vi vay néu néi M 6 toa vi z thi cling ndi vée tr OM c6 toa vi z. Nhé vay, néu A(z), B(z’) thi véc to AB =OB~-OA 8 toa vi (2’ -2), hode ki higu 1a (A-B), va |AB| = (2’ ~ 2] (hay | AB |=|A-B). Do d6 trong mat phing phite C, phuong trinh dudmg tron tim tai diém ‘Mo(20), ban kinh R la |z~ 2] = R hay z =z, + R(cost + isin#) voi tham s6 t bin thign trong doan [0; 277] hay mét phan cia doan d6 ma ta c6 toan b6 dudng tron hay mot cung turong img, cdn phuong trinh dudng thang cé dang: 2=x+ib, b=const, duong thang song song voi true Ox z=a+iy, a=const, durmg thing song song véi truc Oy z=xtiy, y=xtang, g las6 do géc dinh huéng hgp boi duéng thang va tia Ox. Sau dé nhé phép chuyén tuong img diém hinh hoc hay diém phite M thinh vects OM (O la gc toa d6), chuyén khodng cach giita hai diém phite |B — 4] thanh 6 dai vecto [43], binh phurong modul cia diém phite M? = _M.M thinh v6 hung uur» vecto OM ta sé nhan duge loi giai théng thing cia bai todn da cho, mét léi gil khong ting dung sé phite. Nho dé ta nhan duge 161 gidi thong thuding cia bai ton 3 cho, 2.2 Mé ta m6t sé két qua cia hinh hoc phang bang ngén ngir sé phic Cho trade hai diém Mm), N(n). Khi d6, 46 dai doan MN =|n—m|=d(m:n) ‘Trong mat phing cho trade doan thing AB. Khi 46, diém M chia doan thing AB theo 16tysd ke; \{I} khi va chi khi MA=kMB, a—m=k.(b—m) trong dé a, b va m la toa vi cdc diém A, B va M theo thir ty dé, Tir d6, néu ki higu [48] 1a chi dogn thing AB, ki (AB) 1a chi duémg thing AB, ki higu [4B) ld chi tia AB, ta 06 cde két qua sau Cho tude hai dié A(a), B(b) phan bigt va diém M(m). Khi dd M ¢[AB] <> 3t20:2-m=t(b—m) @ St e[0;1]:m=(1-2)a+ 0b (1) M€(AB)@3tej :m-a=t(b-a)eare; :m=(I-ta+tb (2) Dinh Wy 2.1. Cho tude hai diém A(a),B(b)phan bigt va diém M(m). Khi d6, cdc ménh dé sau trong duong *M<[AB) ©3r>0:m=(1-1a+b arg (m—a)=arg(b-a) ma ot ye; baa Tir dé, dé ¥ ring? =1 Vr e; , ta thu duge phuong trinh cia dung thing di qua hai diém W, (w,), 7, (v, ) la (2-0). 0%, =) -(@= 0% = 9, @) 2.2.1 Géc gitta hai dwong thing Trong mat phing phite, cho hai diém M,(z,),M,(z,) va o% =argz,,k=1,2. Khi dé, do y il (st (av ur) uur uur Ox,0M,)+(OM,,OM, )=(0x,0M,) (mod22) nén (0M, 0M, )=(0s,0M, )-(0x,0M, ) (mod22) hay géc dinh huéng tao bai tia OM, voi tia OM, \ . . Z, bing arg? . . Hinh 5 Tir d6, néu cho bén diém phan biét M, (z,),k =1,2,3,4 thi géc dinh huéng tao bai duéng 7thing MM, voi M,M, bing arg Dinh ly 2.2. Hai tam gidc ABC va A'B'C’ ding dang cing huéng khi va chi khi cma 2.2.2 Tich vo huréng cia hai sé phite ‘Trong mat phing phite cho hai diém M,(z,),M,(z,). Khi dé OM,.OM, = OM,.OM, cos MOM, Néu z, c6 modul bing r, va c6 argument bing a, thi OM,.OM, = 0s (a, ~a) =f (cosey cose, + sina, sinat,) Dods (2:2)=5(2.2 +22) 2 Tir 46 suy ra (2,72,)=(z,:2,) va do dé (z,:2))€] . Tich vO huéng cita hai sé phite cling c6 tinh chat nhu tich vo huéng cla hai veto, Ngoai ra (3,522) = 2.(2,:2)) va (22,2) = 2.42.52) Nh§n xét 2.1, J. Trong mat phang phite cho hai diém M,(z,),M,(z,). Khi dé (2):2,) bang phuong tich ciia O vi dudng trén duéng kinh M,M,. . Néu A(a),B(b),C(c),D(d) la bon diém phan biét cha mgt phang phitc, thi AB LCD <> (b-a;d-c) oes Rel O=4 \a 2.2.3 Céng thite tinh dign tich tam giac Dign tich cia tam gide ABC dinh huéng, véi céc dinh A(a),B(b),C(e) duge tinh theo edng thite 18we i ore sl la Do dé A(a),B(5),C(c) thang hang khi va chi khi |b lc 2.2.4 Khoang cach tir mOt diém dén m6t dwong thing Khoang cach tir diém M(z)) dén dudng thing A:a.z+a.z+=0 bing |e.z, +002, + A] a(M,A Waa 2.2.5 Duong tron Dudng tron tim M,(z,) bén kinh R 1a tap hgp nhiimg digm M(z) sao cho R tic la 22-242 22 +292, MM =R hay |z-2,| Tir dé moi duéng tron déu c6 phuong trinh dang zz+az+az+ B=0, trong dé a@e£,fej . Dudng tron nay cé tam voi toa vi a, ban kinh R= Jaa—B 2.2.6 Mé ta cae phép bién hinh phiing bing ngén ngir sé phite Phép doi hinh, Phép tinh tién. Phép tinh tién theo véc-to v=(v) 1a phép bién hinh bién ) sao cho MM’ = v.Do a6, biéu thite ctia phép tinh tién 1a, diém M(z) thanh digm M’ (z)=24+v Phép quay. Phép quay tim M,(z,) g6c quay a 1a phép bien hinh bién M(2) thanh diém M'(e) ma M,M =M,M’ va(M.M;M,M’)= a (mod2z). Tir 4, bidu thite ctia phép quay li 2’—z, =e" (z-z,) Phép déi xitng trye. Phép déi ximg qua duimg thing | li phép bién hinh bién mdi diém M(z) thanh diém Mz‘) sao cho | 1a trung tryc cia MM’. Tir dé ‘© Phép déi ximg qua truc thye: 2’ = f(z) © Phép déi ximg qua true do: z= f(z) 195 58) «(CHF ra 1 + Do 2(0x:1)=(0%;0M) +(Ox:0M") ( & day 1=(z,)) nm phép adi ximg qua dirég thing 1 di qua géc toa d6 O va diém z, =e ? 06 bidu thite F(2)= "2. Tir d6, néu A=Ti(1) voi v=(z,) thi phép ddi xttng qua A c6 bigu thitc Hinh 7 Hinh 6 Phép vi tu. Phép vi ty tim C(z,), ty sO rej ‘li phép bién hinh bién mai diém Miz) thanh diém Mi’) ma CM" =r.CM . Do dé, c6 biéu thite zlar(z-z)+z). 2.2.7 Diu kign thing hang, vudng gc va cing nim trén mOt duong tron Dinh ly 2.3. Ba diém M, (z,),.M;(z,),M,(z,) thing hang khi va chi khiHG qua 2.1. Bon diém M, (z,),k =1,2,3,4 cing nim trén mét dudng thang khi va chi trén mOt duéng tron khi va chi khi 2.2.8 Tich ngoai cia hai sé phire Trong mat phang phite cho hai diém M,(z,),M,(z,). Khi dé wu WER juny yuma OM,xOM, Jomo, sin OM, Néu z, c6 modul bang ¥,, va co argument bang a, thi OM, xOM, = rr,.sin(a, —a,) = nr,.( siner,coser, - cose, sinat,) i Do d6 z,xz,= xz, nén suyra Iz, x2, 2,2; ~.2,). Tirdd, do Z,x2z, Tich ngoai cia hai sé phite cing cé cdc tich chdt nhu tich ngoai ciia hai véc-to trong mat phang, ngoai ra (2z,)x z, = 2.(z,xz,) vz, x(zz,) = 2(2,.x2,)- Chuong nay mé ti mét sé két qua cia hinh hoc phing bing ngén ngit sé phitc va ba img dung cita s6 phite vio giai todn hink hoe phiing. 2.3 Ung dung sé phite gidi toain chirng minh hinh hoc va tinh toan Vi du 1. Cho tam gidc ABC. Trén BC ldy cdc diém E va F sao cho wr wn uur ua EB=kEC,FB=— FC (kl) 1) Tinh AE, AF, EF theo AB, AC. 2) Chimg minh céc tam giéc ABC, AEF cé cing trong tam. 3) Trén AB ldy diém D, trén AC ldy diém I sao cho DA=kDB, IC =KIA, Chimg minh AE + BI+CD=0 1) Tinh AETa viet AE =E-A. Ti gid thist EB=kEC <> B-E=kC-kE 2 (k-1)E=kC-B Tiras tac BA =SC=B Tinh AF Ta viét AF = F - A, Tir gia thiét 2 C-F =kB-KkF > (k=-1)F =kB-C Tirdé taco F-A Tinh EF un uum uu EF= AF -AE=| AB-—— AC= AB~ AC k k= k-1 uur py uum yy gue 8) kC 2)Tacé B= KC-B+kB-C _(kA+kB+kC) k-1 KR Suyra A+ E+F=At (A+ B+C)(k-1)(A+B+C) aA TT (At BEC tot ( ) Ding thire nay chimng t6 hai tam gide ABC va AEF 06 cing trong tam. 3) Tit gia thiét DA=KDB, IC =KIA tatinh duge D ae 1 ae A da tinh & eau 1) ta 06 AB + BI+CD =( - A)+(1-B)+(D-C) ko _k(A+ B+C)—k(A+B+C)+(A+B+C)-(At+B+C) re H@ thite AE + BI + CD =0 duge chimg minh. Vi dy 2. Cho luc gide déu ABCDEF, K 1a trung diém cia BD, M 1a trung diém eta EF, Ching minh AMK Ia tam gide déu. Giai Gia sir mat phing véi hé toa dé vudng géc Oxy sao cho géc toa d6 O tring voi dinh A cita luc gide déu ABCDEF, truc hoanh di qua hai diém A, D. Goi I la tam luc gide déu ABCDEF. Ta nhan thay nt giéc BCDI 1a hinh thoi nén K 1a tring diém cia Cl. Ta 06 |C|=|E]. Hinh 8 C=|C\(cosarg C+ isinarg C) =|C|(cos30” +isin30°) E= iE |(cos arg E + isinarg E) =|E|| cos(-30”)+ isin(-30°) |C[cos(—60°) + isin(—60") ]=|C[[ cos(30” —60") +isin(30° - 60°) | =|E\[cos(~30°) + ésin(-30") ]= F =|F|[cos(—60") +isin(-60°)] = 1[cos(—60”) + isin(-60°)] ‘Vi M 1A trung diém cia EF, K 1a trung diém cia CI, nén (C+1)[ cos(-60") +i sin(—60") |= K[cos(-60") + isin(-60°) | 1 S(ErF)= 3(EtF) Tir 46 suy ra |M|=|K|,RAM =60°, do dé tam gic KAM can ( AK=AM), va 66 g6e 6 dinh RAM = 60° nén KAM 18 tam giée du. Vi du 3. (Bat ding thic Ptolemy). Cho tit giac ABCD. Chimg minh rang ta lun cé AB.CD + AD.BC = AC.BD. Dau dang thite xay ra khi va chi khi A, B, C, D theo thir ty i dinh cia mét tir mét ti gide Idi nGi tiép mot dudng tron, Gisi X¢t mat phing phite, goi a, b, c,d 1A toa vi cdc dinh A, B, C, D trong mit phing phitc. Ta e6 ABCD + AD.BC =|a—d|x|d- +d — alxle-A]2 |(a—d)x(d-e)+(d—a)x(e-5)| <= ABCD + AD.BC > e—a)(d~)|= AC.BD Dau bang xay ra khi A (b-a)(d-e)=t(d-a)(e-6),1>0. Sy B Khi dé {d-a|_, [dec] ) b cbf Ic hay DAB = x = DCB Vay tr gide ABCD ngi tiép duong tron. Hinh 9 ‘Vi dy 4. Cho tam gidc ABC voi trong tim G va mét diém M bit ki trong mat phing. Chimg minh ring MG? = Ma + MB? + MC? FAB HBO HCA,Giai Chon dung tron ngoai tiép tam giéc ABC lam duéng tron don vj va gia sir M(z,),A(a),B(b),C(c). Vi G la trong tam eta tam gide ABC nén toa d9 cia G xée dinh bai g Flatb+e). Hinh 10 Khi dé MG? = g-z, g-2,, MA’ =a-z, a-2,, MB’ =b— MC? = c—z, ¢—Z,, AB’ =b-ab-a, BC’ =c-be-b, AC =c-ac-a Thay vao vé trai tac SMa + MB MC? = RAB 4 BCH Ca = 1 o-ab-a+e-be-B+e-ae-a 1 ta duge Bién déi bidu thuc trén voi chi y aa+bb+cc Mt + MB + MC ~ hae 4 BC+ = Lai bb rei az atbre-32, a4b+0492,7,+ba+abrcbsb orcas az] =3[3-9% 8-9 49% ,tbat+ab+ch+be+catae &-% B+ =8-2) 8-2 =VP 1 Vay ta co MG" MA? + MB? + MC? ~ 5 AB? + BC? +CA* 3 Vi dy 5. (Bai todn Napoleon). c canh cha BC, CA, AB cba tam gide ABC lam y day, dumg ra ngoai cdc tam gide déu vai tm trong img 4,,B,,C,. Chimg minh ringAB C, la dinh ciia mét tam gide déu. Gia Gia sit tam gide ABC dinh hudng duong. Goi x li toa vi cia diém X nao dé trong mat phing. Ta co: atqwtbw =0,b +awtew =0,c+bw baw Do 4,,B,,C, theo thir ty 14 trong tm cita cde tam gide BCA,,CAB,, ABC, nén 3a, =b +e +a,,3k, =c+a +h, 3c, =atb+G Ti ds 3(c. + a,w+b,w? =atht+e,+w(b+c+a,)+w(ctath) =(b+aw+ew)+(c+bw+an w+(atcw+bw*)w? =0 Suy ra diéu phai chimg minh. Lai giai 2. Gia sir tam gide ABC dinh huéng am. Goi x Id toa vj cha diém X ndo 46 trong mit phing. Ta 66=b-a,te (a —b,) +e? (6-4) +6 © (bj) a Vi dy 6. (IMO 1977). Cho hinh vuéng ABCD. Dung vé phia trong hinh vudng cde tam gide déu ABK, BCL, CDM, DAN. Chimg minh ring cac trung diém cdc doan thang KL, LM, MN, NK, BK, BL, CL, DM, DN, NA 1a dinh cia mét thap nhi gidc déu. Giai Tirdé , au, 6 c6 nghia tam gide 4, Gia sit hinh vuéng ABCD dinh hudng duong. Chon tim O cia hinh vung lim g6c, goi x li toa vi cla diém X trong mat phing phitc. Khidé b=iac=-a,d= ia, Dat ¢ > =w taco k=(iw+w)al = iw-w)an=(wHinh 12 Dé y ring da gide RO,S,P,0,S,P.0,S,P,Q,S, nhan O lam tim déi xing, do a6 véi f 1a phép quay tam 0, géc quay 4 thi chi cin chimg minh (P= 44 (4)=5e> S(S,)= Pua (K=12) la di. Tacé p= Feet) =S[ we Ft) } 2. =3f-Co wr (iD) % =-S[t+ w) +e}, =S [teins w] 28{(i-1)ew+ (i+ lew % nis Is [ieiews en ]=s vis iw [e+ iews om] = py M6t cach trong ty, cling duge f(p,)= 42. (42) =S3f(8:)= PW Vi dy 7. (Bé v6 dich Anh 1983). Cho tam gic ABC cin dinh A, goi I Li tim during tron ngoai tiép tam gide ABC; D 1a trung diém cia AB va J 1a trong tim cita tam gide ACD. Chimg minh ring JJ LCD Giai Hinh 13 Chon duéng tron tim I lam duréng tron don vi. Gia sir A(a), B(6),C(c). Vi A, B, C cing thugc duéng tron nén ta cé aa =bb = ce =1 va D li trung diém ctia AB nén toa atb_2c~a-b 2 2 vicia o(*+*) Suy ra DC Mat khdc, J la trong tam cita tam gide ACD nén ater ath ,_3at2e+b j= hay j= 3 6 Bat2e+b Tir dé suyra = (11a géc toa 46) é chimg minh JJ L CD ta cin chimg minh 1/.CD = 0. That vay ta cé 292 6 = FySae~ 3a Sab + dee — 264-2 + 266 a B+ 64+ Ace +2ch ~3aa —2ca~3ab— ab —2be—bb = (-4ab + 40a~4ab + 4a) 24 } um yp, Suy ra W.CD gleatac —ab— ab). Mat khic AC = AB nén suy ra c-ac-a=b-ab-a © ce-ca—ae+aa=bb—ba-ab+aa catace=batab Suyta IJ.CD =0, vay I LCD. Vi du 8. (IMO 17, 1975). ‘Vé phia ngoai cia tam gide ABC, lin lugt dung cae tam giac ABR, BCP, CAQ sao cho PBC = CAQ = 45", BCP = QCA =30°, ABR = RAB =15° . Chimg minh ring ORP =90°, RO = RP. Giai Ta xét bai toan trong mat phing phitc. Goi M Ia chan dung vudng géc ha tir diém P xuéng dudng thing BC. Ta quy uée chit cdi thing 1a toa vi cla dinh tuong img, Mp vi ME _ 5 nen ching han a Id toa vj cla A. Vi M MP pot iy om bm pom Do dé. _otv3b , b 13 1S Tong te ta cling tinh duge ct V3a a-c +i 1ev3 14y3 Diém B nhan duge tir diém A bing phép quay tim R, géc quay q = 150" 30. Tir d6, bang cac phép bien doi dai so, ta duge (crv3b | b-c \ (e+Via,. a-c ) ine iB) ee i)” Suy ra QR vuéng gc voi PR hay ORP = 90". Hon nia, |p|=|iq|=|q| nén RO = RP. Bg q Bén canh cac bai toin chimg minh vudng géc, sé phite ciing t6 ra higu qui trong cde bai todn vé thing hing, dong quy. Vi dy 9, Cho ABCD va BNMK 1 hai hinh vudng khéng giao nhau, E 14 tring diém cia AN. Goi F la chan duréng vudng géc ha tit B xuéng duéng thing CK. Chimg minh ring céc diém E, F, B thing hing. Gi Ta xét bai toan trong mit phiing phite, Chon F lam géc ta d} va CK, FB lan Iugt 1a truc hoinh va truc tung. Goi ¢,£,bi lan lugt li toa vi cla cde diém C, K, B voi c,k,b ej .Phép quay tim B, gc quay q = 90° bién diém C thanh diém A, do 46 A co toa vj la a= b(1-i)+e7. Tuong ty, diém N 06 toa vi la n= b(1+i)—Ai. Te dé suy ra ing AN i @= 28" =p SoH 2 2 toa ci cia diém F, trung diém cia doan t Tw dé suy ra diém E nam trén dug thing FB hay céc diém E, F, B thang han Vi dy 10, Trén ede canh AB, BC, CA eta tam gi ing huéng la ADB, BEC, CFA. Chimg minh ring cac tam gidc ABC ¢ ABC ta lan hrgt dung ic tam giée dng dang cé va DEF cé ciing trong tam. Giai Ta quy wée chit cdi thuong 1a toa vi ca dinh tong img, ching han a la toa vj ca A. Vi ADB, BEC, CFA a céc tam gide déng dang eting huéng nén Do d6 d=a+(b-a)z,e=b+(c—b)z, f =c+(a-c)z. Suyra etdtf _athte 3 3 6 cing trong tim, 31Vi dy 11. (Dinh li con nhim). Trong mat phiing cho da giée don A,A,...4, ,. Xét cde wun) un j,.4,|. u, huéng ra ngoai mién vm ow ow um e WEEE titrant, mau, 14,4, (coi 4, = 4,),fu,] da gide don. Chitng minh ring u, +4,,...+4, = 0. Giai Néu da gid d6 duge dinh huring thudn thi w, ¢6 duge do quay vée-te 4,4, wbe —F nén u, 06 toa vie ?(z,—z,) (coi 4, la diém cita mat phing phite 6 toa 49 z,). Vay ti tty tu, 06 toavi (4-2) +(2)-2,) 4ou4(z 244)=0W ‘Vi dy 12. (Duong tron Euler va dudng thang Euler). Cho tam gide 4,4,A, 06 tim dumg tron ngoai tiép 1a O, tryc tim H, trong tam G. Goi B,,B,,B, lan lugt 1a trang diém ede canh A,A,,4,4,,4,4,; P.,P,,P, la chan dung cao ha tir ha tir 4,,4,,4, xudng cde dinh twong img; C,,C,,C, 1A trang diém etia doan thang n6i tir dinh 4,,4,,4, voi truc tim cia tam giac. Ching minh rang a) H, O, G thing hang va duang thing di qua ba diém nay goi la duémg thing Euler. b) Chin diém B,,B,,B,, P.P,,P, C,,C, thuge mét duémg tron, goi 1a duémg tron Euler G Xét bai ton trong mat phiing phite. Chon tam O lim g6c toa d9, dursng tron ngoai c4i thuong 18 toa vj eta tam gide 4,4,4, 1a dudng tron don vi, ta quy wi tuong img. 1) Ta 06 Lay H,la diém déi ximg tam duong tron qua diy 4.4,, vay OAH,A, 1a hinh thoi, do 6 h, =a, +a,. Mit khde, xét H 1a dinh hinh binh hanh 4,OH,H Khi ds h=h,+a,=4,+4, +4,. A, tite 1a |OG| = lon| va H, O, G thing hang.Do P,P,,P, lichan duémg cao ha tir ha tir A,, 4,4, xuéng cde dinh trong img nén oa) r-Yaset re=ha+a+a-aaa) ' . nota ta ta-aai) Mit khac C,,C,,C, la tring diém ctta doan thang néi tir dinh 4, 4,, 4, voi true tam. cla tam gide, ta 66 hea, 2 h+a, Goi Ela tring diém cia B,C,. +4, +a, 2 Khi dé AG +a, +4,). Do tinh doi ximg cita ¢ d0i véi a,,a,,a, thi E cing chinh la diém gitta cac doan thang al 6 diém B,,B,,B,, C,,C,,C, nam trén cing mét duéng tron w tim E cé ban kinh bing B.C,,B,C,. D8 thay |e le-Bl= mia ban kinh duéng tron ngoai tiép tam gide 4,4,A,. Ta cing thiy E nim trén duéng thang Euler va lo8|- lor, nghia 1a E nim gitta tre tam va tim duéng tron ngoai tidp. Ta xét |e~ p,| + faa, [lalla Do dé P, cing nim trén duéng tron w tim E cé ban kinh bing nita ban kinh durong tron ngoai tip tam gide 4,4,A,. Tuong ty voi P,P,. Vay duong tron tim E di qua chin diém cia tam gide 332.4 Ung dung sé phire giai toan dyng hinh Vi dy 1. Cho durong tron tim © ban kinh R va hai day cung AB, CD, Tim diém X trén durimg trin sao cho XA? + XB* = XC? + XD? Giai Gia sir mat phing véi hé toa dO vudng géc Oxy sao cho géc toa 49 tring véi tam dudng tran da cho. Ta xét truéng hgp hai déy cung AB, CD khéng cit nhau tai trung diém cia méi dudng. Ta e6 XA’ =|4—Xf =(A-x)(4 X)=|4P +|xf -¥4- Ax =2R? -XA-XA ) xB? =|B-x[ =|B) +|x) -XB-BX =2R?-XB B XC? =|\c-xf icf + |x -¥c-cx = 2k -x6-Xc XD-DX =2R-XD-XD xD? = |p~ xf =(D-x)(B-¥)=|pf +[xf Goi I, J lan Iugt 1a trung diém cia AB, CD thi A+B=21,C+D=2J. Tir d6 va cde hé thie trén ta duge XA’ + XB? = XC? +.XD* > XA4 AX +XB4+BX+XC+CX 4+XD+DX 2 X(4+B)+¥(4+B)- x(E+B)+¥ (C+) o XT+ XT = XI + XS @Xx(I-J)+X(I-s)=0 (1) Dat X=x, 44,1 -J=x, +i, thi (1) (+) 02-2) + (4-H) Oa +72) = 9 ee, FY, I a) EI. mma ty = 0 uu ur ur <= 0x(o1-03)=0 ur SOX. =0 Do dé OX LI Suy ra diém X 1a giao cita duéng tron da cho véi duéng thing d di qua géc toa d6 O va vudng g6c véi duémg thing JI. Vi dy 2. Cho tam gic ABC vi trong tim G, M 1a diém bat ki thugc mat phing tam giac. Chimg minh ring: 341) AB’ + BC? +. CA? =3G4? + GB? + GC” 2) MB? +.MC* + MA’ = GA? + GB* + GC? +3MG? Hay tim trong tam gic ABC diém M sao cho MA? + MB’ + MC? la nhé nhit, Giai Khéng lam mat tinh tong quat ta cé thé gia thiét ring trong tam G cia tam gidc ABC tring véi géc toa dé O. Trén mat phing toa d9 phic, gid sit toa 4 cia cic dinh 1a A(a),B(b),C(c),G(g), M(m: ViG 1a trong tim tam gide ABC nén suy ra toa 46 cia Gli g =! +b+e) mai G=O nénsuyra a+bt+e=0. 1) Ta c6 3G4? GB + GC =3|al + [bf +e AB? + BC? + CA’ of + timg sé hang theo c6ng thite |z[ = 2.2, ta cd =b-ab-a=bh+aa—ab-ab, +b b-be-be, +aa-ae~ac. Céng cac ding thitc trén, vé voi vé ta duge [b-af +[e—af +|e- +P + = 2a of -[abre+barereash | Do a+b+c=0 suyra a+b+0e=0. Tir dé suyra b+ o= Do dé ta cé ab +6 +ba+e +e a+b =-aa+-bb—ce Vay ta c6 |b—al’ +|e—a) +fe— 3laf’ +[of +feP. W 2) Ta cd 35MA? + MB? + MC? = lami +|b—mf’ + =a-ma-m+b-m b-m+c-me-m =aa+bb+co+3mm—[marb+exmatb+c] + + = GA’ + GB +GC?+3MG? W Vay Ma? + MB? + MC? nho nit khi va chi khi MG? nhé nhit khi va chi khi M nghia 1d M [8 trong tam cita tam giée ABC. ‘Vi dy 3. Trong tat ca cdc tam gide ngi tiép trong cing mot dudng tron cho truée, hay tim tam gic o6 tng binh phurong cc canh 1a lon nl Gi Dung hé toa d6 vuéng géc Oxy sao cho géc toa dé O tring véi tim duéng tron. Goi G la trong tim G tam gide ABC, ta c6 a AB? + BC? + AC? =3(GA" + 6B? GC") =3(GA' +68" +6C ) =3[(4-6)(4-G)+(B-G)(B-G)+(c-G)(Z-G)] s[lal - 4G-G +|of + al - BG-GB+|6f +|cl -cG-cC+\6P | 3(l4l' +|B)' +|c|')+9|cf -36(4+B+C)-36(4+B+C) =9R? +9|G[ -36(36) G(3G)=9R? -9|G) Tir dé suy ra ting AB? + BC? + AC? Ion nhit khi va chi khi G=O hay tam gide ABC déu va tong lon nhit 46 bing 9R?. Vi du 4, Cho tam gide ABC ndi tiép dung tron w. Goi 4, 14 trang diém canh BC va 4,li hinh chiéu ca 4, trén tiép tuyén cia w tai A. Cac diém B,,B,,C,,C, dirge xic inh mét cach tuong ty. Chimg minh ring cac duéng thing 4,A,,B,B,,C,C, dong quy. Hay xac dinh vi tri hinh hoc cia diém déng quy. Giai Khéng mit tinh téng quat, coi w la duéng trén don vi. Goi w la toa vi cha diém W trong mit phing phitc. 36va dudng thing 4,4, li duimg thing di qua 4,(a,), song song voi OA, do d6 4,4, 06 phuong trinh te-a2-aPt*—a[ PH) Do aa =1 nén phwong trinh duge viét lai dui dang hay b Goi N la tim duéng tron Euler cia tam gidc, thi n= 2424" do d6 4,4, di qua N Tuong ty cling e B,,B,,C,.C, di qua. Hinh 15 2.5 Ung dung sé phire giai toan qu tich Vi dy 1. Cho tam giac ABC, trong d6 cac dinh B, C cé dinh, dinh A thay d6i. Tim quy tich cdc trung diém M, N cia cde canh trong tmg AB, AC va trong tim G ciia tam gidc ABC trong cac trrémg hop: ©) Bé dai dirang cao AA’ khong déi. 374) Chin A’ cita duémg cao AA’ cé dink. ¢) DG dai dirang cao AA' khong d6i. Gisi 8) BG dai duémg cao AA! khong di, Gia sir mit phing voi he toa dd vudng géc Descartes Oxy sao cho géc toa dd tring véi trung diém canh BC, truc hoanh di qua hai dinh B, C. cdc trung diém M, N twang img ciia cdc canh AB, AC. B=-C, AA'=h= const => A= ih( oMfP4\C? -MC-MC MD? 4 M-DP4M['+|DP-MD-MD © Tirds (MA? + MC? )~ (MB? + MD? ) =(/Al +|CP)-ABP +| DP )-M(A+C)—M(A+C)+ M(B+D)+M(B+D) sap +icP B/ -|D?'=04' + OC? —0B’ -O1 = 204° 208? khong aii 39b) Tim tap hgp diém M sao cho: MA? + MB? + MC? + MD? =k? * Sir dung cae két qua tinh duge & phan trén ta 06 ‘MA’ + MB? + MC? + MD” =4|MP+|AP +|BP +/CP +|DP -M(A+B+C+D)-M(A+B+C+D) 4|M)+|AP+|Bf +|C? +|D)'=40M? = 04? + 0B? +0C? +OD* =40M? +204? +20B* Tir dé Ma? + MB? + MC? + MD? =k? <=> 40M? +204? +208" = Vi dy 3. Cho dung trin (C) dudmg kinh AB = R, diém M chuyén dng trén (C), AY 1a diém déi ximg cia A qua M. Tim tap hop diém A’ va trong tim G cia tam gide A'AB. Giai Chon hé toa d6 Oxy sao cho géc toa d6 O tring véi tim dug tron (C) da cho, truc hotinh di qua cde diém A, B. * Tap hop Taeé B=—A, A'+ A=2M = A'~B = 2M => |4'— B| = 2|M|=2R. Suyra, diém A’ fc diém A’ chuyén dng trén duéng tron (C,)tém B, ban kinh 2R * Tap hop trong tém G oa tam giée A'AB. Goi G li trong tim cia tam gidc A'AB. Ta c6 G Do 46|G— J| in dng trén duég tron (C,) tam tai |M|= 2k Vay diém G chu: y=4, bin kinh 2R, 3 3 40Hinh 16, Vidy 4, Cho nita dung tron c6 during kinh AB =2R 6 dinh. Diém C chuyén déng trén nita dung tron. Vé phia ngoai tam giée ABC dumg tam gidc ACD vudng can 6 A. Tim tap hop diém D. Gi Dat doan AB = 2R trén truc thyc, diém A tring véi géc toa dé O. Tam gide ACD °(cos90° + isin90°) =iC vudng 6 A va nim o phia ngoai tam giéc ABC nén D = Diém C chuyén déng trén nita dong tron duéng kinh AB nén C=R+R(cost+isint), 051180" Do dé D=iC =iR+ R(cost +isint)i. Vi I = cos90° +isin90" va theo cong thite nhan hai sé phitc dudi dang lugng gidc ta 6 D=iR+ R{ cos(1+90") +isin(r+90°)], 0<1<180° Vay tp hop diém D 1a nita duémg tron bén trai cia dudng tron tam D, =iR, bin kinh R 41Hinh 17 Vi dy 5. Cho dug trin (C) tam O, ban kinh R, BC la day cung c6 dinh khéng phai la duémg kinh cita dug trin (C), diém A chuyén déng trén cung lon BC. Tim tap hop trong tim G cia tam giée ABC. Gi Gia sir mat phing véi hé toa 46 vwudng gc Oxy sao cho géc toa 46 O tring véi tm durong tron (C), truc hoanh song song véi day cung BC. Do dé tric tung vuéng g6c voi BC va di qua trung diém I cia BC. Tac B+C=21 1 1 <(A+B+C)=—(A42/ 36 ) 3 ) ao-2 3 tasG-s 3 2 vs an dane trén duane tron tim Iban kinh LR.Vi Trong &6 J = 57. Vay G chuyén dng tren dung trbn tim Jin kinh 5. Vi chuyén dng trén cung 1én BC nén G chuyén dng trén m6t cung tron ctta duéng tron tam J ban kinh br 42KET LUAN C6 thé ndi ring, s6 phite tay khong phai Ia ngi dung méi eda Todn hoe song nd ‘Trung hoe phd la mét van dé rat méi mé va trong déi phite tap véi cdc em HS ba thong, dac bigt Li img dung sé phite vio giai tod hinh hoc phiing, hon nita day tai 1a chua duge chit mét van dé ma trong thyc té giing day hign nay chua duge quan trong bdi dung cho cic em khé gidi.. Tuy nhién, vige sir dung sé phite nhur mot cong cy gidi ton khéng nhiing mang lai cho hge sinh m6t phwong phép gidi toan moi ma g6p phan dang ké vao viée rén luyén ki ning bdi dung nang lye gidi toan cia HS, dic bigt la gidi ton hinh hoc phing. 43TAI LIEU THAM KH. [1]. Doan Quynh (1997), Sé phite voi hinh hoc phang, NXB Gio duc. [2]. Nguyén Van Mau — chit bién (2009), Chuyén dé hice va dp dung, NXB DH Quéc Gia Ha Néi. [3]. Nguyén Hitu Dién (2000), Phuong phép sé phitc va hinh hoc phing, NXB DH Quoc Gia Ta Ndi. [4]. Vo Thanh Van - chit bién (2009), Lé Hién Duong, Nguyén Ngoc Giang, Chuyén dé tng dung s6 phic trong gidi toén THPT, NXB DH Su Pham, {5]. Nguyén Phu Hy (2006), Ung dung gidi tich aé gidi todn THPT, tap 2, NXB gido duc. [6]. A.L. Markusevits (1987), Sé phutc va dnh xa bdo gidc, NXB Khoa hoc va ki thuat. [7]. Liang-shin Hahn, Complex and Geometry, The Mathematical Association of America [8]. Nguyén Van Khué, Lé Mau Hai (2001), Ham sé bién sé phitc, NXB DH Quéc Gia Ha NO. [9]. Titu Andreescu, Dorin Andrica (2002), Complex numbers from A to~Z. [10]. Http//:www.mathscope.com.vn [11]. Http://diendantoanhoc.net 44