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‫אصאאدوא
א‪K‬د‪L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪ L‬‬
‫ ‬
‫

‬
‫‪ 1 –1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻓﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻗـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﱏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻـﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻷﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺊ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ "ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ" ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﻯ ‪‬ﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳋـﺎﻟﺺ‬
‫ﰱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﻼ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳـﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﲔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺻـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻀﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺮﺭ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻷﻯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺗﻘـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧـﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﳜﺘﺺ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪

2-1‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﲨﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰱ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﳜـﺘﺺ ﻭﻳﺒﺤـﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻳﺘـﻀﺢ ﰱ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻜﻮﻫﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﲝﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲢـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﰱ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲝﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺟﺎﺭﻳـﺔ‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪
3 – 1‬‬
‫• ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ ﰱ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻻﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﲝﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻓـﻀﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﲣﺼﺼﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻻﺑﺪ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﰱ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨـﺪﺱ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺮﻯ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﰱ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻞ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻨﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒـﺔ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﻏﺮﺽ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﰱ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪
4=1‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺧـﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻚ ﻭﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ……ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ … ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Nbèjî×Šm@òÈîj@ky@…aì½a@áîÔm@@QMTMQ‬‬
‫‪@ @òîã†È½a@…aì½a MQ‬‬

‫• ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîã†È½a@Ë@…aì½a MR‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﺧـﺸﺎﺏ…‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ… ﺍﱁ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òÓbĐÜÛ@ñ†Ûì½a@…aì½a MS‬‬
‫• ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ… ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @@@bèîÜÇ@Þì–§a@‰…b–ß@ky@…aì½a@áîÔm@RMTMQ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @òîÈîj@‰…b–ß@åß@…aìß MQ‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻷﻯ ﻳﺪ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺧﻮﺍﺻـﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ‬
‫• ‪@ @òîÈîjĐÛa@…aì½a‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻨﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺠـﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪@ @ò–Ü‚n½a@…aì½a‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîÇbä•@‰…b–ß@åß@…aìß MR‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﳎﻬـﺰﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣـﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌـﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺀ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ……ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîÇbä–Ûaë@òî†äa@ÞbàÇþa@pbÐÜ«@åß@…aìß MS‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﺒﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺏ ﻭﺑﻼﻁ ﻭﺳﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻨـﺖ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ…ﺍﱁ‬
‫‪@ @òîØîãbØî½a@bè•aì@ky@…aì½a@áîÔm@@SMTMQ‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@…aì½a @NQ‬‬

‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﳌﻄـﺎﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ…ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òÐ–ÔÛa@…aì½a NR‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ… ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òÜîĐß@Ñ–äÛa@…aì½a NS‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﰱ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪
" 5-1‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋـﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻣـﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻷﻯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﻛﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻬﻨـﺪﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺍﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌـﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﳒﺮﻯ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪٦‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١-١‬ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪" #‬‬
‫‪@ @òí…b–nÓa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @Éîä–nÛa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @âa†‚nüa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ـﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠـ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﺏ ﻣـ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠـ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻝ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻞ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫‘‪@ @…aì½a@‰bîna@óÏ@áØznm@ónÛa@òÐÜn‚½a@pbjÜĐn½a@HQMQI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١-١‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻـﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òiìÜĐ½a@òî†äa@ÞbàÇÿÛ@òjbä½a@òî†äa@…aì½a@ãì@åÇ@òÜrßc@HQMQI@Þë†u‬‬
‫('& ‪%‬‬ ‫‪

$‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîãbŠä@ñ†àÇþa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ÁÌšÛa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @@ÝýÛa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ŠØÛa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @‰aë†Ûa@‰ìa@kîšÓ‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ñ‰ŠØn½a@Þb»þa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @@pbíbîÛa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @@òÓbĐÛa@˜b–nßa@óÜÇ@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @@˜b•ŠÛa@åß@òÇìä–½a@Áöaì§a‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @ÊbÈ‘üa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @‹bØm‰üa@†ÇaìÓ‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @ôÛaë@Ý×fnÛa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @@paŠöbĐÛa@õaŒuc‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @æ‹ìÛa@òÐ‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪
( '(
$ 6-1‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﰱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧـﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺃﻯ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @òîÈîjĐÛa@ãìä MQ‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟـﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻯ … ﺍﱁ‬
‫‪@ @òîöbîàîØÛa@ãìä MR‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻷﺱ ﺍﳍﻴـﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @òí‰aŠ§a@ãìä MS‬‬

‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﻞ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîiŠèØÛa@ãìä MT‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîîbäÌ½a@ãìä MU‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻭﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîöìšÛa@ãìä MV‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﻜـﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîmì–Ûa@ãìä MW‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻰ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîØîãbØî½a@ãìä MX‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﲪـﺎﻝ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺇﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪
( +,+
$ 7-1‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﲪـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﺽ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﲤﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪&-"( .
,‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@óØîmbnüa@ÝîàznÛa MQ‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﹰﺎ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﹰﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘـﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻯ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻳﻌﺪ ﲢﻤﻴ ﹰ‬
‫‪@ @óØîßbäí†Ûa@ÝîàznÛa MR‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺳـﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﰱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲪﻞ ﺇﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﻫﻰ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺟـﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ… ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @‰ŠØn½a@ÝîàznÛa MS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﻳﺘﻜـﺮﺭ ﻣـﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺑﺘـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﳌﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﳌﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
L‫ د‬JL‫د‬K‫ م‬J‫دم‬L‫د‬K‫אصאאدوא
א‬
@ @NHRMQI@ÝØ‘@óÏ@bà×@NÁÌšÛa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@µg@†’Ûa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@åß@ñÌnß@pa…bèua MQ
‫ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
@ @ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@µg@†’Ûa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@í@ñÌnß@ñ‰ë…@HRMQIÝØ‘
NHSMQI@ÝØ‘@óÏbà×@caŠÐ•@ôëbm@òàîÓ@µg@ÁÌšÛa@ëc@†’Ûa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@åß@ñÌnß@pa…bèua MR
@@
‫ﺷﺪ‬ @@
@@
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ @@
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
@ @ŠÐ–Ûa@µg@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@í@ñÌnß@ñ‰ë…@HSMQIÝØ‘
@å;ØÛë@ÁÌš;Ûa@ëc@†’Ûa@óÏ@ôŠÌ•@òàîÓ@µg@ÁÌšÛa@ëc@†’Ûa@óÏ@óàÄÇ@òàîÓ@åß@ñÌnß@pa…bèua@ MS
@HTMQI@ÝØ’Ûbi@|™ìß@ìç@bà×@ŠÐ–Ûa@åß@óÜÇc@òàîÔi
@@
‫ﺷﺪ‬ @@
@@
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@@
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ @@
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
@ @ôŠÌ•@òàîÓë@óàÄÇ@òàîÓ@í@ñÌnß@ñ‰ë…@HTMQIÝØ‘
١١
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﳌﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﲎ ﺑﺪﺍﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﳌﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛـﱪﻯ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪01( +,+
$ 8-1‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Elasticity‬‬ ‫‪@òãëŠ½a@M١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺗـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻐـﲑ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Plasticity‬‬ ‫‪òãë†ÜÛa@M٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ductility‬‬ ‫‪òîÛìĐà½a@M٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺘﻐﲑ ﻟﺪﻥ ﻛﺒﲑ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪*Ductility = Li - Lo × 100‬‬
‫‪Lo‬‬
‫‪

-١‬‬
‫‪*Ductility = Ao - Ai× 100‬‬ ‫‪

-٢‬‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫= ‪*Elongation Factor‬‬
‫‪Ao - Ai‬‬
‫‪Ai‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪
-٣‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪L0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫= ‪A0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫= ‪Li‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫= ‪Ai‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫‪Malleability òîÓëŠĐÛa@M٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻧﻪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗـﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻠﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺸﺮﺥ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺴﺮ‬
‫‪@ @Brittleness@ @@Ñ–ÔnÛa@M٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺼﻒ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺼﻒ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Strength‬‬ ‫‪@òßëbÔ½a@M٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﻯ ﲪﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﲪﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ ).‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ(‬
‫‪Stiffness‬‬ ‫‪òiý–Ûa@M٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﻯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﻼﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻣﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫اد )‪(σ‬‬ ‫‪= (Modulus of Elasticity)@òãëŠ½a@ŠíbÈß‬‬

‫ا ل )‪(ε‬‬
‫‪١٣‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪Toughness‬‬ ‫‪òãbn½a@M٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﻭﺇﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻛﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٩-١‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ) ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ(‬
‫‪Resilience òîÇìuŠÛa@M٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﺘﻔﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻌـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﺘﺰ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫‪Hardness‬‬ ‫‪ñ…ý–Ûa@M١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻯ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺨـﺪﺵ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪Endurance Þbànyüa@M١١‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻻ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪
3 4
5 678 9":"( 9 -1‬‬
‫‪Inspection & Quality control‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘـﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺑـﺎﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺒـﺼﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻔﲎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻸﺻـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻔﲎ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﳋـﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻫﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﻳﺮﺍﺟﻌﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﲝﺴﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Specifications
<:=
10-1‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻـﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗـﻒ ﻛﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻧـﺸﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻭﺃﺩﻕ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﳌﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻏﲑ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﺘﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉـﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪
<7" ١١- 1‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﲢﻜـﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺟـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @ZïÜí@bàîÏ@bè–î‚Üm@åØ¹ë@‰bjnüa@õaŠug@åß@āŠÌÛa@óÜÇ@ÑÓìnm@pa‰bjna@Q@MQQMQ‬‬
‫‪@ @òí‰bvnÛa@pa‰bjnüa@–@c‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳـﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﰊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @òîrzjÛa@pa‰bjnüa@–@l‬‬
‫ﻭﲣﺘﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲣﺘﺺ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻔﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﲔ ﻭﺑﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻣﻬﺮﺓ ﺫﻭ ﺧﱪﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîàÜÈÛa@pa‰bjnüa@M;u‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑـﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ÝàÈÛa@ÉÓì¶@ôŠ£@pa‰bjna@@R@MQQMQ‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﲡﺮﻯ ﰱ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ـﺎ ﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﲡﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﲟﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳚﺮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻯ ﲟﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ñn‚½a@pbäîÈÛa@ÊìänÛ@bÔj@ôŠ£@pa‰bjna@@S@MQQMQ‬‬
‫ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻩ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕـﺎﺫﺝ ﻣـﺼﻐﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @òÐÜn½a@Ëë@òÐÜn½a@pa‰bjnüa@@T@MQQMQ‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠـﻮﺏ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻷﻯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻯ ﺃﺗﻠﻔﺖ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺗﻼﻑ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣـﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﴰﻴﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪
( 7" # <> .
, 12 -1‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺕ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻷﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰱ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪
" #$ %&' -1‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.٥-١‬‬
‫‪+,-
../ #$ %&' -2‬ء ‪) #$‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ]ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ [(٦-١‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.٧-١‬‬
‫‪
12 #$ %&' -3‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٨-١‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٩-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠-١‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱏ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.١١-١‬‬
‫‪
& 4+ #$ %&' -4‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪
& #$ %&' -5‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ ﻭﻳﻔـﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳊـﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺒـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٢-١‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﲢﺘﻢ ﻃـﻮﻻ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻘﻄﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪
9:; 4
& " <#+7 %,#8 ) #$ %&' -6‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪>,4 4
' %&' 4 %?@ #$ %&' -7‬ء '
‪:%?@ 4 %&' ABC D‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺓ ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘـﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻤـﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪òßbÈÛa@‰bjnüa@òäî×bß@H@U@MQI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪١٩‬‬
א‬
@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@V@MQ@ÝØ‘
@ @õbä−üa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@H@W@M@QI@ÝØ‘
٢٠
א‬
@ @ñ…ý–Ûa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@H@X@MQI@ÝØ‘
@ @õaìnÛüa@òäî×bß@HY@–@QI@ÝØ‘
٢١
א‬
@@
óãbŠä@kÜÔÛa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HQQMQI@ÝØ‘ @ @â†–Ûa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HQPMQI@ÝØ‘
ÝýÛa@†’Û@òîÔÏc@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HQRMQI@ÝØ‘
٢٢
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @‰bjnüa@pbäî×bß@ñŠíbÈß‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻭﻗـﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﺀﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ ﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻨﺘﲔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻳـﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺄ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ – ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ‪= %‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ )ﲪﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ( ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ‪ ) %‬ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻋﻦ ‪ ،%١ ±‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳓﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺒﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٣‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪?':,# @A 13 -1‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﲔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(∆L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪(L‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ =‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪@ @ÞbÈÐãýÛ@òîØîãbØî½a@îíbÔ½a@Q@M@QSM@Q‬‬
‫@@‬
‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺒﲑﻩ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ZòîØîãbØî½a@ÞbÈÐãüa@îíbÔß@paŒî¾@åßë‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺫﺍﺗﻰ ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺹ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺭﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪@ @ZòîØîãbØî½a@ÞbÈÐãüa@îíbÔß@lìîÇ@åßë‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫• ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻼﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟـﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.١٣-١‬‬
‫‘‪@ @x‰†½a@˜ŠÔÛaë@÷Ûa@pa‡@÷bîÔ½a@HQSMQI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @ÞbÈÐãfiÛ@òîöìšÛa@îíbÔ½a@R@M@QSM@Q‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺫﺭﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﺳﺎﺕ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺜﺒـﺖ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺮﺁﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺳـﻠﺖ ﺃﺷـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺍ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻯ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﱪﹰﺍ‬
‫‪@ @ÞbÈÐãfiÛ@òîiŠèØÛa@îíbÔ½a@@S@M@QSM@Q‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪ ١٤-١‬ﺇﱃ ‪( ١٨ -١‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﻣﻼﺀﻣﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﻤﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﱪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌـﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪B1C+( B ?':,# @A‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (Gage Factor‬ﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﰱ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺳـﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٠ – ١,٥‬ﻣﻢ ﻭ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺳـﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺳـﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺑﻄـﺮﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻃـﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘـﻬﺎ ﺻـﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﳊﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻠﺼﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﲝﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﺼﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺼﻨﻔﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ ﺍﳋـﺸﻮﻧﺔ ﰒ ﻳﻨﻈـﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺟﻴﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰒ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻳﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻳﻮﻣﲔ ﺣﱴ ﲡﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲤﺎﻡ ﻟﺼﻘﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻓـﻴﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫‪∆R‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪ = ∆L‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ‪L‬‬
‫‪ = ∆R‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ‪R‬‬
‫‪∆R ∆L‬‬
‫× ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ =‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪(١٧-١‬‬
‫‪: ?':,D( B1C+( @A AE‬‬
‫• ﺻﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ‬

‫• ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫• ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‬
‫• ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﱃ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﱴ ‪ -٦ ^ ١٠‬ﻣﻢ‪ /‬ﻣـﻢ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫‘‪@ @óiŠè×@ÞbÈÐãa@÷bîÔß@HQT–QI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬
א‬
@ @HñØßI@òîiŠè×@ÞbÈÐãa@îíbÔß@HQU–QI@ÝØ‘
@ @óiŠèØÛa@ÞbÈÐãüa@÷bîÔß@ÝàÇ@ñŠØÏ@HQV–QI@ÝØ‘
٢٨
א‬
@ @ÞbÈÐãüa@÷bîÓ@‹bèu@HQW@MQI@ÝØ‘
@ @òĐÔã@åß@Šr×c@†äÇ@ÞbÈÐãüa@÷bîÔÛ@Éîà£@‹bèu@QXMQ@ÝØ‘
@@
٢٩
‫אصאאدوא
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوאא ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪ # $%‬‬
‫‪ 1-2‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﰱ ‪ æ@ …b;È½a‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻗﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺩﻻﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻭﺑـﲔ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﲡﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ( ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻀﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻷﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻫﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﳚﺮﻯ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ !"

2-2‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ductile Materials@òÜîĐ½a@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@òa‰…@QMRMR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺷـﺪ )‪ (P‬ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١-٢‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪∆L‬‬
‫‪L1‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†’Ûbi@ÝîàznÛa@HQMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ )‪ (P‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (∆L‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﰎ ﺗـﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٢-٢‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﱴ ﲡﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (B‬ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (B‬ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣـﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ (0–A‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٢‬ﻭﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ )‪ (B-C‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪـﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ .(B-C‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﹰﺎ ﺑـﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﻨﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻰ ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻳﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (D‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (D‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﲟﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢-٢‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻷﻯ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪A B‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‘‪@ @@ÝîĐß@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@@HRMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪ -1‬‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳـﻚ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-٢‬‬
‫ ا‬
‫ ا‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫‘‪@ @ô‰ìª@†’Û@ò™ŠÈß@ñ‰ìÜi@åß@õŒu@ÖüŒãg@HSMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺣـﱴ ﻳـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻭﻳﺒـﺪﺃ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺗﺼﻠﺪ ﺇﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﰱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺟـﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﺉ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳉﺰﺉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺼﻠﺪﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪!" -3‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﻴﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٢‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳـﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﲟﺤﻮﺭﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÉĐÔ½a@ñŠí†nß@òäîÈÛ@òjÓŠÛa@të†y@HTMR@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪$%&' (' )* +%, -4‬‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Separation‬‬ ‫('&‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﳛـﺪﺙ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﺳـﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ ،(٥-٢‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ ﺍﻟـﺬﻯ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ‬
‫‪σmax‬‬ ‫‪σaverage‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†‘@kîšÓ@òjÓŠÛ@ô‰ìa@…bèu⁄a@Éí‹ìm@HUMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫(*() ‪Sliding‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ )‪ (Cup and Cone failure‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ ،(٦-٢‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫‪Cup‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪o٤٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫‪Cone‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†’Ûa@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈ½a@‰bîèãa@HVMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @òÐ–ÔÛa@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@òa‰…@RMRMR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٧-٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺟـﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻓﺘـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬
‫ا دة
‬
‫ا دة
‬
‫‘‪@ @Ñ–Ó@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HWMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ã@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@òa‰…@SMRMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻳـﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗـﺪﺭﳚﻰ ﰒ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٨-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺪﺡ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@Ñ–ã@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HXMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@†’Ûa@óÏ@òÐÜn‚½a@æ…bÈ½a@Š×@püby@í@òã‰bÔ½a@TMRMR‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧـﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩-٢‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪f = P/A‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪f = q = P/2A‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†’Ûa@pbäîÈi@ŠØÛa@ÝØ‘@HYMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺼﻔﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﰱ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻄﻴﻼ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﻷﻗـﻞ ﰒ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻧـﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٠-٢‬ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ‪Load‬‬
‫)‪Semi-Ductile Material (High Tensile Steel‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬

‫)‪Ductile Material (Mild Steel‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬

‫)‪Brittle Material (Cast Iron‬‬
‫@@‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪Elongation‬‬

‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÐ–ÔÛaë@òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ãë@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HQPMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Form‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪(Texture‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ )‪(Color‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﻨﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻠﻤﺲ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺸﻦ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺩﺍﻛـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻻﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﻔﻰ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎ ﻭﳏﺒﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﺮﹰﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﳛـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ‪ .‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻳﻼﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺴﻄﺤﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻣﻨﺘـﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ # ,- ./ 3-2‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔـﺴﲑ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @Proportional Limit@@kbänÛa@†y@…bèug@QMSMR‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﻗﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﻌﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻩ ﺣـﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﱏ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١١-٢‬‬
‫‪Elastic Limit@@òãëŠ½a@†y@…bèug@RMSMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤـﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ %٠,٠١‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺑـﲔ ﺭﺟـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺟﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ)‪.(١١-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ "ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ" ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﺒﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٢-٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌـﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻠﺤﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا ( ‪Upper Yield‬‬
‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا د ‪Lower Yield‬‬

‫ او
‪Elastic Limit‬‬
‫ ا ‪Proportional‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzä½@Êìšäë@òãëŠ½a@òÔĐäß@HQQMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٢-٢‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ )‪ (O–A–B‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻭﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ )‪ (O-A‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-D‬ﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﻞ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-E‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ )‪(D-F‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ )‪ ،(F-E‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﺳﻢ ﳑﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﻭﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-D‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ ، (C‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ )‪ (C‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪1.5X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫\\ \\‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪Proportional Limit‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪Elongation‬‬
‫‘‪@ @BæìãìuB@òÔíŠĐi@kbänÛa@†y@´Èm@HQRMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٤١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪Yield@@Êìšä@…bèug@SMSMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١١-٢‬ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻏﲑﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ‪.‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻟﺐ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺹ ﺍﳌـﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻐﲑﻩ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻳﺴﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻓﺠﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻫﻮ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻝ ﻻﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺗﻄﻬﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋـﻰ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ =‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣ : ٢‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﻘﺘـﺮﺏ ﻛـﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﰱ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Proof Strength@@æbàšÛa@…bèug@TMSMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ ﳍـﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲢﻮﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٣-٢‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﻌـﱪ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪Stress‬‬
‫‪Proof Strength‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫\\‬
‫\\‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪Strain‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫‪0.002 of Gage Length‬‬
‫‪ ٠,٠٠٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‘‪@ @æbàšÛa@…bèug@†í†znÛ@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèuüa@óäzäß@HQSMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻼ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻌـﻴﲔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ‪%٠,٢ : %٠,١‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟـﺘﻜﻦ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫‪ %٠,٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،٠,٠٠٢‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٣-٢‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤـﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﱏ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻴﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪Elasticity@òãëŠ½a@UMSMR‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲟـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Stiffness@@òiý–Ûa@VMSMR‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪(Young’s‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ )‪ (Modulus of Elasticity‬ﻭﻳـﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳﺮ ﻳـﺎﻧﺞ‬
‫)‪ Modulus‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ E = ε‬ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ = ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻫـﻰ ﻭﺣـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ ‪@Šíb;Èß‬‬
‫‪ (Initial Tangent Modulus) µ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻵﻧﻔﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫‪@ ëþa@÷b;ànÛa‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ Ý@ ;•þa@òĐÔã‬ﺃﻯ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٤-٢‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪ (Tangent Modulus) ÷bànÛa@ŠíbÈß‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫‪٤٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪Stress‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪γ ε‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪E = tan θ = ε‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪Strain‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫‘‪@ @óäzä½bi@áîÔnß@Á@b@†uìí@ü@Ûa@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òãëŠ½a@ŠíbÈß@´îÈm@HQTMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٤-٢‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪@ÉbÔÛa@ŠíbÈß‬‬
‫)‪ (Secant Modulus‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O B‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫¶‪ (Chord Modulus) ŠmìÛa@ŠíbÈ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﳏﺪﺩﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ِ ‪ ٠ D ، C‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Resilience@@òîÇìuŠÛa@WMSMR‬‬
‫‪Šqû½a@Ýà§a@Þaë‹@†Èi@òîãbq@bèÈuŠí@áq@ÝîàznÛa@†äÇ@bèãŒn±@æc@æ†ÈàÜÛ@åØ¹@ónÛa@òÓbĐÛa@òîà×@óç@òîÇìuŠÛa‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒـﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @NkbänÛa@†y@†äÇ@òÛbĐnüa@F@kbänÛa@†§@ÝibÔ½a@Ýà§a@½@]@òîÇìuŠÛa‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(١٥-٢‬‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺃ‬
‫ا* ‪Load‬‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د ‪Stress‬‬
‫ا&"(
‬
‫"ق او
‬
‫‪Hyper‬‬
‫‪Elastic‬‬
‫ا&"(
ا
‬
‫‪Resilience‬‬
‫‪Elastic Resilience‬‬
‫‪ 0.‬ا&"(
‬
‫‪Modulus of Resilience‬‬
‫ﺏ‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا ‪Deformation‬‬
‫‘‪@ @òîÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈßë@òîÇìuŠÛa@HQUMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ‪ (Modulus of Resilience) ò@ ;îÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈß‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬

‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @kbänÛa@†y@†äÇ@ÞbÈÐãüa@F@…bèu⁄a@½@]@òîÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈß‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٥-٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ (Hyper–Elastic Resilience) ò@ ;ãëŠ½a@†y@ÖìÏ@òîÇìuŠÛa‬ﻓﻬـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﲡﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﲪﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﲞﻂ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺑـﺎﳋﻂ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺯﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٥-٢‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@@@Toughness@@@òãbn½a@XMSMR‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ò@ ;ãbn½a‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ .(١٦-٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ (Modulus of Toughness) ò@ ;ãbn½a@ŠíbÈß‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (١٦-٢‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﱪﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ 5( 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬
‫‪ 7" 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬
‫ ‪ 0‬زه‬
‫‪ 8$ 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬
‫‘‪@ @òÐÜn«@æ…bÈ½@òãbn½a@ŠíbÈß@HQVMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @Hysteresis @@òîÐÜ‚nÛa@YMSMR‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲝﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﲔ ﰒ ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ )‪ (Loop‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄـﲔ ﻣﻨﺤـﻨﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺎﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٧-٢‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧـﺸﻮﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ا‪
$‬‬
‫‪Hystersis‬‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ôŠĐÛa@kÜ–ÜÛ@òîÐÜ‚nÛa@HQWMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪Strength@@òßëbÔ½a@QPMSMR‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﲔ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪. !' -!" )* (-. / 0!10 -1‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋـﻀﻮﻉ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫=‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﳛﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫=‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻰ= ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ=‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫‪/ 3 1 0!1' -2‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺗﻐـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﲟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻫﻮ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ٠‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ =‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Ductility@@òîÛìĐà½a@QQMSMR‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠـﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ – ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫× ‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬
‫‪Elongation % = Li – L0 x 100‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ =‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ – ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬

‫× ‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫‪A0 – Ai‬‬
‫‪Reduction of area %‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪A0‬‬
‫‪x 100‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪Elongation@@òÛbĐnüa@@QRMSMR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﲡﻬﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﰒ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٨-٢‬‬
‫‪٤٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪(%‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻢ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠ ٢ ٤ ٦ ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺳﻢ(‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫(‪2 0 '4 56 1 0‬‬ ‫
‪0( 1 2 3‬‬
‫‘‪@ @òÛbĐnüa@óÜÇ@òäîÈÛa@Þì@qdm@HQXMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٨-٢‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ) ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ( ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﳚـﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﰱ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻮ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻـﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌـﱪ ﺗﻌـﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﲢـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﲔ ﳘﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻃـﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪٠‬‬
‫‪@ @òÛbĐnüa@òÛ…bÈß MQ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆L1 = α.L‬‬
‫‪ = α‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ = L‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﺗـﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﱪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳉـﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺑﻴﻌﲕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆L2 = β Ao‬‬
‫‪ = Ao‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = β‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬
‫‪∆L = ∆L1 + ∆L2‬‬ ‫‪= αL + β Ao‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬
‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫‪αL + β Ao‬‬
‫= ‪Elongation %‬‬ ‫= ‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ β ، α‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﹸﺃﻧﻮﻳﻦ )‪ (Unwin’s Constants‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٩-٢‬ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (Ao, α , β‬ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻫﻰ‪∆L = β Ao + αL :‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳋﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ )‪ ، (L) ، (∆L‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪α, β‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪β Ao‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (α‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ )‪.(β‬‬
‫ا‪∆L)
/‬‬
‫‪∆L = β Ao + αL‬‬
‫∆( ‪Elongation‬‬
‫ ا‪ 7$‬ا;? = ‪α‬‬
‫‪β √Ao‬‬
‫<"ل ا;س )‪Gage Length (L‬‬

‫‘‪@ @@òÛbĐnüaë@÷bîÔÛa@Þì@í@òÓýÈÛa@óäzäß@@HQYMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٥١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @†’Ûa@‰bjnü@òîbîÔÛa@pbäîÈÛa MR‬‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻـﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ Ao ، L‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪L= 5.65‬‬ ‫‪Ao‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬
‫‪L = 11.3‬‬ ‫‪Ao‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪@ @@Z@µg@ñŠí†n½a@pbÇbĐÔÛa@pa‡@pbäîÈÛa@òÛby@óÏ@ô…ûí@ÙÛ‡ë‬‬
‫‪L = 5 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬

‫‪L = 5 do : 10 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪L = 10 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @(Poisson’s Ratio)@æìaìi@òjã@@QSMSMR‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺷﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢٠-٢‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺇﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪εb‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ )‪= (µ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ‪εL‬‬
‫‪L1 – L‬‬
‫= ‪εb‬‬ ‫‪b1 - b‬‬
‫= ‪εL‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻭﺗﺘـﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٣٦ : ٠,٢٥‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٠,٢٩‬ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ .٠,٥‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫=‪G‬‬
‫)‪2 (1+µ‬‬
‫• ‪ = E‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫• ‪ = G‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫• ‪ = µ‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ‬
‫‪b1‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪∆L‬‬
‫‪L1‬‬
‫‘‪@ @æìaìi@òjã@HRPMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٥٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@@QTMSMR‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ )‪(P‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪= σ‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪(Ao‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪(∆L‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪= ε‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ )‪(L o‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ )‪ (Lo‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﳝﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢١-٢‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫;و
ا‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د‬
‫ا&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع‬
‫ ا‬
‫;
او
ا
‬ ‫;
او
‬
‫‪Elastic-Plastic State‬‬ ‫‪Plastic State‬‬
‫;
او
‬
‫‪Elastic State‬‬
‫ا‪./‬ل‬
‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@HRQMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @óÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüa@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@@QUMSMR‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ð…@ b;ÈÛa‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ ó@ ;ÔîÔ§a‬ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻗـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻛـﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ óÔîÔ§a‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ ô…bÈÛa‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻴـﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﳊﻈﺔ )‪(Pi‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ‪= σ t‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ )‪(Ai‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﲪﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﻝ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﰱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺔ )‪ (σ = b εc‬ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﳋـﻀﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ ‪ do = di‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺻﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺻـﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (σ = k ε+m‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢٢-٢‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪B‬‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د ا*;;‪5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ا*;;‪5‬‬

‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@óÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@HRRMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @NïÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@ë@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@ózäß@í@ÖŠÐÛa@|™ìí@ïmŁa@Þë†¦aë‬‬
‫‪< '(8 9: $;$‬‬ ‫‪7 '(8 9: $;$‬‬

‫• ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺻـﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﰱ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ • ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫• ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ • ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ • ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻷﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ‬
‫ﰱ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺳـﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻓﻠﺰﻳـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫• ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ • ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺃﺳـﻬﻞ • ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺭﲰﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪, # .> 1 ?@

A B 4-2‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@†öaŒÛa@ÞbÈÐãüa@MQ‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰒ ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰱ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ æ@ bàš;Ûa@Þb»c‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﻗﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@ÝîÌ’nÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻫﻮ ‪@òãëŠ½a@†y@ÖìÏ@æ†È½a@Ýîà¤‬ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﲢﺴﲔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﰱ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@æ†È½bi@æìiŠØÛa@ôìnª@MS‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@MT‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @‰bjnüa@õbäqc@ÝîàznÛa@òÇŠ@MU‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣـﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîÛbÈÛa@ñ‰aŠ§a@pbu‰…@óÏ@ÝîàznÛa@ñ†ß@MV‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﺼﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﹰﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òí‰aŠ§a@pýßbÈ½a@MW‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺻﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻊ ‪ :‬ﲢﺴﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @xbnã⁄a@ÖŠ@MX‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ÙöbjÛa@óÏ@óÜ•þa@æ†ÈàÜÛ@pbÏb™⁄a@òjã@MY‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﺃﺿﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺻـﻬﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @‰bjnüa@òäîÇ@ÉĐÔß@ÝØ‘@MQP‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻻﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪@ @†’ÜÛ@òîÇìäÛa@òßëbÔ½a@MQQ‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﲞﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﰱ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺷﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ 1-3‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ‪ ò@ ;îã†È½a@…aì½a‬ﻧﻈـﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﲔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻰ ﻣـﻦ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﲑﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﻜﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨـﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
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&'( $% # 2-3‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﻴﻠﻰ )‪ (Barrel‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺘﲔ( ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﲕ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ‬
‫ﳌﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٣‬‬
‫ـﺱ‬ ‫ﺱ ـ‬ ‫=‬
‫ــ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ ــ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺹ‪ -‬ﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺱ‪ -‬ﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫@@‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫‘‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@ïÜîßÛa@ÝØ’Ûa@të†y@HQMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪Ductile Materials@òÜîĐ½a@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@QMRMS‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﱪﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨـﺎ ﻧﻼﺣـﻆ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻟﻠﺨـﻀﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺗﺘﻔﻠﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-٣‬‬
‫‪Semi-Ductile@òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ã@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@RMRMS‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰒ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺣﱴ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-٣‬‬
‫‪Brittle Materials@òÐ–ÔÛa@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@SMRMS‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲣﺘﱪ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻗﺼﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰒ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳝﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ٦٠-٥٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﺒﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٣‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٢‬‬
L‫ د‬J L‫د‬K‫ م‬J‫
دم‬L‫د‬K ‫
אصא
אدوאא‬
Load ‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬
Ductile Material
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬
Deformation ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬

Semi-Ductile
Material
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
φ = 50ο
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‬
Brittle Material
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬
φ = 55−60
55−60ο
@@
@@
@@
@ @NÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ãë@òÐ–ÔÛaë@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈ½a@ÚìÜ@HRMSI@ÝØ‘
٦٣
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@TMRMS‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﲰﻪ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪(p‬‬
‫= ‪σC‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪(Ao‬‬
‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪(∆L‬‬

‫= ‪εC‬‬ ‫‪Lo‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ )‪(Lo‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٣‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪Mild Steel‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﻃﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺞ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Cast Iron‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺯﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬

‫‪60‬‬
‫ِ‪Copper‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ‪Aluminum‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‘‪@ @NÁÌšÛa@óÏ@òÐÜn‚½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@pbîäzäß@HSMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ) ‪( Pi‬‬

‫• ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ )‪(Ai‬‬
‫‪Pi‬‬
‫= ‪σc‬‬ ‫‪Ai‬‬
‫‪٦٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ = ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﺗﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ )‪(e‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﳊﻈﺔ‬
‫‪εc = Loge Ao‬‬

‫‪Ai‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٣‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪Mild Steel‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﻃﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ِ‪Copper‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Aluminum‬‬
‫ﻛﺞ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪٢‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‘‪@ @NÁÌšÛa@óÏ@æ…bÈàÜÛ@óÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@HTMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@òîØîãbØî½a@ãìä@UMRMS‬‬
‫‪ -1‬‬

‫ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﱵ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ -2‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ †@ ’;Ûa‬ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪σn‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪ε‬‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ = ‪E‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ = ‪σ‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ = ‪ε‬‬
‫• ﺛﺎﺑﺖ = ‪n‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺝ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺮﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺯﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻳﹸﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪
#) * 3-3‬‬
‫‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@ñn‚½a@pbäîÈÛa@QMSMS‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﱏ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﰐ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻛـﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﻛـﱪﻯ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﹶﺃﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﻦ )‪ (١٠‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻗـﺼﲑﺓ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺫﻭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٥‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹸﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻫﻰ )‪ (٢‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌـﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻀﻊ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﻋﻨـﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧـﺴﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﺮﻛـﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﰱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬـﺎ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٦٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òîbîÔÛa@‰bjnüa@pbäîÇ@RMSMS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ = ‪ ١٠ : ٨‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫‪ -٢‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ ﺛـﻼﺙ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ = ‪ ٣‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫‪ -٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
‫‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ = ‪ ٠,٩‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫‪@ @Nòîã†È½a@Ë@…aìàÜÛ@òîbîÔÛa@‰bjnüa@pbäîÇ@SMSMS‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٣٠ ×١٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋـﻦ ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ ﺃﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻣﻘـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻛـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ٠‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ١٥ × ١٥ ×١٥‬ﺳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪١٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺸﻦ ﺣﱴ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@‹bØm‰a@†ÇaìÓ@TMSMS‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻔﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﲤﺎﻣﹸﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺏ ﻭﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﻏﻄـﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳐﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﻻﺋﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺸﻨﺔ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﲝﻴـﺚ ﻳﺘﻘـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﳐﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﺍﺣﺪﻯ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪،(٥-٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻯ ﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﶈﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻯ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻄﺒـﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@õaŠug@òÔíŠ@UMSMS‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﻓﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺤﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻓﻜﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﳍﺒﻮﻁ ﻟﺘﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻄﺊ ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺣـﱴ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺗـﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻧـﻀﻐﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻗﻴـﻊ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻜـﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻜﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻜﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘـﺄﺛﺮ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳐﺪﺍﺕ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻛﺮﻭﻯ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺃﻯ ﺍﳓـﺮﺍﻑ ﺑـﲔ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﳏﻮﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٥ -٣‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻛ ﹰ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻞ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ ﳌﻨـﻊ ﻻ ﳏﻮﺭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﳌﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺝ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‘‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjnü@‹bØm‰üa@†ÇaìÓ@HUMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @@ÚbØnyüa@qdm@kä£@ÖŠ@VMSMS‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻼﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻓﻜﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﲡﻨﺐ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺑﲔ ﻓﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﲜﻌﻞ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲝﻴﺚ ﲤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻓﻜﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘـﻮﺍﺯﻯ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﱏ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳘﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮ ﺻﻐﺮﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٤-٣‬ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺪﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪
&'( #) *! ,- #.$ 4-3‬‬
‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈ½a@óÏ@‰bîèãüa@QMTMS‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﳍﺎ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻷ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﻠﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻔﻠﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﱏ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٦-٣‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺪﻯ ﻣﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻭﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗﺒـﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Ductile Material‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ @‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ @‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@‰bîèãüa@ÝØ‘@HVMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @@òÐ–ÔÛaë@òÜîĐß@Ñ–äÛa@æ…bÈ½a@óÏ@‰bîèãüa@RMTMS‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰒ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﲤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﺗﺘﻮﻗـﻒ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰒ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﳝﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ )‪ (θ‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-٣‬ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﱪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻯ ﺗـﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺑـﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫‪Brittle Material‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬

‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@òÐ–ÔÛa@æ…bÈàÜÛ@‰bîèãüa@ÝØ‘@HWMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ‪ θ = 45 + φ /2 :‬ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (φ‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪ (φ‬ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﱪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤـﺜﻼ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‬
‫ﰱ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ = ‪ ٥ ٥٠‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﺛﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ = ‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪ θ = 45 + φ/2‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫‪ZòÜîÜznÛa@òÔíŠĐÛa‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٨-٣‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ = ‪ A‬ﻛﺴﺮﺕ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ )‪ (σ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (θ‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ )‪ (φ‬ﲤﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ = ‪P/A = σ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ) ‪ (B‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪B=A/Cos θ :‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (P‬ﺍﶈﺪﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﲝﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﺣـﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )‪ (N‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪N = P. Cos θ ,‬‬ ‫‪Q = P. Sin θ‬‬
‫‪٧٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪(P‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫‪N=P Cos θ‬‬ ‫‪Q=P Sin θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫‪F= N tan φ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@òÐ–ÔÛaë@òÜîĐß@Ñ–äÛa@æ…bÈàÜÛ@ôìnß@Ýîß@òíëa‹@HXMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ )‪= (σA‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪P. Cos θ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫= ‪σn‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪/Cos‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ) ‪= ( q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪P. Sin θ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‪B‬‬ ‫= ‪A /Cos θ‬‬ ‫‪. Sin θ . Cos θ = σ. Sin θ .Cos θ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫= ‪tan φ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪F = N. tan φ‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪= (σf‬‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪N. tan φ‬‬ ‫‪P .Cos2 θ .tan φ‬‬

‫‪σf‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A /Cos θ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪σ. Cos2 θ. tan φ‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٨-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (θ‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ )‪ (σr‬ﻫﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ )‪ (P‬ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ )‪ = (σr‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ) ‪ – (q‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪(σf‬‬
‫= ‪σr‬‬ ‫‪q – σf = σ . Sin θ. Cos θ - σ Cos2 θ .tan φ‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ )‪ (σr‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫‪d σr‬‬
‫‪dθ‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪i.e.‬‬
‫‪Cos2θ - Sin2θ + 2 tan φ . Sinθ . Cosθ = 0‬‬

‫‪tan φ = - (Cos2θ - Sin2θ) / 2 Sinθ . Cosθ‬‬
‫‪tan φ = - Cos2θ / Sin2θ) = - Cot 2θ‬‬
‫)‪tan φ = - tan (90o - 2θ) = tan (2θ – 90o‬‬
‫‪φ = 2θ – 90o‬‬
‫‪θ = 45o + φ /2‬‬
‫‪@ @òîãbîjÛa@òÔíŠĐÛa‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺑـﲔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ )ﻣﻮﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻗﺺ )‪ (θ‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ٤٥‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪ .(φ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٩-٣‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺭ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﳏـﻮﺭﻳﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣـﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ) ‪ ،( σmax= P‬ﰒ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﳑﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﳝﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻰ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪.(φ‬‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪Shear Stress‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪90ο‬‬
‫‪2α‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪φ‬‬ ‫‪2θ‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫‪2α + φ = 90‬‬ ‫‪Normal Stress‬‬
‫‪α = 45- φ/2‬‬

‫‪θ = 90 - α = 45 + φ/2‬‬ ‫‪σmax‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÚbØnyüa@òíëa‹ë@ŠØÛa@òíëa‹@í@òÓýÈÛa@´îÈnÛ@òîãbîjÛa@‰ìß@ñŠöa…@òÔíŠ@HYMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ )‪ (٩-٣‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪-:‬‬

‫‪θ = 45o + φ /2‬‬
‫‪α = 45o - φ /2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪٠‬‬
‫*********‬
‫‪٧٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ‬
‫ ء ‬
‫‪ 1-4‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﶈﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﳏـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺺ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﻻ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﲟﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺃﳓﻨـﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٤‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫»‪ñŠà×@óÜÇ@ïc‰@Ý‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫»‪ðŒ×Šß@ü@ïÔÏc@Ý‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪õbä−a@âëŒÇ‬‬ ‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @Nõbä−übi@ÝîàznÛa@püby@HQMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٧٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫@@‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬

‫‪õbä−a@…bèug‬‬ ‫‪—Ó@…bèug‬‬ ‫‪ð…ìàÇ@ÁÌ™@…bèug‬‬
‫‘‪@ @PñŠà×@åß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@ñ…ìuì½a@pa…bèu⁄a@HRMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢-٤‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﺇﻧﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٤‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱃ‪.‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪@ @õbä−üa@âëŒÇ@qdm‬‬ ‫‪@ @—ÔÛa@ôìÓ@qdm‬‬

‫@@‬ ‫‪@ @òí…ìàÈÛa@ôìÔÛa@qdm‬‬
‫‪HõbärãgI‬‬ ‫‪HÖüŒãgI‬‬ ‫‪HÂbÌšãgI‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @PñŠàØÛa@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@ñ…ìuì½a@pübÈÐãüa@HSMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪‬ﺗﺼ ‪‬ﻤﻢ ﻃﺒﻘـﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺐ‬
‫‪٧٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﳘﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﻵﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬
‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻹﲤﺎﻣﻪ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻺﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ( ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﱴ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ †’Ûa‬ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﺗـﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ & '() 2-4‬ء ‪!"# "$ %‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺪﺓ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ‪.òãbvnß@ñ…bß@åß@æìØní‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﲣﻀﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ ﺃﻯ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﳎﻬﺪﺓ ﰱ ‪ ò@ ;ãëŠ½a@…ë†y‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒـﻊ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ@‪@oibq‬ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ‪ †@ ;ya@ë@ôìn;ß@óÏ‬ﻫﻮ ﻣـﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ‪ bíìnß@ìç@bà×@ÝÄí‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫‪٧٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪x-x‬‬
‫‪εc‬‬ ‫‪σc‬‬
‫‪dy‬‬ ‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪yc‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫)‪N.A (Neutral axis‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫‪yt‬‬
‫‪εt‬‬ ‫‪σt‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ‪X-X‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‘‪@ @Nõbä−a@âŒÈi@òÜàª@ñŠàØÛ@āŠÈnß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@pübÈÐãüaë@pa…bèuüa@Éí‹ìm@HTMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٤‬ﺗﻮﰱ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟـﺬﻛﺮ ﻓـﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﹰﺎ ﺣـﻮﻝ ﺧـﻂ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ )‪ (Neutral axis‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﰱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﰱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﺩﻝ ﺗـﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻـﻔﺮﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٤-٤‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪σt‬‬ ‫‪σc‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪yt‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= C = Constant‬‬
‫‪yc‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬
‫‪σ=y.C‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ (M‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﰱ ﺇﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫‪Σ Fx = 0‬‬
‫‪Σ Fx = Σ (σ .da) = ∫σ .da = ∫ y. C. da = C ∫ y. da = 0‬‬
‫‪∫ y. da = 0‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﳝﺜﻞ ﳏـﻮﺭ ﳝـﺮ‬
‫ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨـﺎﺀ(‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪(σ .da). x = 0‬‬ ‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪∫ (y. C. da). x = 0‬‬
‫‪C ∫ x. y. da = 0‬‬ ‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪∫ x. y. da = 0‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌـﲎ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ‬
‫ﲤﺮ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ )ﻋـﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ( ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ )‪.(M‬‬
‫‪Σ(σ.da).y = M‬‬ ‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪∫ (σ. y. da) = M‬‬
‫‪∫C.y.y. da = M‬‬ ‫‪i.e. C ∫ y2. da = M‬‬

‫‪But:‬‬ ‫‪∫ y2. da = Ix‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ = Ix‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪٠‬‬
‫‪C. Ix = M‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪But:‬‬ ‫=‪C‬‬ ‫‪Then:‬‬ ‫‪. Ix = M‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪M. y‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬ ‫‪IX‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ × (M‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ )‪( y‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪= (σ‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ) ‪(Ix‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) ‪(yc‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(yt‬‬
‫‪M.yC‬‬ ‫‪M.yt‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫= ‪C‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬ ‫= ‪t‬‬
‫‪IX‬‬ ‫‪IX‬‬
‫‪٨١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪(Section Modulus) ÊbĐÔÛa@ŠíbÈß‬‬

‫‪Ix‬‬
‫= ‪Zc‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫‪yc‬‬
‫‪Ix‬‬
‫= ‪Zt‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ =‬
‫‪yt‬‬
‫ﻭﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ) ‪ ( yC = yt‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ZC = Zt = Z‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫= ‪σC = σt‬‬ ‫;‪and‬‬ ‫‪M=σ.Z‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ )‪ (M‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ )‪ (σ‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌـﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫‪٠Z = M/σ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ )‪ (Z‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪σ ٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪Moment of Inertia ómaˆÛa@‰ì–ÔÛa@âŒÇ‬‬
‫ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ÝîĐnß@ÊbĐÓ@J‬‬

‫‪bh3‬‬ ‫‪hb3‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪- IX‬‬ ‫= ‪- IY‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪ðŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@J‬‬
‫‪πD‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪- IX = IY‬‬
‫‪64‬‬
‫‪@sÜrß@ÊbĐÓ@J‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪bh3‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪- IX‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪٨٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫـﻲ ﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺮ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻠﻪ‪ ٠‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪IX= IX' + A.y2‬‬
‫‪ +,- . !/ 3-4‬ء‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ‬ ‫‬
‫‪@ @ðŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@‰bjna@QMS@MT‬‬
‫@@‬
‫ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﺄﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﺧﺎﺻـﻴﱴ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪
-١‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ )‪ (Diagonal Stress‬ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻮﰱ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪(L‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (d‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪L = 6d to 12d‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻛﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﻱ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ -٢‬ء
‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (٥-٤‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗﺮﺹ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫•‬
‫‘‪@ @õbä−üa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HUMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @@‹bØm‰üa@†ÇaìÓ@J‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺣـﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺔ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٦-٤‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﻔـﻀﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‬
‫‪٨٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳋـﺸﺐ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﲜﺴﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺣﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٦-٤‬‬
‫‪Applied Load‬‬ ‫‪Šqû½a@Ýà§a‬‬
‫‪@‰bjnüa@òäî×bß@÷c‰‬‬
‫»‪ńĐÔã@óÜÇ@Ê‹ìß@Ý‬‬
‫‪Tow Point Loading‬‬
‫‪Beam ñn‚½a@ñŠàØÛa‬‬
‫‪ò÷bu@ñŒî×‰‬‬ ‫‪ò×Š§a@ñŠy@ñŒî×‰‬‬
‫‪õbä−üa@áè@îíbÔß‬‬
‫‪ò÷bu@‹bØm‰a@ñ†ÇbÓ‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ôŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@‰bjna@óÏ@‹bØm‰üa@†ÇaìÓ@HVMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @@ÝîàznÛa@ÁÔã@J‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﰱ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ ﰱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﺑﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﱴ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٧-٤‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋـﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫـﺮ ﻳﻔـﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺘﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻗـﺺ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻛـﺴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٧-٤‬‬
‫‪٨٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪L/4‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪L/4‬‬ ‫‪L/3‬‬ ‫‪L/3‬‬ ‫‪L/3‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫‘‪@ @ôŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@‰bjna@óÏ@ÝîàznÛa@ÁÔã@HWMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @ÞbÈÐãüaë@õbä−üa@áè@÷bîÓ@ñŒèuc@J‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺜﺒـﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻘـﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳉـﺎﻧﱯ ﻟﻠﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ء‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﺑﺮﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٨-٤‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﰒ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪M.Y‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪٨٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻼﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (Modulus of Rupture‬ﻓﺘﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺐ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺗﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﰱ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫∆‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫∆ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ‪Deflection‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ðŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@‰bjna@óÏ@òîØîãbØî½a@ãìä@´îÈm@HXMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﲔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﲝﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪PL3‬‬ ‫‪PL3‬‬
‫= ‪∆max‬‬ ‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪48EI‬‬ ‫‪48∆I‬‬
‫ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﲝﻤﻠﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪23PL3‬‬ ‫‪23PL3‬‬
‫= ‪∆max‬‬ ‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪1296EI‬‬ ‫‪1296∆I‬‬
‫ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﲝﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪5 WL4‬‬ ‫‪5 WL4‬‬
‫= ‪∆max‬‬ ‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪384EI‬‬ ‫‪384∆I‬‬
‫‪٨٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ )ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ( ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻗـﺼﻰ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (∆max‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﺰ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘـﻬﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﲤﺜﻠـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪
! -٤‬ء "‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻺ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﲝﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻬـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳓﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ %٢٥‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ ‪ %١٠‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٩-٤‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩-٤‬‬
‫‪٨٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺯﻫﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@ôŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@óÏ@òÐÜn‚½a@pbäîÈÜÛ@ŠØÛa@ÝØ‘@HYMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@óärÛa@‰bjn@RMS@MT‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺜﲎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪
-1‬‬
‫ﲡﻬﺰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻓﺘﺠﻬﺰ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@„bîþa@ëc@æbjšÔÛa@pbäîÇ@J‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (D‬ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟـﺜﲎ )‪ (R‬ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=D‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ≥ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪R =1.5 D‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ≤ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪@ @@aìÛþa@pbäîÇ@J‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻞ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ )‪ (t‬ﳏﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ )‪.(D‬‬
‫‪R=t‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ≥ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪R =1.5 t‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ≤ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪@ @òÔîÓŠÛa@aìÛþa@pbäîÇ@J‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻟـﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺜﲏ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Úýþa@pbäîÇ@J‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻸﺳﻼﻙ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﹰﺎ ﰱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﰒ ﺛﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺎ ‪٩٠‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﰒ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ ‪ ١٨٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﺜﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻛﺴﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪
& '&
() -2‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺜﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٠-٤‬‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪‰bjnüa@òäîÇ‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R=1 : 1.5 D‬‬
‫‪ñŒî×‰‬‬ ‫‪ñŒî×‰‬‬
‫‪4:5D‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@òßbÈÛa@‰bjnüa@òäî×b¶@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@óärÛa@‰bjna@õaŠug@HQPMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪
& '

! -3‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﲡﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪.(١١-٤‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫@@‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@óärÛa@‰bjna@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@…aì½a@‰bîèãa@HQQMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٩١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@æ…bÈàÜÛ@ôŠc@q@pa‰bjna@SMS@MT‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ )‪(Hot bend test‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺘﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٨٨٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﰒ ﺛﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺨﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﺪﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﺔ )‪(Quenck bend test‬‬

‫ﻭﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺗﺴﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﰒ ﺛﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﲎ ﺣﺮ )‪(Nick bend test‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻴﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺣـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﺄﺯﻣﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺰ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺄﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ 1-5‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ )‪ (Riveted Jointed‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻣـﺔ )‪ (Welded Joints‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲢﺖ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲢـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@Š;;;‘bjß@—Ó@@ @MQ‬‬
‫‪@ @@õbä−üa@—Ó@@ @MR‬‬
‫‪@ @@õaì;nÛüa@—Ó@@ @MS‬‬
‫‪ ! 2-5‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﻘﻮﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳑﺎﺳـﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﰱ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٥‬‬
‫‪٩٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪A= ab‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪Q = P/A = P/ab‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‘‪@ @—Ûbä@—ÔÛaë@Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@@HQMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻﺑـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﺺ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١-٥‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ ‪ Š@ ‘bj½a@—ÔÛbi‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻗﺺ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺻﻐﲑ‬
‫)‪ ،(Q.e‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪D2/4‬‬
‫— ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ) ‪ ( S‬ﻟﻜﻰ ﻧﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ‪@ Ûb;ä@—ÔÛa‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (١-٥‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪a.b‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ Š‘bj½a@—ÔÜÛë‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻗﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@…ŠÐ½a@—ÔÛa@@QMRMU‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢-٥‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻣﻘـﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪q= A‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Q = P/A = P / ab‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@…ŠÐ½a@—ÔÛa@püby@HRMU@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @@xë…Œ½a@—ÔÛa@RMRMU‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﲟﻘﻄﻌﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٣-٥‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪= 2A‬‬
‫‪2A‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪P/2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪A= 2ab‬‬
‫‪P/2‬‬ ‫‪@ @P‬‬ ‫‪Q = P/A = P / 2ab‬‬
‫‪Q=P/2A‬‬ ‫@@‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪P/2‬‬ ‫‪P/2‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @xë…Œ½a@—ÔÛa@püby@HSMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٥‬ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻗﺺ )‪ ،(Q‬ﰒ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻣـﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺷـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (Qd‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٣-٥‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qd = 2 Q‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Qd‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪2A‬‬
‫‪@ @@kÓbrÛa@—ÔÛa@SMRMU‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﻜﻰ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٥‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ÁÌ™@…bèug‬ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪σ= A‬‬ ‫‪πD2/4‬‬
‫— ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﶈﻴﻂ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ )ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺜﻘﻮﺏ( ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫‪@ Ó@…bèug‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻗﺐ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Side Area‬‬ ‫‪π.D.t‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@ @‪d‬‬
‫‪πdt‬‬
‫‪q = p/2π‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @kÓbrÛa@—ÔÛa@òÛby@HTMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٩٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@pa‰bjna@TMRMU‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻛﻤﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺑﺮﺷﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻔﻪ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ) ‪ (٠,٨‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ )‪ (١,٣٠‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺗـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺛﺎﻗﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٥‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Smooth@@Üßc‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫’‪Rough@@å‬‬
‫‘‪—ÔÛa@óÏ@ŠØÛa@ÉĐÔß@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Double Shear xë…Œß@—Ó‬‬ ‫‪Single Shear …ŠÐß@—Ó‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@pa‰bjna@HUMU@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺏ ﺑﺈﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺇﻧﺰﻟﻘﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﺲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺸﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٥‬‬
‫‪$% & 3-5‬ء‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲪﻠﺖ ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ (M‬ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ )‪ (Q‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٦-٥‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫'‪m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫'‪m‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫'‪Q‬‬
‫‪SFD‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫@ @ '‪M‬‬
‫‪BM‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÜàa@ñŠàØÛa@Þì@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@âëŒÇë@—ÔÛa@ñìÓ@Éí‹ìm@HVMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺘﲔ ) ‪ (m' – m') ، (m – m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﲔ )‪ ، (dx‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (ss‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪.(٧-٥‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÜàa@ñŠàØÛa@åß@õŒu@óÜÇ@ñŠqû½a@ôìÔÛa@HWMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) ‪M = (m – m‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) '‪M + dM = M' = (m' – m‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ) ‪F = (m – s‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪F + dF = F' = (m' – s‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ = ‪I‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ …bèug‬ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) ‪σ = (m – m‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ …bèug‬ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) '‪σ + dσ = (m' – m‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (y‬ﻣﻦ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ = ‪da‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ) ‪ (m – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(σ‬‬
‫‪M.y‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪ (m – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(F‬‬
‫‪M.y‬‬
‫= ‪F = σ . da‬‬ ‫‪. da‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (m' – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(σ + ∆ σ‬‬

‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬
‫=‪σ+∆σ‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (m' – s‬ﻫﻲ ) ‪(F + dF‬‬
‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬

‫= ‪F + dF‬‬ ‫‪. da‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ )‪ (M + dM‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ )‪ ، (M‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ )‪ (F + dF‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ )‪،(F‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (ss‬ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ ، (F + dF‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (F‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (ss‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(dx‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪: (٢) ،(١‬‬
‫)‪dF = ( F + dF) – (F‬‬
‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬ ‫‪M.y‬‬
‫= ‪dF‬‬ ‫‪. da -‬‬ ‫‪.da‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪dM . y‬‬
‫= ‪dF‬‬ ‫‪.da‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (s – s‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪dF‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪dx .b‬‬
‫‪dF = q. b. dx‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ = (٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(٤‬‬

‫‪dM . y . da = q. b. dx‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪dM . y. da‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪I. b. dx‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dM‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪. ( da.y‬‬
‫‪I.b‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪dM‬‬
‫‪=Q‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪da. y = S‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪Q.S‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪I. b‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻷﻯ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ =‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ =‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ =‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ =‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ =‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (b) ، (S‬ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (I) ، (Q‬ﻓﻬﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﱴ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ )‪ (Qy‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ )‪ (Qx‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qy. S@xx‬‬ ‫‪Qx. S@yy‬‬

‫= ‪* qx‬‬ ‫= ‪* qy‬‬
‫‪Ix. b//xx‬‬ ‫‪Iy. b//yy‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٨-٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ (q‬ﻟـﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (q‬ﺃﻯ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @õbä−üa@—Ó@åß@òîÈÜ™@pa…b;;èug@HXMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @ÉiŠß@ëc@ÝîĐnß@ÊbĐÓ MQ‬‬

‫@@‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪d/2-y‬‬ ‫‪qst‬‬
‫‪d/2 t‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪qmax = 1.5 Q/A‬‬
‫‪A=bd‬‬
‫‪Qy‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@@ñŠàØÛ@ÝîĐnß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@—Ó@…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HYMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ )‪ (st‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ )‪:(Qy‬‬
‫‪Qy. S@xx‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪Ix. b//xx‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪bd2‬‬ ‫‪4y2‬‬
‫( =‪S‬‬ ‫‪– y). b. [ y +‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫= ] )‪- y‬‬ ‫‪( 1-‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪b.d3‬‬
‫= ‪IX‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪4y2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪4y2‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪(1 -‬‬ ‫= )‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪. (1-‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪b.d‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜـﻞ ﻗﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻹﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (S‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٩-٥‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫= ‪qmax‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @@ÝØ’Ûa@ðŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@MR‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪qst‬‬

‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫)‪Qmax= 4/3 (Q/A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@Ší†nß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@—ÔÛa@…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQPMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ‪ st‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪ Q‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪:(١٠-٥‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪y2‬‬

‫(=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪) . (1-‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪π R2‬‬ ‫‪R2‬‬
‫ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪qmax‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪= 3 .‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪١٠٣‬‬
L‫ د‬J L‫د‬K‫ م‬J‫
دم‬L‫د‬K ‫
אصא
אدوאא‬
@@
@ @I@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@MS
@@
q 2-2
b
q 1-1 q -2-2-
tf 1 1
2 -2 -2 2
q 3-3 = q max
d 3 3
t2
tf
@@
@ @I@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@—Ó@pa…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQQMUI@ÝØ‘
:‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬
Qy. S@xx
q=
Ix. b//xx
q1-1 = 0.0
Q
q2-2 = ( tf . b. d - tf )
Ix . b 2
Q d-tf b
q2'-2' = (tf.b. ) = q2-2 . q2'-2' > q2-2
Ix.t2 2 t2
Q d-tf d d
q3-3 = [t1.b. +( - tf). t2. ( -tf)/2]
Ix.t2 2 2 2
Q d d
q3-3 = qmax = q2'-2' + [( - t1).t2. ( - t1)/2]
Ix.t2 2 2
(١١-٥) ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
١٠٤

Asd Asd A Adsdasdas

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Asd Asd A Adsdasdas

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@ @ñ‰ì–ä½a@òÈßbu@–@ò†äa@òîÜ×

   /0   / .

. ‫   

‫‪@ @òîã†È½a@…aì½a MQ‬‬

‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@…aì½a @NQ‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @òí…b–nÓa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @Éîä–nÛa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @âa†‚nüa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬

‫('& ‪%‬‬ ‫‪ 

‫‪@ @òí‰aŠ§a@˜aì¨a MS‬‬

‫‪@ @@óØîmbnüa@ÝîàznÛa MQ‬‬

‫‪@ @óØîßbäí†Ûa@ÝîàznÛa MR‬‬

‫‪@ @‰ŠØn½a@ÝîàznÛa MS‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪*Ductility = Ao - Ai× 100‬‬ ‫‪ 

‫اد )‪(σ‬‬ ‫‪= (Modulus of Elasticity)@òãëŠ½a@ŠíbÈß‬‬

‫ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪?':,# @A 13 -1‬‬

‫)‪(∆L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬

‫‪B1C+(  B ?':,# @A‬‬

‫‪: ?':,D( B1C+( @A  AE‬‬

‫• ﺻﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ‬

‫‪   !"

‫‪   -1‬‬

‫‪    -2‬‬

‫‬ ‫‪!"  -3‬‬

‫‪$%&' (' )* +%,   -4‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫‪Cup‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬

‫@@‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪Elongation‬‬

‫‪ # ,-  ./ 3-2‬‬

‫‪@ @Proportional Limit@@kbänÛa@†y@…bèug@QMSMR‬‬

‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا د ‪Lower Yield‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪Proportional Limit‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ‪ (Modulus of Resilience) ò@ ;îÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈß‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬

‫ا‪. /‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪. /‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪. /‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫‪@ @Hysteresis @@òîÐÜ‚nÛa@YMSMR‬‬

‫ا‪. /‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﲔ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫‪/ 3 1 0!1' -2‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ – ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ =‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ – ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ β ، α‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﹸﺃﻧﻮﻳﻦ )‪ (Unwin’s Constants‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫ ا‪ 7$‬ا;? = ‪α‬‬

‫<"ل ا;س )‪Gage Length (L‬‬

‫‪@ @†’Ûa@‰bjnü@òîbîÔÛa@pbäîÈÛa MR‬‬

‫‪L = 5 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬

‫‪@ @(Poisson’s Ratio)@æìaìi@òjã@@QSMSMR‬‬

‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ )‪(P‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﳊﻈﺔ )‪(Pi‬‬

‫ا‪. /‬ل ا*;;‪5‬‬

‫‪< '(8 9: $;$‬‬ ‫‪7 '(8 9: $;$‬‬

‫‪, #  .> 1 ?@

‫     

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪(∆L‬‬

‫‪Cast Iron‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺯﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬

@ @ñ‰ì–ä½a@òÈßbu@–@ò†äa@òîÜ×

/0 / .

. ‫

‫‪@ @òí…b–nÓa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @Éîä–nÛa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @âa†‚nüa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬

‫('& ‪%‬‬ ‫‪

‫‪@ @@óØîmbnüa@ÝîàznÛa MQ‬‬

‫‪*Ductility = Ao - Ai× 100‬‬ ‫‪

‫اد )‪(σ‬‬ ‫‪= (Modulus of Elasticity)@òãëŠ½a@ŠíbÈß‬‬

‫‪?':,# @A 13 -1‬‬

‫‪B1C+( B ?':,# @A‬‬

‫‪: ?':,D( B1C+( @A AE‬‬

‫‪ !"

‫‪ -1‬‬

‫‪ -2‬‬

‫‬ ‫‪!" -3‬‬

‫‪$%&' (' )* +%, -4‬‬

‫‪ # ,- ./ 3-2‬‬

‫‪@ @Proportional Limit@@kbänÛa@†y@…bèug@QMSMR‬‬

‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا د ‪Lower Yield‬‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫‪/ 3 1 0!1' -2‬‬

‫ ا‪ 7$‬ا;? = ‪α‬‬

‫<"ل ا;س )‪Gage Length (L‬‬

‫‪@ @†’Ûa@‰bjnü@òîbîÔÛa@pbäîÈÛa MR‬‬

‫‪@ @(Poisson’s Ratio)@æìaìi@òjã@@QSMSMR‬‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ا*;;‪5‬‬

‫‪< '(8 9: $;$‬‬ ‫‪7 '(8 9: $;$‬‬

‫‪, # .> 1 ?@

‫

‫‪ -1‬‬

‫‪ -2‬‬

‫‪ -١‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬‬

‫‪@ @õbä−üa@âëŒÇ@qdm‬‬ ‫‪@ @—ÔÛa@ôìÓ@qdm‬‬

‫‪ & '() 2-4‬ء ‪!"# "$ %‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ÝîĐnß@ÊbĐÓ@J‬‬

‫‪ +,- . !/ 3-4‬ء‬

‫‪ -٣‬ء‬

‫‪$% & 3-5‬ء‬

‫‪@ @ÉiŠß@ëc@ÝîĐnß@ÊbĐÓ MQ‬‬