كتاب خواص المواد واختباراتها الجزء الاول PDF

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‫אصאאدوא
א‪K‬د‪L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ JL‬د‪ L‬‬
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‫‪ 1 –1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻓﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻗـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﱏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻـﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻷﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺊ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ "ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ" ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﻯ ‪‬ﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳋـﺎﻟﺺ‬
‫ﰱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﻼ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳـﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﲔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺻـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻀﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺮﺭ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻷﻯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺗﻘـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧـﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﳜﺘﺺ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪

2-1‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﲨﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰱ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﳜـﺘﺺ ﻭﻳﺒﺤـﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻳﺘـﻀﺢ ﰱ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻜﻮﻫﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﲝﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲢـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﰱ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲝﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺟﺎﺭﻳـﺔ‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪
3 – 1‬‬
‫• ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ ﰱ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻻﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﲝﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻓـﻀﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﲣﺼﺼﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻻﺑﺪ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﰱ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨـﺪﺱ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺮﻯ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﰱ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻞ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻨﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒـﺔ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﻏﺮﺽ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﰱ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪
4=1‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺧـﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻚ ﻭﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ……ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ … ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄـﻼﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Nbèjî×Šm@òÈîj@ky@…aì½a@áîÔm@@QMTMQ‬‬
‫‪@ @òîã†È½a@…aì½a MQ‬‬

‫• ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîã†È½a@Ë@…aì½a MR‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﺧـﺸﺎﺏ…‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ… ﺍﱁ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òÓbĐÜÛ@ñ†Ûì½a@…aì½a MS‬‬
‫• ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ… ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @@@bèîÜÇ@Þì–§a@‰…b–ß@ky@…aì½a@áîÔm@RMTMQ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @òîÈîj@‰…b–ß@åß@…aìß MQ‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻷﻯ ﻳﺪ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺧﻮﺍﺻـﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ‬
‫• ‪@ @òîÈîjĐÛa@…aì½a‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻨﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺠـﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪@ @ò–Ü‚n½a@…aì½a‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîÇbä•@‰…b–ß@åß@…aìß MR‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﳎﻬـﺰﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣـﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌـﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺀ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ……ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîÇbä–Ûaë@òî†äa@ÞbàÇþa@pbÐÜ«@åß@…aìß MS‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﺒﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺏ ﻭﺑﻼﻁ ﻭﺳﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻨـﺖ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ…ﺍﱁ‬
‫‪@ @òîØîãbØî½a@bè•aì@ky@…aì½a@áîÔm@@SMTMQ‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@…aì½a @NQ‬‬

‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﳌﻄـﺎﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ…ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òÐ–ÔÛa@…aì½a NR‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ… ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òÜîĐß@Ñ–äÛa@…aì½a NS‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﰱ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪
" 5-1‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋـﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻣـﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻷﻯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﻛﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻬﻨـﺪﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺍﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌـﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﳒﺮﻯ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪٦‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١-١‬ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪" #‬‬
‫‪@ @òí…b–nÓa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @Éîä–nÛa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @âa†‚nüa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ـﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠـ‬
‫ـﺎﺭﺏ ﻣـ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠـ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻝ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻞ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫‘‪@ @…aì½a@‰bîna@óÏ@áØznm@ónÛa@òÐÜn‚½a@pbjÜĐn½a@HQMQI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١-١‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻـﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òiìÜĐ½a@òî†äa@ÞbàÇÿÛ@òjbä½a@òî†äa@…aì½a@ãì@åÇ@òÜrßc@HQMQI@Þë†u‬‬
‫('& ‪%‬‬ ‫‪

$‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîãbŠä@ñ†àÇþa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ÁÌšÛa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @@ÝýÛa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ŠØÛa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @‰aë†Ûa@‰ìa@kîšÓ‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ñ‰ŠØn½a@Þb»þa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @@pbíbîÛa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @@òÓbĐÛa@˜b–nßa@óÜÇ@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @@˜b•ŠÛa@åß@òÇìä–½a@Áöaì§a‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @ÊbÈ‘üa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @‹bØm‰üa@†ÇaìÓ‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @ôÛaë@Ý×fnÛa@òßëbÔß‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@ @@paŠöbĐÛa@õaŒuc‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪@ @æ‹ìÛa@òÐ‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪
( '(
$ 6-1‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﰱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧـﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺃﻯ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @òîÈîjĐÛa@ãìä MQ‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟـﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻯ … ﺍﱁ‬
‫‪@ @òîöbîàîØÛa@ãìä MR‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻷﺱ ﺍﳍﻴـﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @òí‰aŠ§a@ãìä MS‬‬

‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﻞ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîiŠèØÛa@ãìä MT‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîîbäÌ½a@ãìä MU‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻭﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîöìšÛa@ãìä MV‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﻜـﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîmì–Ûa@ãìä MW‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻰ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîØîãbØî½a@ãìä MX‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﲪـﺎﻝ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺇﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪
( +,+
$ 7-1‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﲪـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﺽ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﲤﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪&-"( .
,‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@óØîmbnüa@ÝîàznÛa MQ‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﹰﺎ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﹰﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘـﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻯ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻳﻌﺪ ﲢﻤﻴ ﹰ‬
‫‪@ @óØîßbäí†Ûa@ÝîàznÛa MR‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺻﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺳـﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﰱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲪﻞ ﺇﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﻫﻰ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺟـﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ… ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @‰ŠØn½a@ÝîàznÛa MS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﻳﺘﻜـﺮﺭ ﻣـﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺑﺘـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﳌﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﳌﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
L‫ د‬JL‫د‬K‫ م‬J‫دم‬L‫د‬K‫אصאאدوא
א‬
@ @NHRMQI@ÝØ‘@óÏ@bà×@NÁÌšÛa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@µg@†’Ûa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@åß@ñÌnß@pa…bèua MQ
‫ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
@ @ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@µg@†’Ûa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@í@ñÌnß@ñ‰ë…@HRMQIÝØ‘
NHSMQI@ÝØ‘@óÏbà×@caŠÐ•@ôëbm@òàîÓ@µg@ÁÌšÛa@ëc@†’Ûa@óÏ@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@åß@ñÌnß@pa…bèua MR
@@
‫ﺷﺪ‬ @@
@@
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ @@
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
@ @ŠÐ–Ûa@µg@ôì–Ó@òàîÓ@í@ñÌnß@ñ‰ë…@HSMQIÝØ‘
@å;ØÛë@ÁÌš;Ûa@ëc@†’Ûa@óÏ@ôŠÌ•@òàîÓ@µg@ÁÌšÛa@ëc@†’Ûa@óÏ@óàÄÇ@òàîÓ@åß@ñÌnß@pa…bèua@ MS
@HTMQI@ÝØ’Ûbi@|™ìß@ìç@bà×@ŠÐ–Ûa@åß@óÜÇc@òàîÔi
@@
‫ﺷﺪ‬ @@
@@
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@@
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ @@
‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
@ @ôŠÌ•@òàîÓë@óàÄÇ@òàîÓ@í@ñÌnß@ñ‰ë…@HTMQIÝØ‘
١١
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﳌﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﲎ ﺑﺪﺍﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﳌﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛـﱪﻯ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪01( +,+
$ 8-1‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Elasticity‬‬ ‫‪@òãëŠ½a@M١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺗـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻐـﲑ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Plasticity‬‬ ‫‪òãë†ÜÛa@M٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ductility‬‬ ‫‪òîÛìĐà½a@M٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺘﻐﲑ ﻟﺪﻥ ﻛﺒﲑ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪*Ductility = Li - Lo × 100‬‬
‫‪Lo‬‬
‫‪

-١‬‬
‫‪*Ductility = Ao - Ai× 100‬‬ ‫‪

-٢‬‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫= ‪*Elongation Factor‬‬
‫‪Ao - Ai‬‬
‫‪Ai‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪
-٣‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪L0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫= ‪A0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫= ‪Li‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫= ‪Ai‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫‪Malleability òîÓëŠĐÛa@M٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻧﻪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗـﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻠﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺸﺮﺥ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺴﺮ‬
‫‪@ @Brittleness@ @@Ñ–ÔnÛa@M٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺼﻒ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺼﻒ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Strength‬‬ ‫‪@òßëbÔ½a@M٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﻯ ﲪﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﲪﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ ).‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ(‬
‫‪Stiffness‬‬ ‫‪òiý–Ûa@M٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﻯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﻼﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻣﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫اد )‪(σ‬‬ ‫‪= (Modulus of Elasticity)@òãëŠ½a@ŠíbÈß‬‬

‫ا ل )‪(ε‬‬
‫‪١٣‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪Toughness‬‬ ‫‪òãbn½a@M٨‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﻭﺇﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻛﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٩-١‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ) ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ(‬
‫‪Resilience òîÇìuŠÛa@M٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﺘﻔﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻌـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﺘﺰ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫‪Hardness‬‬ ‫‪ñ…ý–Ûa@M١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻯ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺨـﺪﺵ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪Endurance Þbànyüa@M١١‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻻ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪
3 4
5 678 9":"( 9 -1‬‬
‫‪Inspection & Quality control‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘـﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺑـﺎﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺒـﺼﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻔﲎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻸﺻـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻔﲎ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﳋـﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻫﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﻳﺮﺍﺟﻌﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﲝﺴﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Specifications
<:=
10-1‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻـﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗـﻒ ﻛﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻧـﺸﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻭﺃﺩﻕ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﳌﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻏﲑ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﺘﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉـﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪
<7" ١١- 1‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﲢﻜـﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺟـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @ZïÜí@bàîÏ@bè–î‚Üm@åØ¹ë@‰bjnüa@õaŠug@åß@āŠÌÛa@óÜÇ@ÑÓìnm@pa‰bjna@Q@MQQMQ‬‬
‫‪@ @òí‰bvnÛa@pa‰bjnüa@–@c‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳـﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﰊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @òîrzjÛa@pa‰bjnüa@–@l‬‬
‫ﻭﲣﺘﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲣﺘﺺ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻔﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﲔ ﻭﺑﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻣﻬﺮﺓ ﺫﻭ ﺧﱪﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîàÜÈÛa@pa‰bjnüa@M;u‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑـﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ÝàÈÛa@ÉÓì¶@ôŠ£@pa‰bjna@@R@MQQMQ‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﲡﺮﻯ ﰱ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ـﺎ ﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﲡﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﲟﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﳚﺮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻯ ﲟﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ñn‚½a@pbäîÈÛa@ÊìänÛ@bÔj@ôŠ£@pa‰bjna@@S@MQQMQ‬‬
‫ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻩ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕـﺎﺫﺝ ﻣـﺼﻐﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @òÐÜn½a@Ëë@òÐÜn½a@pa‰bjnüa@@T@MQQMQ‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠـﻮﺏ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻷﻯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻯ ﺃﺗﻠﻔﺖ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺗﻼﻑ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣـﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﴰﻴﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪
( 7" # <> .
, 12 -1‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺕ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻷﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰱ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪
" #$ %&' -1‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.٥-١‬‬
‫‪+,-
../ #$ %&' -2‬ء ‪) #$‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ]ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ [(٦-١‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.٧-١‬‬
‫‪
12 #$ %&' -3‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٨-١‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٩-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠-١‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱏ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.١١-١‬‬
‫‪
& 4+ #$ %&' -4‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪
& #$ %&' -5‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻲ ﻭﻳﻔـﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳊـﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺒـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٢-١‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﲢﺘﻢ ﻃـﻮﻻ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻘﻄﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪
9:; 4
& " <#+7 %,#8 ) #$ %&' -6‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪>,4 4
' %&' 4 %?@ #$ %&' -7‬ء '
‪:%?@ 4 %&' ABC D‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺓ ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘـﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻤـﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪òßbÈÛa@‰bjnüa@òäî×bß@H@U@MQI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪١٩‬‬
א‬
@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@V@MQ@ÝØ‘
@ @õbä−üa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@H@W@M@QI@ÝØ‘
٢٠
א‬
@ @ñ…ý–Ûa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@H@X@MQI@ÝØ‘
@ @õaìnÛüa@òäî×bß@HY@–@QI@ÝØ‘
٢١
א‬
@@
óãbŠä@kÜÔÛa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HQQMQI@ÝØ‘ @ @â†–Ûa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HQPMQI@ÝØ‘
ÝýÛa@†’Û@òîÔÏc@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HQRMQI@ÝØ‘
٢٢
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪@ @‰bjnüa@pbäî×bß@ñŠíbÈß‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻭﻗـﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﺀﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ ﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻨﺘﲔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻳـﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺄ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ – ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ‪= %‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ )ﲪﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ( ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ‪ ) %‬ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻋﻦ ‪ ،%١ ±‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳓﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺒﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٣‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫‪?':,# @A 13 -1‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﲔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(∆L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪(L‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ =‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪@ @ÞbÈÐãýÛ@òîØîãbØî½a@îíbÔ½a@Q@M@QSM@Q‬‬
‫@@‬
‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺱ ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺒﲑﻩ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ZòîØîãbØî½a@ÞbÈÐãüa@îíbÔß@paŒî¾@åßë‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺫﺍﺗﻰ ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺹ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺭﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪@ @ZòîØîãbØî½a@ÞbÈÐãüa@îíbÔß@lìîÇ@åßë‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫• ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻼﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟـﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.١٣-١‬‬
‫‘‪@ @x‰†½a@˜ŠÔÛaë@÷Ûa@pa‡@÷bîÔ½a@HQSMQI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @ÞbÈÐãfiÛ@òîöìšÛa@îíbÔ½a@R@M@QSM@Q‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺫﺭﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﺳﺎﺕ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺜﺒـﺖ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺮﺁﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺳـﻠﺖ ﺃﺷـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺍ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻯ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﱪﹰﺍ‬
‫‪@ @ÞbÈÐãfiÛ@òîiŠèØÛa@îíbÔ½a@@S@M@QSM@Q‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪ ١٤-١‬ﺇﱃ ‪( ١٨ -١‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﻣﻼﺀﻣﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﻤﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﱪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌـﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪B1C+( B ?':,# @A‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ (Gage Factor‬ﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﰱ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺳـﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٠ – ١,٥‬ﻣﻢ ﻭ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺳـﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺳـﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺑﻄـﺮﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻃـﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘـﻬﺎ ﺻـﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﳊﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻠﺼﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﲝﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﺼﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺼﻨﻔﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ ﺍﳋـﺸﻮﻧﺔ ﰒ ﻳﻨﻈـﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺟﻴﻮﺏ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰒ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻳﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻳﻮﻣﲔ ﺣﱴ ﲡﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲤﺎﻡ ﻟﺼﻘﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻓـﻴﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫‪∆R‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬
‫אصאאدوא
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪ = ∆L‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ‪L‬‬
‫‪ = ∆R‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ‪R‬‬
‫‪∆R ∆L‬‬
‫× ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ =‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪(١٧-١‬‬
‫‪: ?':,D( B1C+( @A AE‬‬
‫• ﺻﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ‬

‫• ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫• ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‬
‫• ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﱃ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﱴ ‪ -٦ ^ ١٠‬ﻣﻢ‪ /‬ﻣـﻢ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫‘‪@ @óiŠè×@ÞbÈÐãa@÷bîÔß@HQT–QI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬
א‬
@ @HñØßI@òîiŠè×@ÞbÈÐãa@îíbÔß@HQU–QI@ÝØ‘
@ @óiŠèØÛa@ÞbÈÐãüa@÷bîÔß@ÝàÇ@ñŠØÏ@HQV–QI@ÝØ‘
٢٨
א‬
@ @ÞbÈÐãüa@÷bîÓ@‹bèu@HQW@MQI@ÝØ‘
@ @òĐÔã@åß@Šr×c@†äÇ@ÞbÈÐãüa@÷bîÔÛ@Éîà£@‹bèu@QXMQ@ÝØ‘
@@
٢٩
‫אصאאدوא
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوאא ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪ # $%‬‬
‫‪ 1-2‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﰱ ‪ æ@ …b;È½a‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻗﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺩﻻﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻭﺑـﲔ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﲡﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ( ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻀﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻷﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻫﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﳚﺮﻯ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ !"

2-2‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ductile Materials@òÜîĐ½a@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@òa‰…@QMRMR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺷـﺪ )‪ (P‬ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١-٢‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪∆L‬‬
‫‪L1‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†’Ûbi@ÝîàznÛa@HQMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ )‪ (P‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (∆L‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﰎ ﺗـﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٢-٢‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﱴ ﲡﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (B‬ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (B‬ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣـﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ (0–A‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٢‬ﻭﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ )‪ (B-C‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪـﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ .(B-C‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﹰﺎ ﺑـﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﻨﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻰ ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻳﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (D‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (D‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﲟﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢-٢‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻷﻯ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪A B‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‘‪@ @@ÝîĐß@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@@HRMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪ -1‬‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳـﻚ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-٢‬‬
‫ ا‬
‫ ا‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫‘‪@ @ô‰ìª@†’Û@ò™ŠÈß@ñ‰ìÜi@åß@õŒu@ÖüŒãg@HSMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺣـﱴ ﻳـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻭﻳﺒـﺪﺃ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺗﺼﻠﺪ ﺇﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﰱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺟـﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﺉ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳉﺰﺉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺼﻠﺪﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪!" -3‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﻴﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٢‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳـﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﲟﺤﻮﺭﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫ﻩ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÉĐÔ½a@ñŠí†nß@òäîÈÛ@òjÓŠÛa@të†y@HTMR@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪$%&' (' )* +%, -4‬‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Separation‬‬ ‫('&‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﳛـﺪﺙ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﺳـﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ ،(٥-٢‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ ﺍﻟـﺬﻯ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ‬
‫‪σmax‬‬ ‫‪σaverage‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†‘@kîšÓ@òjÓŠÛ@ô‰ìa@…bèu⁄a@Éí‹ìm@HUMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫(*() ‪Sliding‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ )‪ (Cup and Cone failure‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ ،(٦-٢‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫‪Cup‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪o٤٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫‪Cone‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†’Ûa@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈ½a@‰bîèãa@HVMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @òÐ–ÔÛa@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@òa‰…@RMRMR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٧-٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺟـﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻓﺘـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬
‫ا دة
‬
‫ا دة
‬
‫‘‪@ @Ñ–Ó@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HWMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ã@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@òa‰…@SMRMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻳـﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗـﺪﺭﳚﻰ ﰒ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٨-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺪﺡ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@Ñ–ã@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HXMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@†’Ûa@óÏ@òÐÜn‚½a@æ…bÈ½a@Š×@püby@í@òã‰bÔ½a@TMRMR‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧـﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩-٢‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪f = P/A‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪f = q = P/2A‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†’Ûa@pbäîÈi@ŠØÛa@ÝØ‘@HYMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺼﻔﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﰱ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻄﻴﻼ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﻷﻗـﻞ ﰒ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻧـﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٠-٢‬ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ‪Load‬‬
‫)‪Semi-Ductile Material (High Tensile Steel‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬

‫)‪Ductile Material (Mild Steel‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬

‫)‪Brittle Material (Cast Iron‬‬
‫@@‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪Elongation‬‬

‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÐ–ÔÛaë@òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ãë@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HQPMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Form‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪(Texture‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ )‪(Color‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﻨﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻠﻤﺲ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺸﻦ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺩﺍﻛـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻻﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﻔﻰ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎ ﻭﳏﺒﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﺮﹰﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﳛـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ‪ .‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻳﻼﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺴﻄﺤﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻣﻨﺘـﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ # ,- ./ 3-2‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔـﺴﲑ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @Proportional Limit@@kbänÛa@†y@…bèug@QMSMR‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﻗﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﻌﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻩ ﺣـﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﱏ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١١-٢‬‬
‫‪Elastic Limit@@òãëŠ½a@†y@…bèug@RMSMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤـﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ %٠,٠١‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺑـﲔ ﺭﺟـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺟﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ)‪.(١١-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ "ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ" ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﺒﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٢-٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌـﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻠﺤﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا ( ‪Upper Yield‬‬
‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا د ‪Lower Yield‬‬

‫ او
‪Elastic Limit‬‬
‫ ا ‪Proportional‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzä½@Êìšäë@òãëŠ½a@òÔĐäß@HQQMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٢-٢‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ )‪ (O–A–B‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻭﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ )‪ (O-A‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-D‬ﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﻞ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-E‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ )‪(D-F‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ )‪ ،(F-E‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﺳﻢ ﳑﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﻭﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-D‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ ، (C‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ )‪ (C‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪1.5X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫\\ \\‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪Proportional Limit‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪Elongation‬‬
‫‘‪@ @BæìãìuB@òÔíŠĐi@kbänÛa@†y@´Èm@HQRMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٤١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪Yield@@Êìšä@…bèug@SMSMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١١-٢‬ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻏﲑﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ‪.‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻟﺐ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺹ ﺍﳌـﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻐﲑﻩ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻳﺴﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻓﺠﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻫﻮ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻝ ﻻﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺗﻄﻬﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋـﻰ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ =‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣ : ٢‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﻘﺘـﺮﺏ ﻛـﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﰱ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Proof Strength@@æbàšÛa@…bèug@TMSMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ ﳍـﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲢﻮﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٣-٢‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﻌـﱪ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪Stress‬‬
‫‪Proof Strength‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫\\‬
‫\\‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪Strain‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫‪0.002 of Gage Length‬‬
‫‪ ٠,٠٠٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‘‪@ @æbàšÛa@…bèug@†í†znÛ@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèuüa@óäzäß@HQSMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻼ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻌـﻴﲔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ‪%٠,٢ : %٠,١‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟـﺘﻜﻦ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫‪ %٠,٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،٠,٠٠٢‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٣-٢‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤـﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﱏ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻴﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪Elasticity@òãëŠ½a@UMSMR‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲟـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Stiffness@@òiý–Ûa@VMSMR‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪(Young’s‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ )‪ (Modulus of Elasticity‬ﻭﻳـﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳﺮ ﻳـﺎﻧﺞ‬
‫)‪ Modulus‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ E = ε‬ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ = ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻫـﻰ ﻭﺣـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ ‪@Šíb;Èß‬‬
‫‪ (Initial Tangent Modulus) µ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻵﻧﻔﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫‪@ ëþa@÷b;ànÛa‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ Ý@ ;•þa@òĐÔã‬ﺃﻯ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٤-٢‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪ (Tangent Modulus) ÷bànÛa@ŠíbÈß‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫‪٤٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪Stress‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪γ ε‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪E = tan θ = ε‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪Strain‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫‘‪@ @óäzä½bi@áîÔnß@Á@b@†uìí@ü@Ûa@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òãëŠ½a@ŠíbÈß@´îÈm@HQTMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٤-٢‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪@ÉbÔÛa@ŠíbÈß‬‬
‫)‪ (Secant Modulus‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O B‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫¶‪ (Chord Modulus) ŠmìÛa@ŠíbÈ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﳏﺪﺩﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ِ ‪ ٠ D ، C‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Resilience@@òîÇìuŠÛa@WMSMR‬‬
‫‪Šqû½a@Ýà§a@Þaë‹@†Èi@òîãbq@bèÈuŠí@áq@ÝîàznÛa@†äÇ@bèãŒn±@æc@æ†ÈàÜÛ@åØ¹@ónÛa@òÓbĐÛa@òîà×@óç@òîÇìuŠÛa‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒـﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @NkbänÛa@†y@†äÇ@òÛbĐnüa@F@kbänÛa@†§@ÝibÔ½a@Ýà§a@½@]@òîÇìuŠÛa‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(١٥-٢‬‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺃ‬
‫ا* ‪Load‬‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د ‪Stress‬‬
‫ا&"(
‬
‫"ق او
‬
‫‪Hyper‬‬
‫‪Elastic‬‬
‫ا&"(
ا
‬
‫‪Resilience‬‬
‫‪Elastic Resilience‬‬
‫‪ 0.‬ا&"(
‬
‫‪Modulus of Resilience‬‬
‫ﺏ‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا ‪Deformation‬‬
‫‘‪@ @òîÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈßë@òîÇìuŠÛa@HQUMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ‪ (Modulus of Resilience) ò@ ;îÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈß‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬

‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @kbänÛa@†y@†äÇ@ÞbÈÐãüa@F@…bèu⁄a@½@]@òîÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈß‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٥-٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ (Hyper–Elastic Resilience) ò@ ;ãëŠ½a@†y@ÖìÏ@òîÇìuŠÛa‬ﻓﻬـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﲡﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﲪﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﲞﻂ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺑـﺎﳋﻂ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺯﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٥-٢‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@@@Toughness@@@òãbn½a@XMSMR‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ò@ ;ãbn½a‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ .(١٦-٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ (Modulus of Toughness) ò@ ;ãbn½a@ŠíbÈß‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (١٦-٢‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﱪﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ 5( 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬
‫‪ 7" 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬
‫ ‪ 0‬زه‬
‫‪ 8$ 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬
‫‘‪@ @òÐÜn«@æ…bÈ½@òãbn½a@ŠíbÈß@HQVMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @Hysteresis @@òîÐÜ‚nÛa@YMSMR‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲝﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﲔ ﰒ ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ )‪ (Loop‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄـﲔ ﻣﻨﺤـﻨﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺎﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٧-٢‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧـﺸﻮﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ا‪
$‬‬
‫‪Hystersis‬‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ôŠĐÛa@kÜ–ÜÛ@òîÐÜ‚nÛa@HQWMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪Strength@@òßëbÔ½a@QPMSMR‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﲔ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪. !' -!" )* (-. / 0!10 -1‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋـﻀﻮﻉ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫=‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﳛﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫=‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻰ= ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ=‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫‪/ 3 1 0!1' -2‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺗﻐـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﲟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻫﻮ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ٠‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ =‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Ductility@@òîÛìĐà½a@QQMSMR‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠـﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ – ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫× ‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬
‫‪Elongation % = Li – L0 x 100‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ =‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ – ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬

‫× ‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫‪A0 – Ai‬‬
‫‪Reduction of area %‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪A0‬‬
‫‪x 100‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪Elongation@@òÛbĐnüa@@QRMSMR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﲡﻬﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﰒ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٨-٢‬‬
‫‪٤٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪(%‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻢ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠ ٢ ٤ ٦ ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺳﻢ(‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫(‪2 0 '4 56 1 0‬‬ ‫
‪0( 1 2 3‬‬
‫‘‪@ @òÛbĐnüa@óÜÇ@òäîÈÛa@Þì@qdm@HQXMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٨-٢‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ) ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ( ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﳚـﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﰱ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻮ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻـﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌـﱪ ﺗﻌـﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﲢـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﲔ ﳘﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻃـﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪٠‬‬
‫‪@ @òÛbĐnüa@òÛ…bÈß MQ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆L1 = α.L‬‬
‫‪ = α‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ = L‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﺗـﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﱪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳉـﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺑﻴﻌﲕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆L2 = β Ao‬‬
‫‪ = Ao‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = β‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬
‫‪∆L = ∆L1 + ∆L2‬‬ ‫‪= αL + β Ao‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬
‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫‪αL + β Ao‬‬
‫= ‪Elongation %‬‬ ‫= ‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ β ، α‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﹸﺃﻧﻮﻳﻦ )‪ (Unwin’s Constants‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٩-٢‬ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (Ao, α , β‬ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻫﻰ‪∆L = β Ao + αL :‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳋﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ )‪ ، (L) ، (∆L‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪α, β‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪β Ao‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (α‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ )‪.(β‬‬
‫ا‪∆L)
/‬‬
‫‪∆L = β Ao + αL‬‬
‫∆( ‪Elongation‬‬
‫ ا‪ 7$‬ا;? = ‪α‬‬
‫‪β √Ao‬‬
‫<"ل ا;س )‪Gage Length (L‬‬

‫‘‪@ @@òÛbĐnüaë@÷bîÔÛa@Þì@í@òÓýÈÛa@óäzäß@@HQYMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٥١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @†’Ûa@‰bjnü@òîbîÔÛa@pbäîÈÛa MR‬‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻـﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ Ao ، L‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪L= 5.65‬‬ ‫‪Ao‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬
‫‪L = 11.3‬‬ ‫‪Ao‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪@ @@Z@µg@ñŠí†n½a@pbÇbĐÔÛa@pa‡@pbäîÈÛa@òÛby@óÏ@ô…ûí@ÙÛ‡ë‬‬
‫‪L = 5 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬

‫‪L = 5 do : 10 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪L = 10 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @(Poisson’s Ratio)@æìaìi@òjã@@QSMSMR‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺷﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢٠-٢‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺇﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪εb‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ )‪= (µ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ‪εL‬‬
‫‪L1 – L‬‬
‫= ‪εb‬‬ ‫‪b1 - b‬‬
‫= ‪εL‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻭﺗﺘـﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٣٦ : ٠,٢٥‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٠,٢٩‬ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ .٠,٥‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫=‪G‬‬
‫)‪2 (1+µ‬‬
‫• ‪ = E‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫• ‪ = G‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫• ‪ = µ‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ‬
‫‪b1‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪∆L‬‬
‫‪L1‬‬
‫‘‪@ @æìaìi@òjã@HRPMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٥٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@@QTMSMR‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ )‪(P‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪= σ‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪(Ao‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪(∆L‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪= ε‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ )‪(L o‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ )‪ (Lo‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﳝﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢١-٢‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫;و
ا‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د‬
‫ا&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع‬
‫ ا‬
‫;
او
ا
‬ ‫;
او
‬
‫‪Elastic-Plastic State‬‬ ‫‪Plastic State‬‬
‫;
او
‬
‫‪Elastic State‬‬
‫ا‪./‬ل‬
‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@HRQMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @óÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüa@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@@QUMSMR‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ð…@ b;ÈÛa‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ ó@ ;ÔîÔ§a‬ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻗـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻛـﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ óÔîÔ§a‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ ô…bÈÛa‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻴـﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﳊﻈﺔ )‪(Pi‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ‪= σ t‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ )‪(Ai‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﲪﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﻝ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﰱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺔ )‪ (σ = b εc‬ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﳋـﻀﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ ‪ do = di‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺻﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺻـﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (σ = k ε+m‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢٢-٢‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪B‬‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د ا*;;‪5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ا*;;‪5‬‬

‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@óÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@HRRMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @NïÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@ë@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@ózäß@í@ÖŠÐÛa@|™ìí@ïmŁa@Þë†¦aë‬‬
‫‪< '(8 9: $;$‬‬ ‫‪7 '(8 9: $;$‬‬

‫• ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺻـﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﰱ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ • ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫• ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ • ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ • ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻷﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ‬
‫ﰱ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺳـﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻓﻠﺰﻳـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫• ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ • ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺃﺳـﻬﻞ • ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺭﲰﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪, # .> 1 ?@

A B 4-2‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@†öaŒÛa@ÞbÈÐãüa@MQ‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰒ ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰱ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ æ@ bàš;Ûa@Þb»c‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﻗﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@ÝîÌ’nÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻫﻮ ‪@òãëŠ½a@†y@ÖìÏ@æ†È½a@Ýîà¤‬ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﲢﺴﲔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﰱ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@æ†È½bi@æìiŠØÛa@ôìnª@MS‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@MT‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @‰bjnüa@õbäqc@ÝîàznÛa@òÇŠ@MU‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣـﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîÛbÈÛa@ñ‰aŠ§a@pbu‰…@óÏ@ÝîàznÛa@ñ†ß@MV‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﺼﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﹰﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òí‰aŠ§a@pýßbÈ½a@MW‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺻﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻊ ‪ :‬ﲢﺴﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @xbnã⁄a@ÖŠ@MX‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ÙöbjÛa@óÏ@óÜ•þa@æ†ÈàÜÛ@pbÏb™⁄a@òjã@MY‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﺃﺿﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺻـﻬﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @‰bjnüa@òäîÇ@ÉĐÔß@ÝØ‘@MQP‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻻﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪@ @†’ÜÛ@òîÇìäÛa@òßëbÔ½a@MQQ‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﲞﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﰱ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺷﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ 1-3‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺠـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ‪ ò@ ;îã†È½a@…aì½a‬ﻧﻈـﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﲔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻰ ﻣـﻦ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﲑﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﻜﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨـﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
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&'( $% # 2-3‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﻴﻠﻰ )‪ (Barrel‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺘﲔ( ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﲕ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ‬
‫ﳌﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٣‬‬
‫ـﺱ‬ ‫ﺱ ـ‬ ‫=‬
‫ــ ﺹ‬ ‫ﺹ ــ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺹ‪ -‬ﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺱ‪ -‬ﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫@@‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫‘‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@ïÜîßÛa@ÝØ’Ûa@të†y@HQMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪Ductile Materials@òÜîĐ½a@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@QMRMS‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﱪﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨـﺎ ﻧﻼﺣـﻆ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻟﻠﺨـﻀﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺗﺘﻔﻠﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-٣‬‬
‫‪Semi-Ductile@òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ã@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@RMRMS‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰒ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺣﱴ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-٣‬‬
‫‪Brittle Materials@òÐ–ÔÛa@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@ÚìÜ@SMRMS‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲣﺘﱪ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻗﺼﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰒ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳝﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ٦٠-٥٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﺒﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٣‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٢‬‬
L‫ د‬J L‫د‬K‫ م‬J‫
دم‬L‫د‬K ‫
אصא
אدوאא‬
Load ‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬
Ductile Material
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬
Deformation ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬

Semi-Ductile
Material
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
φ = 50ο
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‬
Brittle Material
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬
φ = 55−60
55−60ο
@@
@@
@@
@ @NÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ãë@òÐ–ÔÛaë@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈ½a@ÚìÜ@HRMSI@ÝØ‘
٦٣
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@TMRMS‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﲰﻪ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪(p‬‬
‫= ‪σC‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪(Ao‬‬
‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪(∆L‬‬

‫= ‪εC‬‬ ‫‪Lo‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ )‪(Lo‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٣‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪Mild Steel‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﻃﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺞ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Cast Iron‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺯﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬

‫‪60‬‬
‫ِ‪Copper‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ‪Aluminum‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‘‪@ @NÁÌšÛa@óÏ@òÐÜn‚½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@pbîäzäß@HSMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ) ‪( Pi‬‬

‫• ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ )‪(Ai‬‬
‫‪Pi‬‬
‫= ‪σc‬‬ ‫‪Ai‬‬
‫‪٦٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ = ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﺗﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ )‪(e‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﳊﻈﺔ‬
‫‪εc = Loge Ao‬‬

‫‪Ai‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٣‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪Mild Steel‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﻃﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ِ‪Copper‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Aluminum‬‬
‫ﻛﺞ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪٢‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‘‪@ @NÁÌšÛa@óÏ@æ…bÈàÜÛ@óÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@HTMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@òîØîãbØî½a@ãìä@UMRMS‬‬
‫‪ -1‬‬

‫ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﱵ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ -2‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ †@ ’;Ûa‬ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪ .‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪σn‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪ε‬‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ = ‪E‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ = ‪σ‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ = ‪ε‬‬
‫• ﺛﺎﺑﺖ = ‪n‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺝ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺮﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺯﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻳﹸﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪
#) * 3-3‬‬
‫‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@ñn‚½a@pbäîÈÛa@QMSMS‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﱏ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﰐ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻛـﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﻛـﱪﻯ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﹶﺃﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﻦ )‪ (١٠‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻗـﺼﲑﺓ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺫﻭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١,٥‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹸﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻫﻰ )‪ (٢‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌـﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻀﻊ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﻋﻨـﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧـﺴﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﺮﻛـﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﰱ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬـﺎ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٦٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òîbîÔÛa@‰bjnüa@pbäîÇ@RMSMS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ = ‪ ١٠ : ٨‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫‪ -٢‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ ﺛـﻼﺙ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ = ‪ ٣‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫‪ -٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
‫‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ = ‪ ٠,٩‬ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫‪@ @Nòîã†È½a@Ë@…aìàÜÛ@òîbîÔÛa@‰bjnüa@pbäîÇ@SMSMS‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺘﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٣٠ ×١٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋـﻦ ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ ﺃﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻣﻘـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻛـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ ٠‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ١٥ × ١٥ ×١٥‬ﺳﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪١٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺸﻦ ﺣﱴ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@‹bØm‰a@†ÇaìÓ@TMSMS‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻔﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﲤﺎﻣﹸﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺏ ﻭﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﻏﻄـﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﳐﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﻻﺋﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺸﻨﺔ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﲝﻴـﺚ ﻳﺘﻘـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﳐﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﺍﺣﺪﻯ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪،(٥-٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻯ ﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﶈﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻯ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻄﺒـﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjna@õaŠug@òÔíŠ@UMSMS‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲟﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﻓﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺤﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻓﻜﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﳍﺒﻮﻁ ﻟﺘﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻄﺊ ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺣـﱴ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺗـﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻧـﻀﻐﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻗﻴـﻊ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻜـﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻜﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻜﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘـﺄﺛﺮ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳐﺪﺍﺕ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻛﺮﻭﻯ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺃﻯ ﺍﳓـﺮﺍﻑ ﺑـﲔ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﳏﻮﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٥ -٣‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻛ ﹰ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻞ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ ﳌﻨـﻊ ﻻ ﳏﻮﺭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﳌﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺝ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﻙ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‘‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@‰bjnü@‹bØm‰üa@†ÇaìÓ@HUMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @@ÚbØnyüa@qdm@kä£@ÖŠ@VMSMS‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻼﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻓﻜﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﲡﻨﺐ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺑﲔ ﻓﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﲜﻌﻞ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲝﻴﺚ ﲤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻓﻜﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘـﻮﺍﺯﻯ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﱏ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳘﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮ ﺻﻐﺮﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٤-٣‬ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺪﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪
&'( #) *! ,- #.$ 4-3‬‬
‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈ½a@óÏ@‰bîèãüa@QMTMS‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﳍﺎ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻷ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﻠﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻔﻠﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﱏ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٦-٣‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺪﻯ ﻣﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻭﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗﺒـﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Ductile Material‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ @‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ @‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@‰bîèãüa@ÝØ‘@HVMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @@òÐ–ÔÛaë@òÜîĐß@Ñ–äÛa@æ…bÈ½a@óÏ@‰bîèãüa@RMTMS‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰒ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﲤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﺗﺘﻮﻗـﻒ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰒ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﳝﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ )‪ (θ‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-٣‬ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﱪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻯ ﺗـﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺑـﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫‪Brittle Material‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬

‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@òÐ–ÔÛa@æ…bÈàÜÛ@‰bîèãüa@ÝØ‘@HWMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ‪ θ = 45 + φ /2 :‬ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (φ‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪ (φ‬ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻛﱪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤـﺜﻼ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‬
‫ﰱ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ = ‪ ٥ ٥٠‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﺛﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ = ‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪ θ = 45 + φ/2‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫‪ZòÜîÜznÛa@òÔíŠĐÛa‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٨-٣‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ = ‪ A‬ﻛﺴﺮﺕ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ )‪ (σ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (θ‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ )‪ (φ‬ﲤﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ = ‪P/A = σ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ) ‪ (B‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪B=A/Cos θ :‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (P‬ﺍﶈﺪﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﲝﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﺣـﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )‪ (N‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪N = P. Cos θ ,‬‬ ‫‪Q = P. Sin θ‬‬
‫‪٧٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪(P‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫‪N=P Cos θ‬‬ ‫‪Q=P Sin θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫‪F= N tan φ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÁÌšÛa@óÏ@òÐ–ÔÛaë@òÜîĐß@Ñ–äÛa@æ…bÈàÜÛ@ôìnß@Ýîß@òíëa‹@HXMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ )‪= (σA‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪P. Cos θ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫= ‪σn‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪/Cos‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cos‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ) ‪= ( q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪P. Sin θ‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‪B‬‬ ‫= ‪A /Cos θ‬‬ ‫‪. Sin θ . Cos θ = σ. Sin θ .Cos θ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫= ‪tan φ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪F = N. tan φ‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪= (σf‬‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪N. tan φ‬‬ ‫‪P .Cos2 θ .tan φ‬‬

‫‪σf‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A /Cos θ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪σ. Cos2 θ. tan φ‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٨-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (θ‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ )‪ (σr‬ﻫﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ )‪ (P‬ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ )‪ = (σr‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ) ‪ – (q‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪(σf‬‬
‫= ‪σr‬‬ ‫‪q – σf = σ . Sin θ. Cos θ - σ Cos2 θ .tan φ‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ )‪ (σr‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫‪d σr‬‬
‫‪dθ‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪i.e.‬‬
‫‪Cos2θ - Sin2θ + 2 tan φ . Sinθ . Cosθ = 0‬‬

‫‪tan φ = - (Cos2θ - Sin2θ) / 2 Sinθ . Cosθ‬‬
‫‪tan φ = - Cos2θ / Sin2θ) = - Cot 2θ‬‬
‫)‪tan φ = - tan (90o - 2θ) = tan (2θ – 90o‬‬
‫‪φ = 2θ – 90o‬‬
‫‪θ = 45o + φ /2‬‬
‫‪@ @òîãbîjÛa@òÔíŠĐÛa‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺑـﲔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ )ﻣﻮﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻗﺺ )‪ (θ‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ٤٥‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )‪ .(φ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٩-٣‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺭ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﳏـﻮﺭﻳﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣـﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ) ‪ ،( σmax= P‬ﰒ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﳑﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﳝﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻰ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ )‪.(φ‬‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪Shear Stress‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪90ο‬‬
‫‪2α‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪φ‬‬ ‫‪2θ‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫‪2α + φ = 90‬‬ ‫‪Normal Stress‬‬
‫‪α = 45- φ/2‬‬

‫‪θ = 90 - α = 45 + φ/2‬‬ ‫‪σmax‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÚbØnyüa@òíëa‹ë@ŠØÛa@òíëa‹@í@òÓýÈÛa@´îÈnÛ@òîãbîjÛa@‰ìß@ñŠöa…@òÔíŠ@HYMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ )‪ (٩-٣‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪-:‬‬

‫‪θ = 45o + φ /2‬‬
‫‪α = 45o - φ /2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻼﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪٠‬‬
‫*********‬
‫‪٧٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ‬
‫ ء ‬
‫‪ 1-4‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﶈﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﳏـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺺ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﻻ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﲟﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺃﳓﻨـﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٤‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫»‪ñŠà×@óÜÇ@ïc‰@Ý‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫»‪ðŒ×Šß@ü@ïÔÏc@Ý‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪õbä−a@âëŒÇ‬‬ ‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @Nõbä−übi@ÝîàznÛa@püby@HQMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٧٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫@@‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬

‫‪õbä−a@…bèug‬‬ ‫‪—Ó@…bèug‬‬ ‫‪ð…ìàÇ@ÁÌ™@…bèug‬‬
‫‘‪@ @PñŠà×@åß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@ñ…ìuì½a@pa…bèu⁄a@HRMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢-٤‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻭﺇﻧﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٤‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱃ‪.‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪@ @õbä−üa@âëŒÇ@qdm‬‬ ‫‪@ @—ÔÛa@ôìÓ@qdm‬‬

‫@@‬ ‫‪@ @òí…ìàÈÛa@ôìÔÛa@qdm‬‬
‫‪HõbärãgI‬‬ ‫‪HÖüŒãgI‬‬ ‫‪HÂbÌšãgI‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @PñŠàØÛa@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@ñ…ìuì½a@pübÈÐãüa@HSMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪‬ﺗﺼ ‪‬ﻤﻢ ﻃﺒﻘـﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺐ‬
‫‪٧٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﳘﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﻵﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬
‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻹﲤﺎﻣﻪ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻺﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻌﱪ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ( ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﱴ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ †’Ûa‬ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﺗـﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ & '() 2-4‬ء ‪!"# "$ %‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺪﺓ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ‪.òãbvnß@ñ…bß@åß@æìØní‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﲣﻀﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ ﺃﻯ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﳎﻬﺪﺓ ﰱ ‪ ò@ ;ãëŠ½a@…ë†y‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒـﻊ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ@‪@oibq‬ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ‪ †@ ;ya@ë@ôìn;ß@óÏ‬ﻫﻮ ﻣـﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ‪ bíìnß@ìç@bà×@ÝÄí‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫‪٧٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪x-x‬‬
‫‪εc‬‬ ‫‪σc‬‬
‫‪dy‬‬ ‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪yc‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫)‪N.A (Neutral axis‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫‪yt‬‬
‫‪εt‬‬ ‫‪σt‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ‪X-X‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‘‪@ @Nõbä−a@âŒÈi@òÜàª@ñŠàØÛ@āŠÈnß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@pübÈÐãüaë@pa…bèuüa@Éí‹ìm@HTMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٤‬ﺗﻮﰱ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟـﺬﻛﺮ ﻓـﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﹰﺎ ﺣـﻮﻝ ﺧـﻂ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ )‪ (Neutral axis‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﰱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﰱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﺩﻝ ﺗـﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻـﻔﺮﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٤-٤‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪σt‬‬ ‫‪σc‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪yt‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= C = Constant‬‬
‫‪yc‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬
‫‪σ=y.C‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ (M‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﰱ ﺇﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫‪Σ Fx = 0‬‬
‫‪Σ Fx = Σ (σ .da) = ∫σ .da = ∫ y. C. da = C ∫ y. da = 0‬‬
‫‪∫ y. da = 0‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﳝﺜﻞ ﳏـﻮﺭ ﳝـﺮ‬
‫ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨـﺎﺀ(‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪(σ .da). x = 0‬‬ ‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪∫ (y. C. da). x = 0‬‬
‫‪C ∫ x. y. da = 0‬‬ ‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪∫ x. y. da = 0‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌـﲎ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ‬
‫ﲤﺮ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ )ﻋـﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ( ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ )‪.(M‬‬
‫‪Σ(σ.da).y = M‬‬ ‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪∫ (σ. y. da) = M‬‬
‫‪∫C.y.y. da = M‬‬ ‫‪i.e. C ∫ y2. da = M‬‬

‫‪But:‬‬ ‫‪∫ y2. da = Ix‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ = Ix‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪٠‬‬
‫‪C. Ix = M‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪But:‬‬ ‫=‪C‬‬ ‫‪Then:‬‬ ‫‪. Ix = M‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪M. y‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬ ‫‪IX‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ × (M‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ )‪( y‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪= (σ‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ) ‪(Ix‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ) ‪(yc‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(yt‬‬
‫‪M.yC‬‬ ‫‪M.yt‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫= ‪C‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬ ‫= ‪t‬‬
‫‪IX‬‬ ‫‪IX‬‬
‫‪٨١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪(Section Modulus) ÊbĐÔÛa@ŠíbÈß‬‬

‫‪Ix‬‬
‫= ‪Zc‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫‪yc‬‬
‫‪Ix‬‬
‫= ‪Zt‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ =‬
‫‪yt‬‬
‫ﻭﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ) ‪ ( yC = yt‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ZC = Zt = Z‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫= ‪σC = σt‬‬ ‫;‪and‬‬ ‫‪M=σ.Z‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ )‪ (M‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ )‪ (σ‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌـﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫‪٠Z = M/σ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ )‪ (Z‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪σ ٠٠٠٠٠٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪Moment of Inertia ómaˆÛa@‰ì–ÔÛa@âŒÇ‬‬
‫ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ÝîĐnß@ÊbĐÓ@J‬‬

‫‪bh3‬‬ ‫‪hb3‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪- IX‬‬ ‫= ‪- IY‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪ðŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@J‬‬
‫‪πD‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪- IX = IY‬‬
‫‪64‬‬
‫‪@sÜrß@ÊbĐÓ@J‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬
‫‪bh3‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪- IX‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪٨٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫـﻲ ﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺮ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻠﻪ‪ ٠‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪IX= IX' + A.y2‬‬
‫‪ +,- . !/ 3-4‬ء‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ‬ ‫‬
‫‪@ @ðŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@‰bjna@QMS@MT‬‬
‫@@‬
‫ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﺄﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﺧﺎﺻـﻴﱴ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪
-١‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ )‪ (Diagonal Stress‬ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻮﰱ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪(L‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (d‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪L = 6d to 12d‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻛﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﻱ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ -٢‬ء
‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (٥-٤‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗﺮﺹ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫•‬
‫‘‪@ @õbä−üa@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HUMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @@‹bØm‰üa@†ÇaìÓ@J‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺣـﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺔ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٦-٤‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻳﻔـﻀﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‬
‫‪٨٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳋـﺸﺐ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﲜﺴﻢ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺣﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٦-٤‬‬
‫‪Applied Load‬‬ ‫‪Šqû½a@Ýà§a‬‬
‫‪@‰bjnüa@òäî×bß@÷c‰‬‬
‫»‪ńĐÔã@óÜÇ@Ê‹ìß@Ý‬‬
‫‪Tow Point Loading‬‬
‫‪Beam ñn‚½a@ñŠàØÛa‬‬
‫‪ò÷bu@ñŒî×‰‬‬ ‫‪ò×Š§a@ñŠy@ñŒî×‰‬‬
‫‪õbä−üa@áè@îíbÔß‬‬
‫‪ò÷bu@‹bØm‰a@ñ†ÇbÓ‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ôŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@‰bjna@óÏ@‹bØm‰üa@†ÇaìÓ@HVMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @@ÝîàznÛa@ÁÔã@J‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﰱ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ ﰱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﺑﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﱴ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٧-٤‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋـﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫـﺮ ﻳﻔـﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺘﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻗـﺺ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻛـﺴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٧-٤‬‬
‫‪٨٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪L/4‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪L/4‬‬ ‫‪L/3‬‬ ‫‪L/3‬‬ ‫‪L/3‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫‘‪@ @ôŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@‰bjna@óÏ@ÝîàznÛa@ÁÔã@HWMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @ÞbÈÐãüaë@õbä−üa@áè@÷bîÓ@ñŒèuc@J‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺜﺒـﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻘـﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳉـﺎﻧﱯ ﻟﻠﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ء‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﺑﺮﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٨-٤‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﰒ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪M.Y‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪٨٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻼﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (Modulus of Rupture‬ﻓﺘﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺐ ﺍﻟﺒـﺴﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺗﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﰱ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫∆‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫∆ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ‪Deflection‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ðŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@‰bjna@óÏ@òîØîãbØî½a@ãìä@´îÈm@HXMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﲔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﲝﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪PL3‬‬ ‫‪PL3‬‬
‫= ‪∆max‬‬ ‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪48EI‬‬ ‫‪48∆I‬‬
‫ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﲝﻤﻠﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪23PL3‬‬ ‫‪23PL3‬‬
‫= ‪∆max‬‬ ‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪1296EI‬‬ ‫‪1296∆I‬‬
‫ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﲝﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪5 WL4‬‬ ‫‪5 WL4‬‬
‫= ‪∆max‬‬ ‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪384EI‬‬ ‫‪384∆I‬‬
‫‪٨٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ )ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ( ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻗـﺼﻰ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (∆max‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﻱ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﺰ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻫﻰ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘـﻬﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﲤﺜﻠـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪
! -٤‬ء "‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻺ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﲝﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻬـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳓﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ %٢٥‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ ‪ %١٠‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٩-٤‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩-٤‬‬
‫‪٨٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺯﻫﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@ôŠàØÛa@õbä−üa@óÏ@òÐÜn‚½a@pbäîÈÜÛ@ŠØÛa@ÝØ‘@HYMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪@ @@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@óärÛa@‰bjn@RMS@MT‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺜﲎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪
-1‬‬
‫ﲡﻬﺰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻓﺘﺠﻬﺰ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@„bîþa@ëc@æbjšÔÛa@pbäîÇ@J‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (D‬ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟـﺜﲎ )‪ (R‬ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪R=D‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ≥ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪R =1.5 D‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ≤ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪@ @@aìÛþa@pbäîÇ@J‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻞ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ )‪ (t‬ﳏﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ )‪.(D‬‬
‫‪R=t‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ≥ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪R =1.5 t‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ≤ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪@ @òÔîÓŠÛa@aìÛþa@pbäîÇ@J‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻟـﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺜﲏ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Úýþa@pbäîÇ@J‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻸﺳﻼﻙ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﹰﺎ ﰱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﰒ ﺛﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺎ ‪٩٠‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﰒ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ ‪ ١٨٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﺜﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﱴ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻛﺴﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪
& '&
() -2‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺜﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٠-٤‬‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪‰bjnüa@òäîÇ‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R=1 : 1.5 D‬‬
‫‪ñŒî×‰‬‬ ‫‪ñŒî×‰‬‬
‫‪4:5D‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@òßbÈÛa@‰bjnüa@òäî×b¶@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@óärÛa@‰bjna@õaŠug@HQPMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪
& '

! -3‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻘﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﲡﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪.(١١-٤‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫@@‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@óärÛa@‰bjna@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@…aì½a@‰bîèãa@HQQMTI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٩١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@æ…bÈàÜÛ@ôŠc@q@pa‰bjna@SMS@MT‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ )‪(Hot bend test‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺘﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٨٨٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﰒ ﺛﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺨﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﺪﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﺔ )‪(Quenck bend test‬‬

‫ﻭﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺗﺴﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﰒ ﺛﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﲎ ﺣﺮ )‪(Nick bend test‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻴﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳـﺘﻢ ﺣـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﺄﺯﻣﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺰ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺄﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫‪ 1-5‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ )‪ (Riveted Jointed‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻣـﺔ )‪ (Welded Joints‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲢﺖ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲢـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@Š;;;‘bjß@—Ó@@ @MQ‬‬
‫‪@ @@õbä−üa@—Ó@@ @MR‬‬
‫‪@ @@õaì;nÛüa@—Ó@@ @MS‬‬
‫‪ ! 2-5‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﻘﻮﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳑﺎﺳـﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﰱ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٥‬‬
‫‪٩٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪A= ab‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪Q = P/A = P/ab‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‘‪@ @—Ûbä@—ÔÛaë@Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@@HQMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻﺑـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻗﺺ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١-٥‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﱪﴰﺔ ‪ Š@ ‘bj½a@—ÔÛbi‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻗﺺ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺻﻐﲑ‬
‫)‪ ،(Q.e‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪D2/4‬‬
‫— ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ) ‪ ( S‬ﻟﻜﻰ ﻧﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ‪@ Ûb;ä@—ÔÛa‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (١-٥‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪a.b‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ Š‘bj½a@—ÔÜÛë‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻗﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@…ŠÐ½a@—ÔÛa@@QMRMU‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢-٥‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ ﻣﻘـﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪q= A‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Q = P/A = P / ab‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@…ŠÐ½a@—ÔÛa@püby@HRMU@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @@xë…Œ½a@—ÔÛa@RMRMU‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﲟﻘﻄﻌﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٣-٥‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪= 2A‬‬
‫‪2A‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪P/2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪A= 2ab‬‬
‫‪P/2‬‬ ‫‪@ @P‬‬ ‫‪Q = P/A = P / 2ab‬‬
‫‪Q=P/2A‬‬ ‫@@‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪P/2‬‬ ‫‪P/2‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @xë…Œ½a@—ÔÛa@püby@HSMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﺷﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٥‬ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻗﺺ )‪ ،(Q‬ﰒ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻣـﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺷـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ )‪ (Qd‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٣-٥‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qd = 2 Q‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪Qd‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪2A‬‬
‫‪@ @@kÓbrÛa@—ÔÛa@SMRMU‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﻜﻰ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٥‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ÁÌ™@…bèug‬ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪σ= A‬‬ ‫‪πD2/4‬‬
‫— ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﶈﻴﻂ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ )ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺜﻘﻮﺏ( ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫‪@ Ó@…bèug‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻗﺐ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Side Area‬‬ ‫‪π.D.t‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@ @‪d‬‬
‫‪πdt‬‬
‫‪q = p/2π‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @kÓbrÛa@—ÔÛa@òÛby@HTMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٩٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@pa‰bjna@TMRMU‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﻟﻠﻤـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻛﻤﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺑﺮﺷﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻔﻪ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ) ‪ (٠,٨‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ )‪ (١,٣٠‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺗـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺛﺎﻗﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٥‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Smooth@@Üßc‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫’‪Rough@@å‬‬
‫‘‪—ÔÛa@óÏ@ŠØÛa@ÉĐÔß@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Double Shear xë…Œß@—Ó‬‬ ‫‪Single Shear …ŠÐß@—Ó‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @Š‘bj½a@—ÔÛa@pa‰bjna@HUMU@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺏ ﺑﺈﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺇﻧﺰﻟﻘﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌـﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﺲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺸﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٥‬‬
‫‪$% & 3-5‬ء‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲪﻠﺖ ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﲪﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ (M‬ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ )‪ (Q‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٦-٥‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫'‪m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫'‪m‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫'‪Q‬‬
‫‪SFD‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫@ @ '‪M‬‬
‫‪BM‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÜàa@ñŠàØÛa@Þì@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@âëŒÇë@—ÔÛa@ñìÓ@Éí‹ìm@HVMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٩٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺘﲔ ) ‪ (m' – m') ، (m – m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﲔ )‪ ، (dx‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (ss‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪.(٧-٥‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òÜàa@ñŠàØÛa@åß@õŒu@óÜÇ@ñŠqû½a@ôìÔÛa@HWMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) ‪M = (m – m‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) '‪M + dM = M' = (m' – m‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ) ‪F = (m – s‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪F + dF = F' = (m' – s‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ = ‪I‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ …bèug‬ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) ‪σ = (m – m‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ …bèug‬ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ) '‪σ + dσ = (m' – m‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (y‬ﻣﻦ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ = ‪da‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ) ‪ (m – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(σ‬‬
‫‪M.y‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪ (m – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(F‬‬
‫‪M.y‬‬
‫= ‪F = σ . da‬‬ ‫‪. da‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (m' – s‬ﻫﻮ )‪(σ + ∆ σ‬‬

‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬
‫=‪σ+∆σ‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (m' – s‬ﻫﻲ ) ‪(F + dF‬‬
‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬

‫= ‪F + dF‬‬ ‫‪. da‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ )‪ (M + dM‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ )‪ ، (M‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ )‪ (F + dF‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ )‪،(F‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (ss‬ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ ، (F + dF‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )‪ (F‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻗﺺ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )`‪ (ss‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(dx‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪: (٢) ،(١‬‬
‫)‪dF = ( F + dF) – (F‬‬
‫‪(M + dM) . y‬‬ ‫‪M.y‬‬
‫= ‪dF‬‬ ‫‪. da -‬‬ ‫‪.da‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫‪dM . y‬‬
‫= ‪dF‬‬ ‫‪.da‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ )`‪ (s – s‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪dF‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪dx .b‬‬
‫‪dF = q. b. dx‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ = (٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(٤‬‬

‫‪dM . y . da = q. b. dx‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪dM . y. da‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪I. b. dx‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dM‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪. ( da.y‬‬
‫‪I.b‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪dM‬‬
‫‪=Q‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪da. y = S‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪Q.S‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪I. b‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻷﻯ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ =‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ =‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ =‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ =‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ =‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (b) ، (S‬ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (I) ، (Q‬ﻓﻬﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﱴ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ )‪ (Qy‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ )‪ (Qx‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Qy. S@xx‬‬ ‫‪Qx. S@yy‬‬

‫= ‪* qx‬‬ ‫= ‪* qy‬‬
‫‪Ix. b//xx‬‬ ‫‪Iy. b//yy‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺿﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٨-٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ )‪ (q‬ﻟـﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (q‬ﺃﻯ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @õbä−üa@—Ó@åß@òîÈÜ™@pa…b;;èug@HXMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @ÉiŠß@ëc@ÝîĐnß@ÊbĐÓ MQ‬‬

‫@@‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪d/2-y‬‬ ‫‪qst‬‬
‫‪d/2 t‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪qmax = 1.5 Q/A‬‬
‫‪A=bd‬‬
‫‪Qy‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@@ñŠàØÛ@ÝîĐnß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@—Ó@…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HYMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ )‪ (st‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ )‪:(Qy‬‬
‫‪Qy. S@xx‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪Ix. b//xx‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪bd2‬‬ ‫‪4y2‬‬
‫( =‪S‬‬ ‫‪– y). b. [ y +‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫= ] )‪- y‬‬ ‫‪( 1-‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪b.d3‬‬
‫= ‪IX‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪4y2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪4y2‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪(1 -‬‬ ‫= )‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪. (1-‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪b.d‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ )‪ (A‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜـﻞ ﻗﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻹﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (S‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٩-٥‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫= ‪qmax‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫@@‬
‫‪@ @@ÝØ’Ûa@ðŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@MR‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪qst‬‬

‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫)‪Qmax= 4/3 (Q/A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‘‪@ @@Ší†nß@ÉĐÔß@óÜÇ@—ÔÛa@…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQPMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺟﺰﺀ ‪ st‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪ Q‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪:(١٠-٥‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪y2‬‬

‫(=‪q‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪) . (1-‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪π R2‬‬ ‫‪R2‬‬
‫ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪qmax‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪= 3 .‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪π‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫@@‬
‫‪١٠٣‬‬
אصא
אدوאא‬
@@
@ @I@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@MS
@@
q 2-2
b
q 1-1 q -2-2-
tf 1 1
2 -2 -2 2
q 3-3 = q max
d 3 3
t2
tf
@@
@ @I@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@—Ó@pa…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQQMUI@ÝØ‘
:‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬
Qy. S@xx
q=
Ix. b//xx
q1-1 = 0.0
Q
q2-2 = ( tf . b. d - tf )
Ix . b 2
Q d-tf b
q2'-2' = (tf.b. ) = q2-2 . q2'-2' > q2-2
Ix.t2 2 t2
Q d-tf d d
q3-3 = [t1.b. +( - tf). t2. ( -tf)/2]
Ix.t2 2 2 2
Q d d
q3-3 = qmax = q2'-2' + [( - t1).t2. ( - t1)/2]
Ix.t2 2 2
(١١-٥) ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
١٠٤
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @T@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@MT‬‬
‫‘‪@ @T@ÒŠy@ÝØ‘@óÜÇ@ÊbĐÓ@óÜÇ@õbä−üa@óÏ@—ÔÛa@pa…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQRMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Qy. S@xx‬‬
‫=‪q‬‬
‫‪Ix. b//xx‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪ 5 ، 4 ، 3 ، 2 ، 1‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪q1 = 0.0‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫= ‪q2‬‬ ‫) ‪. (b. t1.y1‬‬
‫‪Ix . b‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫= ‪q3‬‬ ‫) ‪. (b. t1.y1‬‬ ‫‪= q2.‬‬ ‫‪q3 > q2‬‬
‫‪Ix.t2‬‬ ‫‪t2‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪y1‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪y12.t2‬‬

‫= ‪q4‬‬ ‫‪[ b. t1.y1 + y1.t2.‬‬ ‫‪] = q3 +‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪) = qmax‬‬
‫‪Ix.t2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Ix.t2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪q5 = 0.0‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٢-٥‬‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @õbä−üa@—Ó@‰bjng‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﺈﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻘـﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨـﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫـﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻐﺮ ﲝﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﺮﺓ ﻧـﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٣-٥‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪òãbŠ‬‬ ‫’‪k‬‬
‫‘†@‪ðŠĐÓ‬‬ ‫‪—Ó‬‬
‫‘‪@õbä−üa@—Ó@pa…bèug@åß@òÐ–ÔÛa@paŠàØÛa@óÏ@ŠØÛa@HQSMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪ & 4-5‬ء‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﻃـﻮﱄ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﲔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺭﺃﺳﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻓﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ‪ .Š@ ;Ła@ÉĐÔ½a@óÜÇ@ê‰ìª@Þìy@´ÈĐÔ½a@†yc@æa‰ë†i@ÖüŒãg‬ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪ (T‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻄـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﰱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ… ﺇﱁ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪ (T‬ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﺑﻮﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻣﻰ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﲔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )‪ (T1‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ )‪ (T2‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪.T2 < T1‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼﺔ )‪(T‬‬
‫‪T = T1 – T2‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺰﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﲔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﺍﺭ )‪ (Q‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌـﺪ‬

‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (e‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ﰱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ )‪.(T‬‬
‫‪T = Q.e‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻻﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )‪ (Q‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ (e‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪.(T‬‬
‫‪T = Q.e‬‬
‫‪@ @òÐÜn‚½a@pbÇbĐÔÛa@pa‡@pbäîÈÜÛ@õaìnÛüa@—Ó@@QMTMU‬‬
‫@@ @‬
‫‪@ @oà–ß@ôŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@MQ‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻰﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﱏ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺰﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‘‪@ @@Ší†n½a@ÉĐÔ½a@óÜÇ@õaìnÛ⁄a@—Ó@pa…bèug@Éí‹ìm@HQTMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪ (T‬ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻜﻰ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻜﻰ ﳛﺪﺙ ﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (ab‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻂ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻛﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻂ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ )`‪ (ab‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌـﺴﺒﺐ ﱃ ﺑﺎﻟﻘـﻀﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﳏﺪﺛﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ )‪ (Φ‬ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄـﺮ )‪(ob‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ )`‪ (ob‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻫﻰ )‪ (θ‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪٠(١٤-٥‬‬
‫ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ = ‪L‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺐ = ‪R‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ = ‪r‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ = ‪T‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ = ‪Φ‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﻥ ) ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ( = ‪θ‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﺎﺀﺓ )ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ( = ‪G‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ )‪ ) (R‬ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ( = ‪qR‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ )‪ ) (r‬ﺃﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ( = ‪qr‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﱮ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ = ‪Ip‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫إد ا
‬
‫ا‪#‬ل ا
=‬
‫ او ا
) اءة(‬
‫@@‬
‫‪١٠٨‬‬
אصא
אدوאא‬
@ @@Òì©@ôŠöa…@ÊbĐÓ@MR
٠‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﳎﻮﻑ‬١٥-٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
@@
@ @ D1
D2
@@
@@
@ @Òì©@Ší†nß@ÉĐÔ½@ó–Óþa@õaìnÛ⁄a@—Ó@…bèug@HQUMUI@ÝØ‘
‫( ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬qmax) ‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬١-٥) ‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
:‫( ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬θ) ‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬
@ @òíŠöa†Ûa@Ëë@òíŠöa†Ûa@pbÇbĐÔÜÛ@õaìnÛüa@òíëa‹ë@ó–Óþa@õaìnÛüa@—Ó@…bèug@HQMUI@Þë†u
qmax 0&1 ‫ ء‬2 & 345 θ ‫ ء‬-. / ()* +,
16.T 32 T.L @ @@ôŠöa…
qmax = 3 θ= . D
πD πD 4
G
16.D1.T 32 @ @@Òì©@ôŠöa…
qmax = 4 4 θ= . T.L D2 D1
π(D1 – D2 ) 4 4
π (D1 – D2 ) G @@
16.T 16(D12 + D22) T.L @ @—Óbã@ÉĐÓ

qmax = 3 θ= . D2
π D1 . D23 π D1 . 3
D23 G
D1
4.8 .T 7.11 T.L @ @@ÉiŠß
qmax = 3 θ= 4 . D
D D G
D
1.8D T 40 T.L @ @@ÝîĐnß

qmax = ( 3+ 3 ). 2 θ= 2 4 . D
D B.D B D G @ @B>D
B
@ @B < 6D
20T 40 T.L @ @Êý™þa@ôëbnß@sÜrß
qmax = D 3 θ= D . 4
G
D
١٠٩
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@õaìnÛüa@—Ó@‰bjna@RMTMU‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﺘـﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺺ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻷﻥ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﳓﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹸﺎ ﻟﻸﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻯ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﰱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺘﲔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲡﺎﻭﻳﻒ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(١٦-٥‬‬
‫‘‪@ @õaìnÛ⁄a@‰bjna@òäîÇ@HQVMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٧-٥‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻜﲔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫـﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜـﲔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻚ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﺜﻘﻞ ﺑﻨﺪﻭﱃ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻯ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @@õaìnÛ⁄a@‰bjna@òäî×bß@HQWMUI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰒ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺇﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ )‪ (T‬ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺣﱴ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻟﺘﻜﻦ )‪.(θ‬‬
‫‪@ @õaìnÛ⁄a@óÏ@ñn‚½a@pbäîÈÛa@óÏ@ŠØÛa@ÝØ‘@@SMTMU‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪-٥‬‬
‫‪ ،(١٨‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﱏ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﲤﺎﺱ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ‪٤٥‬ﻩ ﻣﻊ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٩-٥‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟـﻀﻠﻌﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻯ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪١١١‬‬
אصא
אدوאא‬
Mt
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@ @õaìnÛ⁄a@‰bjna@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈ½a@‰bîèãg@HQXMUI@ÝØ‘
Mt
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@@
@ @õaìnÛ⁄a@‰bjna@óÏ@òÐ–ÔÛa@æ…bÈ½a@‰bîèãg@HQYMUI@ÝØ‘
١١٢
‫
אصא
‫ ‬
‫ ء ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺮﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺪﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﻣﺰﺩﺣﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Space lattice pa‰ˆÜÛ@ïËaŠÐÛa@ï†äa@kîmÛa‬‬
‫…‪Close packing õbäjÛa@pa†yë@í@l‰bÔnÛa@òu‰‬‬
‫‪Chemical bond pa‰ˆÛa@í@òîöbîàîØÛa@ÁiaëŠÛa‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑـﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺠﻨﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪Allotropic‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺂﺻـﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻛﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1-6‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﻭﳍﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪( ١-١‬‬
‫ﳐﻄﻄﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﺿﻼﻉ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ‬
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‫
אصא
‫ﻧﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﻮﻯ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺸﲑﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺢ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺒﻴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺳﺒﻊ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ، .‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @êìuìÛa@kÈØß@âbÄã@MQ‬‬
‫@‪@ @êìuìÛa@ïÇbi‰@âbÄã@@MR‬‬
‫‪@ @êìuìÛa@ïa† âbÄã@MS‬‬
‫‪@ @ÝØ’Ûa@ŞîÈ½a@âbÄäÛa@@MT‬‬
‫‪@ @áöbÔÛa@ŞîÈ½a@âbÄäÛa@MU‬‬
‫@‪@ @Ýî½a ð…byc@âbÄã@@MV‬‬
‫@‪@ @NÝî½a@ïqýq@âbÄã@MW‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @òqýrÛa@‰ëba@óÜÇ@âbÈÛa@bèÜØ‘@óÏ@òîÜä@ñ†yë@HQMVI@ÝØ‬‬
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אصא
‫‪ ê@ ì;uìÛa@kÈØ½a@âbÄäÛa@QMQMV‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌـﺪ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺐ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺫﻭ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﲑﺍﻳﺖ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @HoíajÛaI@ñìuìÛa@kÈØ½a@âbÄäÛa@HRMVI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪ ê@ ì;uìÛa@ïÇb;iŠÛa@âbÄäÛa@@RMQMV‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻃـﻮﻻ‬

‫ﳏﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺷﻮﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﺒﻠـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺟـﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @HÝíbmëŠÛaI@êìuìÛa@ïÇbiŠÛa@âbÄäÛa@H@SMV@I@ÝØ‬‬
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‫
אصא
‫‪ ê@ ì;uìÛa@ïa†;Ûa@âbÄäÛa@@SMQMV‬ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﰲ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﻞ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .°١٢٠‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﻃﻮﺍ ﹰﻻ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺷﻮﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺑﺎﺗﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺮﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺍﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @HoîmbiaI@êìuìÛa@ïa†Ûa@âbÄäÛa@H@TMV@I@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪ ÝØ’Ûa@ŞîÈ½a@âbÄäÛa@@TMQMV‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣ‪‬ﺨﺘﺼ‪‬ﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﲔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﳘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺳﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺃﺿـﻼﻉ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺘﻤـﻲ ﺑﻠـﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺴﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @HëŠ½aI@ÝØ’Ûa@îÈ½a@âbÄäÛa@H@UMV@I@ÝØ‬‬
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אصא
‫‪ á@ öb;ÔÛa@ŞîÈ½a@âbÄäÛa@@UMQMV‬ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻃـﻮﺍﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﰲ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﺑـﺴﻂ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﺎﺯ )ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻗﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ( ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @Hoí‰bjÛaI@áöbÔÛa@óäîÈ½a@âbÄäÛa@H@VMV@I@ÝØ‬‬
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‫‪ Ý@ ;î½a@Čð…byþa@âbÄäÛa@VMQMV‬ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻭﳝﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺎ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻬﲔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻓﻤﺎﺋﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﻤـﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @Hj¦aI@Ýî½a@Čð…byþa@âbÄäÛa@H@WMV@I@ÝØ‬‬
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אصא
‫‪ Ý@ ;î½a@ïqýrÛa@âbÄäÛa@WMQMV‬ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﰲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‘‪@ @H‰bjÜÐÛaI@Ýî½a@ïqýrÛa@âbÄäÛa@H@XMV@I@ÝØ‬‬
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אصא
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‫‪ 1-7‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺣـﺴﺐ ﺗـﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @lb’þa -‬‬
‫‪@ @|îÜnÛa@†í†y -‬‬
‫‪@ @@paŠàîÛìjÛa -‬‬
‫‪@ @ÒbîÛþa -‬‬
‫‪@ @NÒbîÛþbi@êaìÔ½a@òíŠàîÛìjÛa@…aì½a@ -‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-7‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧـﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ¾‪ émaŒî‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﻩ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﲡﻤﻴﻌﻪ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻰ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ‪ lìîÈÛa@œÈi‬ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﺳﻪ ﻭﲢﻠﻠﻪ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @lb’þa@pbãìØß@QMRMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺑﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪ ،%٦٠‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﲔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ،%٢٨‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ ‪.%١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛـﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺈﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﲰـﻚ ﺟـﺬﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﰱ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﲰﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Zlb’þa@Éîä–m@ÝyaŠß@RMRMW‬‬
‫ﲤﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﻨﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﺮ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻭﻗﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﺣﺘﺠﻨﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰱ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﲝﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻐـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪: (2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳋـﺸﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﰱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺹ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﰱ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨـﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ %٢٠‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٩٠‬ﻳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﰱ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺹ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲡﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪ %٦‬ﰱ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٢‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﻩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺁﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ! "#! -3‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﲣﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻛﻤـﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻣﺄﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﻭﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺘﺎﻩ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـﺼﻤﻐﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺳﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺑﻐﻤﺮ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺒﻌﻪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﲔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻃﻼﺀ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺭﺵ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﻸ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺵ ﺭﺫﺍﺫﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺣﱴ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @lb’þa@Êaìãc@SMRMW‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠـﻒ ﺩﺭﺟـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨـﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻤﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﻭ ﳚﻬﺰ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋـﺸﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻭﲡﻬﻴﺰﻩ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺗﻘـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ‬
‫‪١٢١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﱯ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ ) ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﺡ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧـﺸﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Spruee‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Pines‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻜﻰ )ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻯ(‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Pitch Pines‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﻯ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Beech‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Oak‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻫﻮﺟﻴﲎ ‪Mahogany‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Ash‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻁ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Walnut‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﻮﺯ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Ebony‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻮﺱ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Cedar‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Cypress‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﻳﺎ ‪Guarea‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Meranti‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﲑﺍﻧﱴ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Makore‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Sapale‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻴﻠﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Utile‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﻴﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺒﻮ(‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Idigdo‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻻﺩﳚﻮ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Okoume‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻻﻛﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Teak‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Candollei‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻴﺒﻮ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Tessmani‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺛﺠﺒﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﻣﻮﺭ ‪Sycamore‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪١٢٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣـﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺑﻄـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳊﺒـﻴﱯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺋﻘﻰ )ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ( ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫
)‪.(Fibre Hard Board‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﳉﻨﻮﺳﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺹ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴـﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﴰﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪.( Particle Bozrd) !"#‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﳉﻨﻮﺳﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣـﺬﺍﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﴰﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻓﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻭﺇﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(Plywood‬‬ ‫* ('&‪(*+, ) $%‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺮﺍﺀ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺟﻬـﱴ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺣﺸﻮ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺩﻳﻜﻮﺭ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺮ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺼﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺫﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺫﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﳐﻠﻂ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﺧﺸﻦ‬
‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﳑﺸﻂ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﻐﻠﻒ‬ ‫* ﺃﺑﻠﻜﺎﺝ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬
‫‪١٢٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫* ('‪:" .‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻂ ﳉﺬﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺈﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺘﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻫﻮﺟﲎ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻴﻠﻰ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻣﺜﺠﺎ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﻴﺒﻮ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻁ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻭ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺯ‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫* ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﻣﻮﺭ‬
‫‪@ @Properties of Timber @lb’þa@ãì@TMRMW‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ :(Density‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺃﺧﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٩ – ٠,٣‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ )‪ :(Moisture‬ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫) ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ(‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻟﻪ ﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑـﺄﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳚﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ )‪ :(Strength‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻫـﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻟﻸﺧـﺸﺎﺏ ﰱ ﺍﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎﺑﲔ ‪ ٢٠٠٠ – ٧٠٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ ،٢‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋـﺸﺐ‬
‫‪١٢٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻜـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ )‪ :(Heat Insulation‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺗﺒﻄﲔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺨـﺸﺐ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪ ٠,٩٦‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ )‪ :(Electrical Insulation‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺍﻟﻌـﻮﺍﺯﻝ ﺍﳉﻴـﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻪ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Methods Of Testing Timber@lb’þa@‰bîna@ÖŠ@UMRMW‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻵﺗﻰ ﺑﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫• ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫• ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫• ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫• ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻻﳓﻨﺎﺀ ) ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ(‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻖ‬
‫ﻭﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٢٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫• ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﲡﻬﺰ ﻭﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺑﺴﻤﻚ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪٢٥‬ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ )ﻭ( ﻭﲡﻔﻒ ﰱ ﻓﺮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥٠ – ١٠٠‬ﻡﻩ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺜﺒـﺖ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ )ﻭ‪.(١‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭ – ﻭ‪١‬‬
‫‪١٠٠ X‬‬ ‫ﻡ=‬
‫ﻭ‪١‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ :‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ :١‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﳊﻤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺗﻌﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﺍﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻯ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫* ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ٦ × ٢ × ٢‬ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪٢٠ × ٥ × ٥‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٠,٣ +‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫* ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﻮﺣﻰ ﻓﻜﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪ ٠,٠٦٣٥‬ﺳﻢ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﺻﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٧٥‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ =‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻢ ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ =‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ =‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ =‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﺻـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﺻﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪٠,٢٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺡ‬
‫ﻡ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ =‬
‫ﺡ‪١‬‬
‫ﻡ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪٠,٢٥‬ﺳﻢ =‬
‫ﺡ‪٢‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ =‬
‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ :‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ :١‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪٠,٢٥‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ :٢‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪1+23( 45 3-7‬‬
‫‪@ @òß†Ôß@QMSMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﱃ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﻜﻤـﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﲝﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﲟﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٨٥٤‬ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻞ ﺑﻼﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﻭﻳﻠﻜﻨﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٦٥‬ﰎ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺒﲎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﱪﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰱ ﻗﺎﻉ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨـﺬ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ ﰱ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ‪٢٤ / ٣٧‬‬
‫)ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ‪٣٧‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻪ ‪٢٤‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ .٢‬ﰒ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﰒ ﻋﻤﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﰱ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﻓﺄﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﺍﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ‪٤٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،٥٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺫﻩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗـﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﳏﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﰱ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺳﻴﺒﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟـﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﻼﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﳏﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﲝﻠﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺛـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٥٢‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @(Types of Steel Bars Cross-Section)@|îÜnÛa@†í†y@pbÇbĐÓ@ÞbØ‘c@RMSMW‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @(Plain Bars)@ÉĐÔ½a@ñŠí†nß@õbÜß@„bîc@Mc‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﻒ ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ‪٥‬ﻣﻢ ﺇﱃ ‪١٣‬ﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺻـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪١٢‬ﻡ ﻃﻮﱃ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪١٣‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ‬
‫‪٥٠‬ﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﰱ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@ÉĐÔ½a@òÈiŠß@õbÜß@„bîc@Ml‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ôëbšîi@ëc@Ší†nß@ÉĐÔß@ë‡@kÜ–Ûa@åß@õbÜß@Úýc@M;u‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪١٠‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Deformed Bars) paûnã@pa‡@„bîc@Mõ‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥٠ ، ٨‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪١٢‬ﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰱ ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Mesh) òØj‘@M;ç‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻟﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳـﻘﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Rolled Steel Section) òäÐÛ†½a@kÜ–Ûa@pbÇbĐÓ@Më‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ I‬ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ [ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ )‪ (Composite Section‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﻚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@(Types of Steel Bars)@|îÜnÛa@†í†y@Êaìãc@SMSMW‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ordinary Mild Steel ô…bÈÛa@ôŠĐÛa@kÜ–Ûa@Mc‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻋـﻦ ‪ ،%٠,٢‬ﻭﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ،%٠,١٣‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣٥‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣـﻢ‪ ، ٢‬ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘـﻬﺎ ﻟﻠـﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻌـﺪ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻳـﻮﻡ ﻋـﻦ ‪١٧٥‬‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪.٢‬‬
‫‪(High Tensile Steel) òßëbÔ½a@µbÈÛa@kÜ–Ûa@Ml‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٠,٣‬ﻭﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٠,٠٥‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٠,٠٥‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺻﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ )‪ : (٥٢‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﻓﻴـﻪ ‪، %٠,٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٥٢‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.٢‬‬
‫• ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﰿ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ )‪ : (Cold Worked Steel‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﺻـﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﻰ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪٥٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪٢٠٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ ٢‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳـﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓىﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@(Manufacturing of Steel Bars)@|îÜnÛa@†í†y@òÇbä•@TMSMW‬‬

‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@ôŠĐÛa@kÜ–Ûa@@Ma‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﲤﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻫﻰ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱃ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳏﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺴﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑـﺄﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺳـﻴﻤﱰ‬
‫)ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻗﻄـﺎﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ‪١٢‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﲝﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺣـﻮﺍﱃ ‪١٦‬‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳛﻴﻮﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﺿـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰒ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺻﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟـﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻤـﺪ ﰒ ﻳـﺼﲑ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻟﻔﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳊﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷـﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@@òßëbÔ½a@µbÇ@k–Ûa@@Ml‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲰﻴﱰ "ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣـﺔ" ﺃﻭﺍﻷﻓـﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﶈـﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓـﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺠﻨﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻟﻔﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑـﺮﻗﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ )‪ (٥٢/٣٦‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ) ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.(٢‬‬
‫‪…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@bÈ½a@kÜ–Ûa@M;u‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺿـﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﺃﻓـﻀﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
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אصא
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٨‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪…bèu⁄a@òÔib@òãbŠ‚ÜÛ@òîÛbÈÛa@òßëbÔ½a@pa‡@Úýþa@Mõ‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳏﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻙ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﻤﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ )ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.(٢‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺻﻠﺐ )‪ (١٦٠-١٣٠‬ﺗﻌﲎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ ١٣٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪ ٢‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠـﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ ١٦٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪.٢‬‬
‫‪@ @@|îÜnÛa@†í†y@âb§@UMSMW‬‬
‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫@‪@ @‹bÌÛbi@âbzÜÛa@J‬‬ ‫@@‬ ‫@@‬ ‫@‪@@ @@óiŠèØÛa@âbzÜÛa@J‬‬ ‫@‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻠﺤﺎﻣﻪ ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳊﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻞ "ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ"‪.‬‬
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אصא
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אصא
‫‪@ @@|îÜnÛa@†í†y@åíŒ¥@VMSMW‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﰱ ﺭﺻﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﳎﺎﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻥ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺹ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺬ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬
‫* ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻯ ﺷﺤﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫* ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺭﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻭﺗﱰﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @NòzÜ½a@òãbŠä@ÞbàÇc@óÏ@|îÜnÛa@„bîc@kÜ•@âa†‚na@òîyý•@pba‘a@WMSMW‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲜﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺑـﺴﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ )ﲰﱰ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ( ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺫﻭ ﻧﺘﺆﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺇﺷـﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ﺎ ﰱ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺯﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪ ١-٧-٣-٧‬ا‪ %‬ا‪$‬ت "! أخ ا ا ا ا

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‫أ‪ -‬ا آ وا

)اص ا'&‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪(١-٧‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺗﺐ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻟﻔﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @|îÜnÛa@kÜ–Û@òîöbîàîØÛa@ãìäë@kî×ÜÛ@pbÐ•aì½a@…ë†yHQMWI@Þë†u‬‬
‫‪@ @pbÐ•aì½a@…ë†y‬‬ ‫‪@ @òî•bä‬‬

‫‪@ @òÐÜn‚½a@†í†§a@kmŠÛ@Hó–Óc@†yI@òíì÷½a@òjäÛa‬‬
‫•‪@ë‡@òßëbÔ½a@µbÇ@kÜ‬‬ ‫‪@ @Š–äÈÛa‬‬
‫•‪@ @Üßc@ô…bÇ@ôŠ@kÜ‬‬
‫‪@ @paûnã‬‬
‫‪٥٢/٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٥/٢٤‬‬ ‫‪@kÜ–ÜÛ@óöbîàîØÛa@kî×Ûa‬‬
‫‪٦٠/٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٥/٢٨‬‬ ‫‪@ @Hòj–Ûa@I@ÝöbÛa‬‬
‫‪٠,٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٢٥‬‬ ‫×‪@ @æìiŠ‬‬
‫‪٠,٠٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥٥‬‬ ‫×‪@ @oí‬‬
‫‪٠,٠٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٥٥‬‬ ‫‪@ @‰ìÐìÏ‬‬
‫‪٠,٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٠,٣٠‬‬ ‫×‪@ @æìiŠ‬‬
‫‪@wnäàÜÛ@óöbîàîØÛa@kî×Ûa‬‬
‫‪٠,٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٦٠‬‬ ‫×‪@ @oí‬‬
‫‪@ @H„bîþaI@óöbèäÛa‬‬
‫‪٠,٠٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٠,٠٦٠‬‬ ‫‪@ @‰ìÐìÏ‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ا
)اص ا'' ‪-:.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٢-٧‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺇﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻷﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺗﺰﻥ ‪ ١٠‬ﻃﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗـﻞ ﻭﰱ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﰱ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @|îÜnÛa@kÜ–Û@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@óärÛaë@óØîmbnüa@†’ÜÛ@òîØîãbØî½a@ãì‚ÜÛ@óã…þa@†§a@HRMWI@Þë†u‬‬
‫‪@ @pbÐ•ì½a@…ë†y‬‬ ‫‪@ @òî•bä‬‬

‫ﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﲎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ )‪( ١٨٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‬ ‫‪@ãìä‬‬
‫)ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ (‬ ‫) ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪@ @òîØîãbØî½a‬‬
‫ﻝ = ‪ ١٠‬ﻕ‬ ‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪) ٢‬ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ(‬
‫‪٢‬ﻕ‬ ‫> ‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٥/٢٤‬‬
‫‪٣‬ﻕ‬ ‫< ‪٢٥‬‬ ‫•‪@ôŠ@kÜ‬‬
‫‪٢‬ﻕ‬ ‫> ‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٤٥/٢٨ @ @Üßc@ô…bÇ‬‬
‫‪٣‬ﻕ‬ ‫< ‪٢٥‬‬
‫‪٤‬ﻕ‬ ‫> ‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٢/٣٦‬‬
‫‪٥‬ﻕ‬ ‫<‪٣٦>٢٠‬‬
‫‪--‬‬ ‫< ‪٣٦‬‬ ‫•‪@µbÇ@kÜ‬‬
‫‪٤‬ﻕ‬ ‫> ‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٦٠/٤٠‬‬ ‫‪@ë‡@òßëbÔ½a‬‬
‫‪٥‬ﻕ‬ ‫<‪٢٥>٢٠‬‬ ‫‪@ @paûnã‬‬
‫‪٦‬ﻕ‬ ‫<‪٣٦>٢٥‬‬
‫‪--‬‬ ‫< ‪٣٦‬‬
‫ﻕ = ﻗﻄﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ )ﻣﻢ(‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻝ = ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﻣﻢ(‬

‫‪0‬ـ‪ -‬أ‪23‬د ا‪6‬ات ا‪ 2‬ا‪5‬و‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٣-٧‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺆﺍﺕ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @paûnäÛa@…bÈiþ@pbÐ•ì½a@Þë†u@HSMWI@Þë†u‬‬
‫‪@ @pbÐ•aì½a@Þë†u‬‬ ‫‪@ @òî•bä‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ @ @paûnäÛa@pba‘a‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻯ ﻧﺘﺆ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺮﺿﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %٧٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻻﲰـﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ )ﻉ( ﻋﻦ ‪ %٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻻﲰﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﲰﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪١٦‬ﻣﻢ ﺃﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻻﲰﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٦‬ﻣﻢ ﻓﲑﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆ )ﻉ( ﻋـﻦ ‪ %٦‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪@ @paûnäÛa@pba‘a‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻻﲰﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺆﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %٢٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈـﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﲰـﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ ﰱ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫د‪ -‬ا;وزان و‪ 4‬ا‪85‬ع‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱃ )‪ (٤-٧‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @|îÜnÛa@†í†y@ÉĐÔß@òybßë@æa‹ëcë@‰bĐÓc@HTMWI@Þë†u‬‬
‫‪Φ‬‬ ‫‪Weight‬‬ ‫‪Area of Cross – section in cm2‬‬

‫‪mm‬‬ ‫‪Kg/m‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪0.154‬‬ ‫‪0.196‬‬ ‫‪0.393‬‬ ‫‪0.589‬‬ ‫‪0.785‬‬ ‫‪0.982‬‬ ‫‪1.18‬‬ ‫‪1.37‬‬ ‫‪1.57‬‬ ‫‪1.77‬‬ ‫‪1.96‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0.222‬‬ ‫‪0.283‬‬ ‫‪0.566‬‬ ‫‪0.848‬‬ ‫‪1.13‬‬ ‫‪1.41‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫‪1.98‬‬ ‫‪2.26‬‬ ‫‪2.54‬‬ ‫‪2.83‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪0.302‬‬ ‫‪0.385‬‬ ‫‪0.770‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬ ‫‪1.54‬‬ ‫‪1.93‬‬ ‫‪2.31‬‬ ‫‪2.69‬‬ ‫‪3.08‬‬ ‫‪3.46‬‬ ‫‪3.85‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪0.395‬‬ ‫‪0.503‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪1.51‬‬ ‫‪2.01‬‬ ‫‪2.51‬‬ ‫‪3.02‬‬ ‫‪3.52‬‬ ‫‪4.02‬‬ ‫‪4.52‬‬ ‫‪5.03‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪0.617‬‬ ‫‪0.785‬‬ ‫‪1.57‬‬ ‫‪2.36‬‬ ‫‪3.14‬‬ ‫‪3.93‬‬ ‫‪4.71‬‬ ‫‪5.50‬‬ ‫‪6.28‬‬ ‫‪7.07‬‬ ‫‪7.85‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.888‬‬ ‫‪1.13‬‬ ‫‪2.26‬‬ ‫‪3.39‬‬ ‫‪4.52‬‬ ‫‪5.65‬‬ ‫‪6.79‬‬ ‫‪7.92‬‬ ‫‪9.05‬‬ ‫‪1.02‬‬ ‫‪11.30‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪1.33‬‬ ‫‪2.66‬‬ ‫‪3.98‬‬ ‫‪5.31‬‬ ‫‪6.64‬‬ ‫‪7.96‬‬ ‫‪9.29‬‬ ‫‪10.6‬‬ ‫‪11.9‬‬ ‫‪13.30‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪1.21‬‬ ‫‪1.54‬‬ ‫‪3.08‬‬ ‫‪4.62‬‬ ‫‪6.16‬‬ ‫‪7.70‬‬ ‫‪4.24‬‬ ‫‪10.8‬‬ ‫‪12.3‬‬ ‫‪13.9‬‬ ‫‪15.4‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪1.58‬‬ ‫‪2.01‬‬ ‫‪4.02‬‬ ‫‪6.03‬‬ ‫‪8.04‬‬ ‫‪10.1‬‬ ‫‪12.1‬‬ ‫‪14.1‬‬ ‫‪16.1‬‬ ‫‪18.1‬‬ ‫‪20.1‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪2.00‬‬ ‫‪2.54‬‬ ‫‪5.09‬‬ ‫‪7.63‬‬ ‫‪10.2‬‬ ‫‪12.70‬‬ ‫‪15.3‬‬ ‫‪17.8‬‬ ‫‪20.4‬‬ ‫‪22.9‬‬ ‫‪25.4‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪2.23‬‬ ‫‪2.835‬‬ ‫‪5.67‬‬ ‫‪8.50‬‬ ‫‪11.30‬‬ ‫‪14.2‬‬ ‫‪17.0‬‬ ‫‪19.9‬‬ ‫‪22.7‬‬ ‫‪25.5‬‬ ‫‪28.4‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪2.47‬‬ ‫‪3.14‬‬ ‫‪6.28‬‬ ‫‪9.42‬‬ ‫‪12.6‬‬ ‫‪15.7‬‬ ‫‪18.8‬‬ ‫‪22.0‬‬ ‫‪25.1‬‬ ‫‪28.3‬‬ ‫‪31.4‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪2.98‬‬ ‫‪3.80‬‬ ‫‪7.60‬‬ ‫‪11.4‬‬ ‫‪15.2‬‬ ‫‪19.0‬‬ ‫‪22.8‬‬ ‫‪26.6‬‬ ‫‪30.4‬‬ ‫‪34.2‬‬ ‫‪38.0‬‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪3.55‬‬ ‫‪4.52‬‬ ‫‪9.04‬‬ ‫‪13.6‬‬ ‫‪18.1‬‬ ‫‪22.6‬‬ ‫‪27.0‬‬ ‫‪31.7‬‬ ‫‪36.2‬‬ ‫‪40.7‬‬ ‫‪45.2‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪3.85‬‬ ‫‪4.91‬‬ ‫‪9.82‬‬ ‫‪14.7‬‬ ‫‪19.6‬‬ ‫‪24.5‬‬ ‫‪29.5‬‬ ‫‪34.4‬‬ ‫‪39.3‬‬ ‫‪44.2‬‬ ‫‪49.1‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪4.17‬‬ ‫‪5.31‬‬ ‫‪10.6‬‬ ‫‪15.9‬‬ ‫‪21.2‬‬ ‫‪26.5‬‬ ‫‪31.9‬‬ ‫‪37.2‬‬ ‫‪42.5‬‬ ‫‪47.0‬‬ ‫‪53.1‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪4.83‬‬ ‫‪6.16‬‬ ‫‪12.3‬‬ ‫‪18.5‬‬ ‫‪24.6‬‬ ‫‪30.8‬‬ ‫‪37.0‬‬ ‫‪43.1‬‬ ‫‪49.3‬‬ ‫‪55.4‬‬ ‫‪61.6‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪5.55‬‬ ‫‪7.07‬‬ ‫‪14.1‬‬ ‫‪21.2‬‬ ‫‪28.3‬‬ ‫‪35.3‬‬ ‫‪42.4‬‬ ‫‪49.5‬‬ ‫‪56.6‬‬ ‫‪63.6‬‬ ‫‪70.7‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪6.31‬‬ ‫‪8.04‬‬ ‫‪16.1‬‬ ‫‪24.1‬‬ ‫‪32.2‬‬ ‫‪40.2‬‬ ‫‪48.3‬‬ ‫‪56.3‬‬ ‫‪64.3‬‬ ‫‪72.4‬‬ ‫‪80.4‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪7.13‬‬ ‫‪9.08‬‬ ‫‪18.20‬‬ ‫‪27.2‬‬ ‫‪36.3‬‬ ‫‪45.4‬‬ ‫‪54.5‬‬ ‫‪53.6‬‬ ‫‪72.6‬‬ ‫‪81.7‬‬ ‫‪90.8‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪7.99‬‬ ‫‪10.02‬‬ ‫‪20.4‬‬ ‫‪30.6‬‬ ‫‪40.8‬‬ ‫‪50.7‬‬ ‫‪61.2‬‬ ‫‪71.4‬‬ ‫‪81.6‬‬ ‫‪91.8‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪8.90‬‬ ‫‪11.3‬‬ ‫‪22.6‬‬ ‫‪33.9‬‬ ‫‪45.2‬‬ ‫‪56.5‬‬ ‫‪67.8‬‬ ‫‪79.1‬‬ ‫‪90.4‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬
‫‪١٣٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫هـ‪ -‬ا‪B‬وزات واوت ا)ح ‪ @ 3‬أ‪23‬د وأ‪)$‬ل ووزن > ا‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٥-٧‬ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @|îÜnÛa@†í†y@æ‹ëë@Þaìcë@…bÈic@óÏ@pa‹ëbvnÜÛ@bèi@ìà½a@…ë†§a@HUMWI@Þë†u‬‬
‫‪@ @pbÐ•ì½a@…ë†y‬‬ ‫‪@ @òî•bä‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻮﱃ ﺃﻯ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ ‪ %٨‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪@óÏ@bèi@ìà½a@pa‹ëbvnÛa‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ‪٠,٥ +‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ‪٢٥‬ﻣﻢ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪@ @ÉĐÔàÜÛ@òÐÜn‚½a@…bÈiþa‬‬
‫‪١,٠٠‬ﻣﻢ ﻟﻸﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪٢٥‬ﻣﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍﺕ ﰱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ) ‪( %‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﲰﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫)ﻣﻢ(‬ ‫‪@óÏ@bèi@ìà½a@pa‹ëbvnÛa‬‬
‫‪٨-‬‬ ‫‪٦+‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪@ @æa‹ëþa‬‬
‫‪٦-‬‬ ‫‪٤,٥٠ +‬‬ ‫‪١٠ ، ٨‬‬
‫‪٤-‬‬ ‫‪٢,٥ +‬‬ ‫‪ ١٢‬ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ‪ - ،٤٠ +‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪@óÏ@bèi@ìà½a@pa‹ëbvnÛa‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺎﺟﻮﺯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫‪@ @Þaìþa‬‬
‫‪٥‬ﻣﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٢٠‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٢-٧-٣-٧‬ا‪ DDDD%‬ا‪$‬ت "‪ !DDDD‬ا‪!DDDDG‬ك ذات ا‪5‬و‪ DDDD4‬ا‪ DDDD2‬ا‪DDDD@ 4
DDDD‬‬
‫ا
‪ 53‬ا‪H0I‬د‪-:‬‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺫﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺫﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﻠﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻋـﻦ ‪ %٠,٠٥‬ﻭﻧـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳـﻔﻮﺭ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫‪ %٠,٠٥‬ﻭﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﺴﺒﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ‪.%٠,٠٩‬‬
‫‪١٣٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻚ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱃ )‪ (٦-٧‬ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òßëbÔ½a@µbÈÛa@ÙÜÜÛ@æbàšÛa@…bèugë@ôì–ÔÛa@òßìÔ½a@HVMWI@Þë†u‬‬
‫‪ ٠,٠١‬ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ )ﻣﻢ(‬
‫)ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪(٢‬‬ ‫)ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻢ‪(٢‬‬
‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪١٣٥‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٤٠‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪١٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪١١٥‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪١٢٥‬‬ ‫‪١٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪١٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪١٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٥‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪١٤٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪Polymers 7'8(
"( 4-7‬‬
‫‪@ @@òß†Ôß@QMTMW‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻻﺗﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﲔ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻮﱃ ) ‪ (poly‬ﻭﺗﻌﲎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣـﺮ )‪ (mer‬ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ )‪ (polymer‬ﺗﻌﲎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ﻛﻤﻴـﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺔﳌﲑﻳﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ )‪ (resin‬ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰱ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﰱ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻪ ﻭﻛﺴﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﻜﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺟﻠﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰱ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲣﺺ ﰱ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺷﱴ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻠﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻀﺮﺓ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧـﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﲤﻴﺰ ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫـﺎ ﻭﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﻛـﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﰎ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄـﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﳓﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺛـﻮﺭﺓ ﺻـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﲤﻜـﻦ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺕ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗـﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺉ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻮﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﻋﺎﱃ ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫‪@ àîÛì;jÛa@ÒŠÈí‬‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎﳉﺰﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻼﻕ‬
‫)‪ .(Macromolecule‬ﻭﺟﺰﺉ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻮﳕﺮ )‪ (Monomer‬ﺫﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﺿﻐﲑ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺧـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﺉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﺉ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﳘﻴﺔ )‪ (Covalent Bond‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻮﳕﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@paŠàîÛìjÛa@‰…b–ß@RMTMW‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﲔ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @Natural Polymers@@@òîÈîjĐÛa@paŠàîÛìjÛa@MQ‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻤﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﳉﻠﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﳊﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Synthetic Polymers@HòîÇbäĐ•üaI@ñŠša@paŠàîÛìjÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻀﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﳉﻠﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻰ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣـﺪﻯ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺼﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﰱ ﻋﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﱴ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻭﺯ‪‬ـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺃﻗـﻞ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @paŠàîÛìjÛa@ãì@SMTMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ‬
‫• ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪@ @ó÷íŒ¦a@æ‹ìÛa@MQ‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻛـﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺘﲑﻭﺟﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﻭﺯﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟـﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻻ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﲞﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻳـﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﺰﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻰ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻬﺒﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺉ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òîöbíŒîÐÛa@ãìä@MR‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@ñ‰ìÜjnß -‬‬
‫‪@ @@ñ‰ìÜjnß@Ë -‬‬
‫‪@ @@HpaŠàÜjÛaI@ñ‰ìÜjnß@òj‘ -‬‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔـﺮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺷـﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺰﺟـﺎﺝ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤـﺔ ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺎﻗﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻰ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﺟﻨﺴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @paŠàîÛìjÛa@áîÔm@ÖŠ@TMTMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟـ‪:‬‬
‫* ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫* ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫‪@ @Éîä–nÛa@òÔíŠĐÛ@bÔj@paŠàîÛìjÛa@áîÔm‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪(Thermoplastics)@pbØînýiìßŠrÛa@MQ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻠﲔ ﺑﺈﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰒ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟـﺼﻼﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﱪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺴﺨﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺍﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﳊﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺇﺛﻠﻴﻠﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Thermosets) pbØîmbnìßŠrÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻠﲔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻠﺐ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﺨﲔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﲤﺘﻊ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﲞﻮﺍﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴـﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﻮﺗـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺣﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻳﺒﻮﺳﻜﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺴﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺒﺴﺘﻮﺱ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﻳﻮﺭﻳﺜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻟﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﻓﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪(Plastics) pbã†Ü½a@MS‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﻠﺪﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﺪﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Ellastomers) HòãŠ½a@paŠàîÛìjÛa@I@paßìnÛ⁄a@MT‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺈﻥ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣـﻦ ‪ % ٥٠٠ : ١٠٠‬ﰒ ﺗﻌـﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺷـﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Fibers)@@òîÇbä–Ûa@ÒbîÛþa@MU‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘـﺸﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ )‪ ،(%٥٠ – ١٠‬ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺑـﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻣﺘـﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺃﺳﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﺒﻠﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @âa†‚nüa@òÔíŠĐÛ@bÔj@paŠàîÛìjÛa@áîÔm‬‬
‫‪Ellastomers@paßìnÛ⁄a@MQ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﻏﲑﺓ‬
‫‪Plastics‬‬ ‫‪ÙînýjÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺜﻠﲔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Fibers òîÇbä–Ûa@ÒbîÛþa@MS‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺃﻣﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @paŠàîÛìjÛa@pübàÈna@UMTMW‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻺﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻡ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺷﺪ ﻭﺇﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻤﻴـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻖ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﰱ ﻟﺼﻖ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰱ ﻟﺼﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻔـﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﰱ ﻓﻮﺍﺻـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺼﺐ ﳌﻨـﻊ ﺗـﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪Fibers :( -5-7‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘـﱪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﳌﺎ ﲢﻘﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪òîãìiŠØÛa@ÒbîÛþa‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@´ÜiëŠi@µìjÛa@ÒbîÛc‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪@†îß‰þa@ÒbîÛc‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ‬
‫‪xbuŒÛa@bèbc@ónÛa@òîÇbä–Ûa@ÒbîÛþa@xbnã@óç@òîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþa@òîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþa@Q@MU@MW‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺃﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﰱ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻛﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﳊﺠﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ ﻭﻟﻴـﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﲨﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻋﺎﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﻳﻊ ﻟﻴﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳎﺎﻻ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ¾‪@òzÜ;½a@òãb;Šä@paŒ;î‬‬
‫‪:òîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþbi‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺇ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻃﻮﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﲨﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﲣﻔﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ -٥‬ﲢﻞ ﳏﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ‪٦‬ـ‪١٢‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻟﺒﺔ ﻹﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻـﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﺲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪٠‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪٠‬‬
‫‪@ @ZòîubuŒÛa@ÒbîÛþbi@òzÜ½a@òãbŠä@pbßa†‚na‬‬
‫@@‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻟﻜﺴﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻈﻼﺕ ﴰﺲ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻮﺭﻧﻴﺸﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺑﺰﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻗﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺼﺐ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺖ )ﺿﺎﺋﻌﺔ( ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﻮﺍﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@òîãìiŠØÛa@ÒbîÛþa@R@MU@MW‬‬
‫@@‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻴﻔﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻴﻴﻒ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺗﻘﻄـﲑ ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤـﻢ ﰱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺤـﺮﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻭﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٧‬‬
‫‪١٤٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫@@@@@@@@@@@@@‘‪@ @@@@@@@@N@òÐÜn«@jØm@pbu‰†i@æìiŠØÛa@ÒbîÛc@óÏ@ÉĐÔß@@HQMWI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪ ١-٢-٥-٧‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻶﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﻳﻠﻮﻧﺘﺮﻳﻞ‪٠‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﲎ‪٠‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ‪٠‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ‪٩٠/١٠‬ﺃﻯ ‪ % ١٠‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻭ‪ % ٩٠‬ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭ ‪ ٥٠/٥٠‬ﺃﻯ ‪ % ٥٠‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﰱ ﺇﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭ‪ %٥٠‬ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺤﻮﻧﺔ )‪ :(Milled Fibers‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪٣٠٠٠-٣٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ L/D‬ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪٣٠‬‬
‫‪١٤٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫* ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ )‪ :(short chopped fibers‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪L/D‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٨٠٠‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ )‪ :(long chopped fibers‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﰱ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺪﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﻭ ﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٦٠٠٠‬ﺷﻌﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺇﱃ ‪١,٥‬ﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻴﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟـﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﰒ ﺭﺷﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻫﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻼ ﺻـﻘﺔ‬
‫)ﺇﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻰ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٢-٢-٥-٧‬ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳍﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻃﻮﺭﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﹶﺮﻛﹶﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﰱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ – ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻳﱪ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﺿﻔﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫‪١٥٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫@@@@@@@@@@@@‪@ @@@@@@@@@@@@íbÏ@æìiŠØÛa@pýib×@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@aìß‬‬
‫@@@@@@@@@‪@ @Šöb–y@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Ýöa†u@O@ŠöbÐ™@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@òãŠß@aìÛc‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﰱ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻼﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻨـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺑﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌـﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳـﻞ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻯ )ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ(‪،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ ﻛﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺴﺘﻮﺱ ﳌﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﻜﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺣﱴ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﰱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﲰﲔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪( Carbon fiber cement concrete)(CFCC‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﲰﻨﺖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ‪(Carbon fiber reinforced concrete) :‬‬
‫)‪(CFRC‬‬
‫‪١٥١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫* ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬
‫* ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰱ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻔﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ )ﲬﺲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ( ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ )ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ( ﻭ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻰ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳـﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻄـﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻔﻪ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﳑﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﻗـﻊ ﻭ ﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻞ ﻭ ﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﲝﻮﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @´ÜiëŠi@µìjÛa@ÒbîÛc@S@MU@MW‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﳑﻴﺰﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟـﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻤـﻞ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺻـﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻜﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟـﱴ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٠,٩‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻠـﻂ‪Polyproblin .‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻨـﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻜﻤـﺎﺵ ﻭﺑـﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻭﺥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻟﺘﺴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻘـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳛﻘﻖ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻧﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫¾‪@ @´ÜiëŠi@µìjÛa@ÒbîÛc@òØj‘@paŒî‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪ (٢‬ﺯﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻺﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %١٠٥‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﺎﺵ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ ﺑـﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪%١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﺥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ" ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ" ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺛـﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﲡﺎﺭ‪‬ـﺎ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑـﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ﻻﻣﺘـﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﳛـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺸﲑ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻞ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍ" ﲜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﱃ ﺑـﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻗـﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٦‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺎﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ" ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪ (٧‬ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻘﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿـﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ﺣﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫©‪@ @ZÕîjĐnÛa@püb‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﲪﺎﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺣﺘﻜـﺎﻙ ﻧﻈـﺮﺍ" ﳊﺮﻛـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻧﺎﺵ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻧـﻪ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺇﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪‬ـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ " ﺍﳌﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ" ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘـﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲰﻨﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻰ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻤـﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﲢـﺴﲔ ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳊـﺸﻮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺨﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﲰﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ‪ CSH‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺍﻻﲰﻨﺖ ﻣﻌًﹰﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ‬
‫‪@ @†îß‰þa@ÒbîÛc@TMUMW‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﻓﺈ‪‬ـﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﹰﺎ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻴـﺪ ﰲ ﺗـﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻀﺮﺭﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪:(, .
4'8(
"(
6-7‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻓﺈ‪‬ـﺎ ﺗﺘﺤـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Composite Material‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻄﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ ( Matrix‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﺎﺋﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (Fiber Form‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴـﻮﻡ ﺃﺷـﻬﺮ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Polymer matrix composites (PMC's‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Fiber Reinforced‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ )‪ (FRP‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺭ )‬
‫‪ (Polymers‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴـﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ )‪(Matrix‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻴﺪ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Metal matrix composites (MMC's‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﹶﺮﻛﹶﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴـﻮﻡ ﻛﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Matrix‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟ )‪. (Silicon Carbide‬‬
‫)‪Ceramic matrix composites (CMC's‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺍﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ )‪.(Silicon Carbide‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ )‪ (Composite‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ )ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ – ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ – ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺘﺤﺎﻡ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫
אصא
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻧـﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﻣـﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ )‪ (Debonding‬ﻭﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻟﻼ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫ ‬
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1-8‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﳓﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ ﺑـﺄﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﺻـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻷﲪـﺎﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﳊﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨـﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻓﻮﺍﻓﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺳﻲﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫‪@ @òîØîãbØî½a@ãìä@æa†ÔÏë@…bÈi⁄a@Ìm@MQ‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳓﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﺑﻌـﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻄـﻰ ﰲ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺗﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻥ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﻮﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻼﻝ ﻭﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳍﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@ŠèÄ½a@MR‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﲟﻈﻬﺮ ﺳﻲﺀ ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ﺑـﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔـﻮﻻﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻨ ﹾﺎﺀ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻰ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪@ @ZòîöbÓìÛa@paõaŠu⁄a@kji@òí…b–nÓüa@‰aŠ™þa@MS‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﰲ ﻛـﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻏﲑ ﻣﱪﻣﺞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻒ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ ﲜﺰﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪.‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜـﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻧـﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺭﺧـﺺ ﲦﻨـﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﻩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻛﻠﺘـﺎ ﺍﳊـﺎﻟﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‪ ٠‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻓـﺸﻞ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﳌﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻻﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫‪@ @òßýÛa@æa†ÔÏ@MT‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﻄـﺮﺓ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺣـﺎﻣﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﻳﻘﺎﻓﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﺂﻛـﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻀﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻔﺠﺮﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺭﺋﻴـﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳـﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛـﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪٠‬‬
‫‪١٥٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ‪ :‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﺓ )ﺗﻠﻒ ﻛﻠﻰ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫) ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻹﻃﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺗـﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫! ‪ $ "# :‬‬
‫‪ : ñ@ õbÐØÛa@—Ôã .١‬ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ ﻟـﺪﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪: x@ b;nã⁄a@ÝîÜÔm@ .٢‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻟﻸﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺂﻛﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳌﺪﺩ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : ò@ ;ßbÈÛa@ñ‰bä .٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Ý×fnÛa@wmaìäi@tìÜnÛa .٤‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳـﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺄﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪﺃ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ & $ 2-8‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ -:‬ﻫﻮ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﻃﺔ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣـﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻨـﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﹰﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ ‪: ( ' :‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻄﱯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ )ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ( ‪ -:‬ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘـﺔ ﻟﻔـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺪ( ﻭ ﻳﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛـﻞ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺛﻮﺩ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ( ‪ -:‬ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻔـﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬـﺪ( ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﰊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ) ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻮﺟﲔ … ﺍﱁ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩ ﻭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻳﻨﻐﻤﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻛ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺒﲎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺧﻠﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫! ‪: )*+ :‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺲ ﻗﻀﻴﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘـﻀﻴﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻴـﺚ ﻳﻨـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ‪ -e‬ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻗـﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ ﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ +Mg‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﱴ ) ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻌﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻬﺒﻂ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ( ‪.‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﺠـﻪ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫ﺁﻨﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻜﺎﺜﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺭﻭﻝﻴﺕ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪Mg‬‬
‫‘‪@ @âìîäËbßë@†í†y@Ý×dm@òîÜ@QMX@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪*
*01 234 / !. $-
3-8‬‬
‫‪) :ï;@çë@æ†È½a@—¥@ÝßaìÇ‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪-‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ(‬
‫‪) :ïç@ë@ÞìÜa@µg@ÉuŠm@ÝßaìÇ‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪CORROSION TYPES &789 6- 4-8‬‬
‫‪@ @@@âbÈÛa@Ý×fnÛa@@QMTMX‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ‪‬ﺎ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪٧٩٠٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ = )ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ( × ــــــــــ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫‪١٦١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﻢ ‪ -‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ = ‪ ٧٣٢٠٠‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻢ ‪ -‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ = ‪ ٩٧١٠٠‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪٧٩٠٠‬‬
‫ـــــــــــ = ‪ ٠,٩٩١‬ﻣﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ = ) ‪× ( ٨ - ١١‬‬
‫‪٧٣٢٠٠ - ٩٧١٠٠‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,٠٥‬ﻣﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﳑﺘﺎﺯﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٠٥‬ﻣﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭ ‪ ٠,٥‬ﻣﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٥‬ﻣﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭ ‪ ١,٥‬ﻣﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Z@éiby@òîÐî×@ë@aìàÜÛ@ïÔjn½a@ŠàÈÛa‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻞ ﲰﻚ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲰﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ – ﺍﻗﻞ ﲰﻚ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ = ــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﲰﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ‪ ٧‬ﻣﻢ ﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﲰﻚ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﻮﻱ ‪١,٤٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻢ ‪ /‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﳍﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫= ‪ ١,٤١‬ﺳﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪٥-٧‬‬
‫ـــــــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ =‬
‫‪١,٤٢‬‬
‫‪١٦٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@@óãbÐÜ¦a@Ý×fnÛa@@RMTMX‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬـﺮﰊ ﺃﻱ ﻳـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﲔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺁﻧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻛـﺎﺛﻮﺩ ﻭ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠـﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ )‪ (GALVANIC SERIES‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١- ٨‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺁﻧﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@@@paì;vÐÛa@í@Ý×fnÛa@@SMTMX‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﲔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻓﺠـﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻣﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﻠﻮﻇﺔ ﻭ ﺧﻼﻓﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ )ﺁﻧﻮﺩ( ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ )ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩ( ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﺘﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺠـﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Š;Ô;ä;Ûbi@Ý×fnÛa@@TMTMX‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﲡﻮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺃﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻧﻠﺲ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻤﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺧﺪﺵ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺁﻧﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ð‰bînüa@Ý×fnÛa@@UMTMX‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@@óØîãbØîß@ÝßbÈi@kyb–½a@Ý×fnÛa@@VMTMX‬‬
‫ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛـﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@@@õb½a@|Đ@o¤@Ý×fnÛa@@WMTMX‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ) ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺁﻧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ( ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫)ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@@@k;aëŠ;Ûa@åÇ@wmbäÛa@Ý×fnÛa@@XMTMX‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺠﺐ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ )ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@@@pbjîj§a@…ë†y@í@Ý×fnÛa@Y@MTMX‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻴﲎ ‪ ٨/١٨‬ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑـﲔ ) ‪- ٠,٠٨‬‬
‫‪ % ٠,١‬ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٨٠٠ - ٤٠٠‬ﻡ‪ o‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺗﱪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ (‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ) ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ‪ -‬ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ(‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ )ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﱪﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﺊ( ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ ô…bèu⁄a@óŠ’nÛa@Ý×fnÛa@QP@TMX‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻠﻰ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺟﻴﺪ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٤‬‬
אصא
אدوאא‬
@ @òîöbîàî×ëŠèØÛa@òÜÜÛaQ@M@X@Þë†u
Š–äÈÛa@Œß‰ óbîÔÛa@kĐÔÛa@†èu Š–äÈÛa
Li ٣,٠١- âìîrîÜÛa
K ٢,٩٢- âìîbmìjÛa
Ca ٢,٨٤- âìîÛbØÛa
Na ٢,٧١- âìí…ì–Ûa
Mg ٢,٣٨- âìîäËbß
Al ١,٦٦- âìîäßìÛc
Zn ٠,٧٦- ´•‰b@M@Ùã‹
Cr ٠,٧١- âëŠ×
Fe ٠,٤٤- †í†y
Cd ٠,٤- âìîß…b×
Ni ٠,٢٣- ÝØîã
Sn ٠,١٤- Ší†–Ó
Pb ٠,١٣- ˜b•‰
H ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ úë‰†îç
Cu ٠,٣٤+ ÷b−
Ag ٠,٨+ òšÏ
Pd ٠,٨٣+ âìí…ýi
Hg ٠,٨٥+ Õjö‹
Pt ١,٢+ ´mýi
Au ١,٤٢+ kç‡
١٦٥
‫
אصא
‫‪& -* ";- &84 :-‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻴـﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻡ ﻭﺳﻂ " ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﱴ " ﺟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫<‪: ?8@ =4 > -$ -$ 6-‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﲟﻌﺪﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ﳓﺎﺱ ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧـﻂ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺁﻧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫‘‪@ @kÜ–Ûa@ë@÷bzäÛa@í@Ý×fm@òîÜ@RMX@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺪﱘ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ " ﺁﻧﻮﺩ " ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳋﻂ " ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩ " ‪.‬‬
‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬
‫‪Fe‬‬ ‫‪Fe‬‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫‘‪@ @kî×Ûa@òrí†y@kÜ–Ûa@aìß@óÏ@Ý×fm@òîÜ@SMX@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪١٦٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﻭ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺭﺀﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺘﺎﻟﻮﺭﺟﻴـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ " ﺁﻧﻮﺩﹰﺍ " ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ " ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﹰﺍ " ‪.‬‬
‫‪++‬‬ ‫‪++‬‬
‫‪Fe‬‬ ‫‪Fe‬‬
‫‘‪@ @pbßbzÜÛa@÷ëõ‰@Õbäß@óÏ@Ý×fm@òîÜ@@TMX@ÝØ‬‬
‫<‪: A -$ > -$ 6-‬‬

‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺄﲪﺎﺽ ﻣﺘﺴﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺁﻧﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳋـﻂ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﹰﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺃﲪﺎﺽ‬
‫‪++‬‬
‫‪Fe‬‬
‫‪Ý×fm‬ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺒﺎﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ‬
‫@‪@ @āb»þbi@Éj’½a@ÁìÛa@óÏ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺂﻜل‪@@U‬ﻓﻰ‪@òîÜ‬‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‘‪MX@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﰱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻡ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻠﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ " ﺁﻧﻮﺩﹰﺍ " ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻠﺤﻲ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ " ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﹰﺍ "‪٠‬‬
‫‪١٦٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪++‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Fe‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ‬
‫@‪@Áë@óÏ‬ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬
‫‪@ @Œî×Ûa@ÑÜn«@ózÜß‬‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻠﺤﻰ‬‫‪@òîÜ‬ﻓﻰ‪Ý×fm‬‬
‫ﺨﻠﻴﺔ@@ﺘﺂﻜل‬
‫‘‪VMX@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻮﺟﻴﲎ ﰱ ﺭﺩﻡ ﺍﳋﻂ ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺩﻡ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻳـﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺔ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ " ﺁﻧﻮﺩﹰﺍ " ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ " ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﹰﺍ " ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻃﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪++‬‬
‫‪Fe‬‬
‫‘‪@ @óäîuì×üa@Œî×Ûa@ÑÜn«@Áë@óÏ@Ý×fm@òîÜ@@WMX@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪١٦٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ :$ & EF CD 5-8‬‬
‫‪@ @Z@kbä½a@áîà–nÛa@‰bîna @NQ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲡﻨﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪@ @Z@æ†È½a@òîÇìã@Ýí†Èm NR‬‬

‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪@ @Z@Ý×fnÛa@Áë@îÌm@ë@Ýí†Èm NS‬‬

‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﲑ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ )ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴـﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﻧـﻊ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @ZòîĐÌnÛa @NT‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﱴ ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ )ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩﻳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ( ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻳﻀﻤﺤﻞ ﺑﻞ ﻭ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﺘﻼﺷﻰ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻔﺎﺀ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ %٩٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺄ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱏ ﲢﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺗﻐﻄﻴـﺔ ﺿـﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺈﳘﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳘﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘـﻬﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٦٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ‪: 8I G &HI :‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ ‪-:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱃ ﺍﻳﺜﻠﲔ ) ﻋﺎﱃ – ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ( ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫! ‪: > (* G &HI :‬‬
‫• ﺍﻷﻏﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻧﻴﺸﺎﺕ – ﺍﻟﻼﻛﻴﻬﺎﺕ – ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ( ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ ) ﺍﻷﻏﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ÝîÛba@óÏ@ŠàÌÛa@âa†‚nbi@ëc@@÷†½bi@”ŠÛa@âa†‚nbi@ëc@@õýĐÜÛ@ñb‘ŠÐÛa@âa†‚nbi@pbãbç†Ûbi@òîĐÌnÛa@ánmë‬‬
‫‪@ @@Nbèi@æ†È½a@õý@…aŠ½a@òîöbîàîØÛa‬‬
‫@@‬
‫! ‪: ( &<78M ) *
8I : K‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﰱ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻰ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻤﺮ ﰱ ﻣﺼﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﻭ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﻨﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﳛﺘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﻭ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻡ ﳎﻬﺮﻳـﺔ ﰱ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﳎﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪.‬‬
‫
‪( > (* 8I ) &HI &8EP Q
RH;S &O*G &M‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﳚﺐ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻌﻪ ﺑـﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﺮﺷﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﻔﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﰱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻒ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻗﻄﺮ )‪ ١‬ﻣﻢ( ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﻞ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻳﻠﲔ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻏﻤﺲ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﰱ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ﻭ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﲜﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻪ ﺁﻧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺍﺋـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪: 8I T 4‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴـﻒ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺻﻖ ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺻﻖ ﺑﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻼﰱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﺘﺨﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻭ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﻟﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻫﻮ ﲣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺧﻠـﻮﻩ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘـﻮﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻳﻠﻒ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﱪ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺘﻤـﻞ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻒ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ ‪ :‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﱰﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻖ ﻭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻭ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻛﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻃﻮﻳ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ZÞb×þa@ÁìÛa@†èu@îÌm NU‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻪ ) ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ( ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ++Fe‬ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﱴ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﳌﻨـﺸﺄ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﺎﰱ ﺑﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ‪ ++Fe‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﰉ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﱴ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ )ﰱ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻭﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ‪.SACRIFICIAL ANODES‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻂ ‪.IMPRESSED CURRENT‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﲔ ﰱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ‪-:&80U * V G & Q- :‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗـﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻵﻧـﻮﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻵﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱏ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠـﺴﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﱏ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻮﺻـﻞ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻵﻧـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻳﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﰉ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﱏ ﻳـﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺛﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﻭ ﺗﺘﻢ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻰ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺪﻓﻦ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺧـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﰉ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻃـﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻯ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪RISER‬‬
‫‪STUD‬‬
‫‪++‬‬
‫‪Fe ANODE‬‬
‫‪SERVICE‬‬
‫‘‪@ @óãbÐÜ¦a@…ìãŁbi@òß†ä@@ÂìĐ¨@òí…ìqbØÛa@òíbà§a@âbÄã@XM@X@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪١٧٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫@‪ X Y ZE‬ء ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻛﺂﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﻫﻰ ﺁﻭﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻭﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـﻚ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺁﻭﺍﻧﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٠٠٠‬ﺃﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺁﻭﺍﻧﻴـﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧـﻚ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﺃﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺵ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻓﻭﻥ‬
‫‘‪@ @òØÜèn½a@†îãaëŁbi@òíbà§a@âbÄã@Y@–@X@ÝØ‬‬
‫^]> (\ <[ ‪: ( A‬‬

‫ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﰉ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺆﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪: _G-P‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺰ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻰ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﰉ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﻪ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺯﻧﺔ ‪ ٧,٧‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ ﰱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴـﺎﺋﻰ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳉـﺒﺲ ﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻵﻧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﻯ ﺃﻭ ﰱ ﳎﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﱮ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌـﺮﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪-: ?8@ =4 T U$ 8P ` HQS ? *<P 0 P$ ?1- 'X‬‬

‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﱮ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﲟﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺮﻓﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻂ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﻡ ﻣﻘﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﶈﻔﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻨﺪﻕ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺄﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﳋﻂ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﰱ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪: 78M - V A [ 8‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ ﻛﻤﺨـﺎﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﺼﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺟﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﻯ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﰉ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﻂ ﻭ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻌﺪﱏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫! ‪: =8U T G & Q-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻂ ‪ Impressed Current‬ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ - :‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪ - Dc Source‬ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﺗﻀﺤﻴﺔ )ﺃﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ( ‪ -‬ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﳏﻮﻟﺔ‪/‬ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ ‪ Transformer/Rectifier‬ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺗـﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻻﺳـﺒﺎﺏ ﺗـﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﻮﻗﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫‪١٧٤‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺩﻳﺰﻝ(‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳـﺪ –‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻓﺎﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ ﻋـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ )‪ ٢٠‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓـﺄﻛﺜﺮ(‪ .‬ﺗﺘـﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ï™‰c@āìy‬‬
‫‪@ @Þý@‰bînÛa@ôŠß‬‬
‫@‪lìjãþa@µg@ā‰þa‬‬
‫‪kîibãc@Á‬‬
‫‪ÁÜ½a@‰bînÛa@â†‚nm@òí…ìqb×@òíb»@òĐª‬‬
‫‪=8U T >a 6- :$ & EF &$-[< bcTS d-F‬‬
‫ﲢﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧـﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻧـﻮﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‪/‬ﺳﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪ FeSi‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,١‬ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ‪ ٠,٥‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺃﻣﺒﲑ‪/‬ﺳـﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﻓﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,١‬ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ‪ ٢‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺃﻣﺒﲑ‪/‬ﺳـﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲪﺎﻳﺘـﻪ ﻭﻋﻤـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻓﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻃﺌﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ‪ ٣-٢‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺃﻛـﱪ‬
‫‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻃﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟـﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺍﻭﻡ‪.‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻃﺌﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻣﺮ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﱄ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٥‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪>fX< b8P g"!f R8U **+ *h 6-8‬‬
‫ﺻﺪﺃ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﱰﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﺻـﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫‪,‬ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺻﺪﺃ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻻﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻛـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﲪﺎﺽ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﺃ ﻋﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪ ,‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺻﺪﺃﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﰒ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺇﱄ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬـﺎﺟﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﻩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٦‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪& ;j 4 **i8 *@ )*+ &7‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ ) ﺍﻻﻛﺴﺠﲔ( ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﱃ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺳـﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﰉ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻰ ﺑﺔ ﺍﻣﻼﺡ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﰱ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻭﺯ ‪ (Fe)++‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫‪2 Fe -‬‬ ‫‪2 Fe++ + 4e-‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ 4e-‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺤﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ‪ (OH)-‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪2H2O + O2 + 4e-‬‬ ‫‪4 ( OH )-‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱏ‬
‫‪4 Fe++ + 4 ( OH )-‬‬ ‫‪2 Fe ( OH )2‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻳﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﺻﺪﺃ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫‪H 2O‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬
‫‪2 Fe ( OH )2 -‬‬ ‫‪2 Fe ( OH )3‬‬ ‫‪Fe2O3 . H2O.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻰﺀ ﺗﺎﺭﻛﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺪﺃ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺦ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻰ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺦ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫; ` ‪-:R8U **+ *h‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱏ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻔﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻴﺎﺥ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﲕ ﺍﻻﺱ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲎ )‪ (PH‬ﺍﱃ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪ ١٠‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫
‪( <1T*n o pk ) &*P k *k l m. $-‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﱏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﱴ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺛﺎﱏ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺛﺎﱏ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﳉﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ )ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛـﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ( ﳏﻮﻻ ﺍﺑﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﱃ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﰱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎﺥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﱃ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﱃ ﺍﺳﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱏ ﺍﱃ ﺍﲞﺮﺓ ﺍﻭ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﰱ ﺍﳋﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺻﻼ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻯ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻨـﺸﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﺷﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﻭﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﰱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫*******‬
‫‪١٧٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ ‬
‫

‬
‫‪ 1 – 9‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴـﺖ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﱪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫…‪@ @Næ†È½a@bèîÛg@å‚í@Ûa@ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰‬‬ ‫‪M@c‬‬
‫‹‪N@ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@oîjrm@åß‬‬ ‫‪M@l‬‬
‫‪N@†ínÛa@Þ†Èß‬‬ ‫‪M@p‬‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻄﺎ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪
2- 9‬‬
‫‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﺇﱃ ‪-:‬‬
‫• ﺇﻛﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﰲ ( ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺐ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﻭﻧﺘﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺸﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪! "#
" $%
& '

()* 3 -9‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫‪١٧٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺸﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺐ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟـﺘﻐﲑﻩ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Hardening ( - ) 4 -9‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻟﻐـﺮﺽ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‪-:‬‬
‫‪@ @@†îÜ–nÛa@òîÜàÇ@åß@Ò†a@@Q@MT@MY‬‬
‫‪‬ﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Z@†îÜ–nÛa@bîuìÛìäØm@R@–@T@–@Y‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺂﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﺳـﺘﻨﻴﺖ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺬﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﱪﻳﺪﺃ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺬﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺮﻛـﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺟـﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻻ ﲡﺪ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﻄﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﻨﺤـﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﱰﻳﺖ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﱪﻳـﺪ ﺍﳌﻔـﺎﺟﺊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Z@†îÜ–nÛa@òîÜàÈÛ@òîäÐÛa@þa@S@–@T@–@Y‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫‪١٨٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ .٢‬ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺫﻱ ﺻﻼﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﱯ ﲟﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﱰﻳﺖ ﰒ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﱪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﻗﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﻭﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﲞﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﻭﻳﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪-:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫• ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻮ ﺧﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮﺓ‬
‫• ﺇﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺑﱪﺍﺩﺓ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬
‫‪@ @†îÜ–nÛa@òîÜàÇ@õbäqc@bèqë†y@åØà½a@lìîÈÛa@T@–@T@–@Y‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻨﺴﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺸﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻋﻮﺟﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﻮﻻﺕ ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪@ @Z@ïzĐÛa@†îÜ–nÛa@U@–@T@–@Y‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻘـﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻘﻠﺐ ﻟﲔ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ١ - 5 – 4 – 9‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺑﻨﺔ ‪Carburizing‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻛﺮﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ) ‪( Fe3C‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻨﺴﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺎﻃﹰﺎ ﺑﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ – ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺻﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺤﻢ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱐ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺤﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱐ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨـﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﳛﻜﻢ ﻏﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﲝﺸﻮ ﺍﲰﻨﱵ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻭﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻨﺔ ‪ oc 950 – oc 900‬ﻭﳛﻔﻆ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺗـﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﲬـﺲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺏ – ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺼﻬﺮﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %٥٠ - %٢٠‬ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %٤٠‬ﰒ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺑﻮﺍﺗﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﺣﱴ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ، 950oc – 870oc‬ﻭﻳﻐﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺳـﻼﻝ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺲ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺗﱪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﱪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﺠﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑـﺴﻤﻚ‬
‫‪ ٠,٢٥ – ٠,١‬ﻣﻢ‬
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‫
אصא
‫ﺝ – ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ‬

‫ﲡﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺗـﺴﺨﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺣﱴ ‪ oc 900‬ﳌﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﻮ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻥ ‪CH4‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺑﺎﻥ ‪ C3H8‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻨﺔ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @@Nitriding@ñ…äÛbi@†îÜ–nÛa@@RM@UM@T@MY‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﺩﺓ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻜﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ) ‪ ( oc 500‬ﰲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﳝﺮ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠـﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴـﺎ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺩﺭ (‬
‫‪@ @ñ†äîÛbi@†îÜ–nÛa@@SM@UM@T@MY‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻬﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﻳﱪﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﱪﻳـﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺠﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ ﺑﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ ﳑﺎ ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺼﻼﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @kèÜÛbi@†îÜ–nÛa@@TM@UM@T@MY‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﳏـﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺿـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﻠﻬﺐ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺳـﻴﺘﻴﻠﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛـﺴﺠﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪١‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠـﻬﺐ ﻭﻓﺘـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @ïöbiŠèØÛa@s§bi@†îÜ–nÛa@UM@UM@T@MY‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺳـﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﺼﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ‬
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אصא
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠,٢‬ﻣﻢ – ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺗـﺼﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻮﻩ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻐﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Annealing ( 3 ) 012 5 – 9‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻭﺇﺑﻘﺎﺅﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﱪﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﱪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ‬
‫• ﳕﻮ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪@ @à‚nÛa@Êaìãc@Q@M@U@MY‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻓﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳـﺤﺐ ﺍﻷﺳـﻼﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧـﺰﻻﻕ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳـﺔ ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺇﱃ ‪ 400oc‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻳﱪﺩ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﱪﻳﺪ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺇﱃ ‪700oc‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻳﱪﺩ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﱯ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻟﻴﺖ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
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אصא
‫‪Normalizing ( 567 )

6-9‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ ﲝﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳـﺔ ﰒ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @òÛ…bÈ½a@òîÜàÇ@åß@Ò†a@QMVMY‬‬
‫• ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﱯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﻭﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪Tempering (:;<) 9 7-9‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺼﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺗﱪﺩ ﺗﱪﻳﺪﺍ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎ‪.‬‬
‫******‬
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אصא
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אصא
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‫‪ 1-10‬‬
‫ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠـﱪﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛـﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠـﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪@ @Z@òßýÈÛa@ñ…ý•@–@c‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺜﻼ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳌﻨـﻊ ﺍﺧﺘـﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻـﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﳉﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Z@…a†m‰üa@ñ…ý•@–@l‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﲪـﺎﻝ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺇﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Z@”†ä@ñ…ý•@M@;u‬‬
‫ﻫﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﺵ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺧﺪﺵ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺩﺓ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫…@–@•‪@ @@H@Wear hardness@I@ÝØ’Ûa@ñ…ý‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺑﺴﻄﺤﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺎ ﺻـﻼﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻋﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﰱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟـﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @Z@pbäØ½bi@ÝîÌ’nÛa@ñ…ý•@M@;ç‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺩ ‪ ...‬ﺍﱁ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﺷﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻏﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨٧‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪ 2-10‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺯﺍ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺿﺒﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺻﻼﺩﺗﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴـﺔ ﻭﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫
‬ ‫‪3 – 10‬‬
‫‪@ @@(Brinell Hardness Test) :@ÝãŠi@òÔíŠĐi@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òßýÈÛa@ñ…ý•@‰bjna@@Q@M@S@@MQP‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﰱ ﺍﻋﻼﻫﺎ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﺪﱃ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﳐﺮﻭﻃﻰ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻣﻠﺲ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻧﺒﻌﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰱ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻏـﲑ ﺻـﺎﳊﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﳍﺎ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪١ ، ٢ ، ٥ ، ١٠‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜﺒﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(١-١٠‬‬
‫‪١٨٨‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‘‪@ @ñ…ý–ÜÛ@ÝãŠi@òäî×bß@HQMQPI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ا ‪P‬‬
‫ آة ‪D‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫ ا ‪d‬‬
‫‘‪@ @ÝãŠi@òÔíŠĐi@ñ…ý–Ûa@‰bjna@H@R@MQPI@ÝØ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻔﻞ ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨٩‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @Z@‰bjnüa@paìĐ@Q@MQ@MMS@@MQP‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ D‬ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺻﻼﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﲟﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﰒ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜﺒﺲ ﻭﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﰒ ﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺒﺲ ﻭﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﳛﺪﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ P‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻭﲝﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫= ‪ ٠٥‬ـــــــــــــــــــــــ ‪ = ٠٢٥‬‬ ‫أ‪-‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫ب – إ'&د ا‪ !"#$‬ار = ‬
‫= ‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫= أو‬
‫أى أن ‪p‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ d‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ ( ١- ١٠‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻓﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫‪@ @ñ…ý–ÜÛ@ÝãŠi@òÔíŠ@âa†‚na@…ë†y@HQMQPIÞë†u‬‬
‫‪@ @ÝãŠi@áÓ‰‬‬ ‫‪@ @æ†È½a@Êìã‬‬ ‫‪@ @oibrÛa‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪١٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫‪١٦٠ - ٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﳓﺎﺱ ﺍﻭﺍﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪٦٠ – ٢٠‬‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪٢٠‬‬ ‫ﺭﺻﺎﺹ ﻭﻗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺳﺒﺎﺋﻜﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﻓﻴﺒﺪﺍ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰒ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ‪ d‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳎﻬﺮ ﲟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﳛﺴﺐ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 078‬ار ‪356$‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫ر‪./ $ 012 34‬دة =‬
‫=<‪ 8‬ا‪ 2‬آ‪2‬ة ‪ 012‬ا‪ :$‬ا‪297$‬ة‬
‫‪١٩٠‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪= B.H .N‬‬ ‫∴ ر‪./ $ 012 34‬دة =‬
‫‪π Dh‬‬
‫‪ ?7 = h >8‬أ‪ 2‬آ‪2‬ة ‪012‬‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫ر‪./ $ 012 34‬دة =‬
‫) ‪π D ( D / 2 − ( D / 2) 2 − ( ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪πD‬‬
‫) ‪( D − ( D)2 − (d ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪<A D >8‬وى ‪ 2@4‬آ‪2‬ة ‪37$ 012‬‬
‫‪ 2@4 = d‬ا‪37$ 2B‬‬
‫‪ 078 = p‬ار ‪356$‬‬
‫‪@ @@Z@ÝãŠi@‰bjna@õaŠua@†äÇ@òiìÜĐ½a@pbbînyüa@R@@MQ@M@MMS@@MQP‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﳚﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻀﲑ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﲰﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ‪h‬‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻰ ﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻻ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻭﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢,٥‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻭﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻯ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٤,٠‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺝ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻇﻬﺮ ﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﺼﻠﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﲰﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻪ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٩١‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@æ…bÈàÜÛ@†’Ûa@òßëbÔß@íë@ñ…ý–ÜÛ@ÝãŠi@áÓ‰@í@òÓýÈÛa@S@MQ@MMS@@MQP‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺠﻢ ‪ /‬ﻣﻢ‪ = ٢‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ × ‪٠,٣٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻢ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻢ ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫= ‪30‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ =‬
‫‪D2‬‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ = ‪ × ٣٠‬ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫= ‪ ٧٥٠ = ٢(٥)× ٣٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪(πD / 2 )(D −‬‬ ‫‪D2 − d 2‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ ) ‪) = ( B.H.N...‬‬
‫‪750‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪2 × 2 − 5 × 5 − 5 × 2.5 × 3.14‬‬
‫=‬
‫= ‪٢٣٥‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ = ‪ × ٠,٣٦‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫= ‪ ٨٤,٥ = ٢٣٥ × ٠,٣٦‬ﻛﺠﻢ ‪ /‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫‪@ @@(Vickers Hardness Rest)@Z@‹ŠØîÏ@òÔíŠĐi@òßýÈÛa@ñ…ý•@‰bjna@@RMS@MQP‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ‪‬ﺮﻡ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻭﻳﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻄﺤﲔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫‪ ١٣٦ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٩٢‬‬
‫
אصא
‫ا ‪P‬‬
‫! ا ‬
‫ا "‬
‫ ار‬
‫‘‪@ @‹ŠØîÏ@òÔíŠĐi@ñ…ý–Ûa@‰bjna@H@S@MQPI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@‪@ @@‰bjnüa@paìĐ@@QMMMRM@S@MQP‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺯ ﰒ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻮﻟﺐ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺴﻔﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻰ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٢‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﺫﺭﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٠ : ١‬ﲝﻤﻞ ‪ P‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٥٠‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ ٣٠‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ١٠‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٥‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﳜﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻟﺐ ﰒ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ‪ D‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﲜﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺯ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ‬
‫) ‪2 P sin (θ / 2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪D2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪1.854‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪D2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ = P‬ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺠﻢ‬
‫‪ = D‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻻﺛﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٩٣‬‬
‫
אصא
‫‪@ @@Z@‹ŠØîÏ@òÔíŠĐi@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òßýÈÛa@ñ…ý•@‰bjna@bíaŒß@RMMRM@S@MQP‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ‬

‫‪ – ٢‬ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ٤‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻼﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﲔ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺯ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺃﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ ٠,٩٣‬ﻣﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊــــﻞ‬
‫ا‪ 07E$‬آ‪35‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺯ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺩﺓ = ‪× ١,٨٥٤‬‬
‫=<‪ 8‬ا‪ :@4 2‬ار =‪3‬‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬
‫= ‪٢١٥‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫= ‪× ١,٨٥٤‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪٠٩٣‬‬
‫******‬
‫‪١٩٤‬‬

كتاب خواص المواد واختباراتها الجزء الاول PDF

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كتاب خواص المواد واختباراتها الجزء الاول PDF

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@ @ñ‰ì–ä½a@òÈßbu@–@ò†äa@òîÜ×

   /0   / .

. ‫   

‫‪@ @òîã†È½a@…aì½a MQ‬‬

‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@…aì½a @NQ‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @òí…b–nÓa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @Éîä–nÛa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @âa†‚nüa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬

‫('& ‪%‬‬ ‫‪ 

‫‪@ @òí‰aŠ§a@˜aì¨a MS‬‬

‫‪@ @@óØîmbnüa@ÝîàznÛa MQ‬‬

‫‪@ @óØîßbäí†Ûa@ÝîàznÛa MR‬‬

‫‪@ @‰ŠØn½a@ÝîàznÛa MS‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪*Ductility = Ao - Ai× 100‬‬ ‫‪ 

‫اد )‪(σ‬‬ ‫‪= (Modulus of Elasticity)@òãëŠ½a@ŠíbÈß‬‬

‫ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪?':,# @A 13 -1‬‬

‫)‪(∆L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬

‫‪B1C+(  B ?':,# @A‬‬

‫‪: ?':,D( B1C+( @A  AE‬‬

‫• ﺻﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ‬

‫‪   !"

‫‪   -1‬‬

‫‪    -2‬‬

‫‬ ‫‪!"  -3‬‬

‫‪$%&' (' )* +%,   -4‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫‪Cup‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬

‫@@‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪Elongation‬‬

‫‪ # ,-  ./ 3-2‬‬

‫‪@ @Proportional Limit@@kbänÛa@†y@…bèug@QMSMR‬‬

‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا د ‪Lower Yield‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪Proportional Limit‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ‪ (Modulus of Resilience) ò@ ;îÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈß‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬

‫ا‪. /‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪. /‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪. /‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫‪@ @Hysteresis @@òîÐÜ‚nÛa@YMSMR‬‬

‫ا‪. /‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﲔ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫‪/ 3 1 0!1' -2‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ – ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ =‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ – ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ β ، α‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﹸﺃﻧﻮﻳﻦ )‪ (Unwin’s Constants‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫ ا‪ 7$‬ا;? = ‪α‬‬

‫<"ل ا;س )‪Gage Length (L‬‬

‫‪@ @†’Ûa@‰bjnü@òîbîÔÛa@pbäîÈÛa MR‬‬

‫‪L = 5 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬

‫‪@ @(Poisson’s Ratio)@æìaìi@òjã@@QSMSMR‬‬

‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ )‪(P‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﳊﻈﺔ )‪(Pi‬‬

‫ا‪. /‬ل ا*;;‪5‬‬

‫‪< '(8 9: $;$‬‬ ‫‪7 '(8 9: $;$‬‬

‫‪, #  .> 1 ?@

‫     

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪(∆L‬‬

‫‪Cast Iron‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺯﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﳓﺎﺱ‬

@ @ñ‰ì–ä½a@òÈßbu@–@ò†äa@òîÜ×

/0 / .

. ‫

‫‪@ @òí…b–nÓa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @Éîä–nÛa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬ ‫‪@ @âa†‚nüa@pbjÜĐnß‬‬

‫('& ‪%‬‬ ‫‪

‫‪@ @@óØîmbnüa@ÝîàznÛa MQ‬‬

‫‪*Ductility = Ao - Ai× 100‬‬ ‫‪

‫اد )‪(σ‬‬ ‫‪= (Modulus of Elasticity)@òãëŠ½a@ŠíbÈß‬‬

‫‪?':,# @A 13 -1‬‬

‫‪B1C+( B ?':,# @A‬‬

‫‪: ?':,D( B1C+( @A AE‬‬

‫‪ !"

‫‪ -1‬‬

‫‪ -2‬‬

‫‬ ‫‪!" -3‬‬

‫‪$%&' (' )* +%, -4‬‬

‫‪ # ,- ./ 3-2‬‬

‫‪@ @Proportional Limit@@kbänÛa@†y@…bèug@QMSMR‬‬

‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا د ‪Lower Yield‬‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫‪/ 3 1 0!1' -2‬‬

‫ ا‪ 7$‬ا;? = ‪α‬‬

‫<"ل ا;س )‪Gage Length (L‬‬

‫‪@ @†’Ûa@‰bjnü@òîbîÔÛa@pbäîÈÛa MR‬‬

‫‪@ @(Poisson’s Ratio)@æìaìi@òjã@@QSMSMR‬‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ا*;;‪5‬‬

‫‪< '(8 9: $;$‬‬ ‫‪7 '(8 9: $;$‬‬

‫‪, # .> 1 ?@

‫

‫‪ -1‬‬

‫‪ -2‬‬

‫‪ -١‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬‬

‫‪@ @õbä−üa@âëŒÇ@qdm‬‬ ‫‪@ @—ÔÛa@ôìÓ@qdm‬‬

‫‪ & '() 2-4‬ء ‪!"# "$ %‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪@ @@ÝîĐnß@ÊbĐÓ@J‬‬

‫‪ +,- . !/ 3-4‬ء‬

‫‪ -٣‬ء‬

‫‪$% & 3-5‬ء‬

‫‪@ @ÉiŠß@ëc@ÝîĐnß@ÊbĐÓ MQ‬‬

1.8D T 40 T.L @ @@ÝîĐnß

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