KFSD Code

State of Kuwait
Kuwait Fire Services Department “KFSD”
Safety Requirements and Preventive Supervision

(Part I)
Prevention Requirements for Fire Protection of Buildings
Version 2 - 2014
1
State of Kuwait Secretariat General of GCC
Speech by the Secretary General of GCC

Based on an assignment by the GCC Ministers of Interior in their Meeting
held in Muscat during the period 29-30 Jumada II, 1417 AH to the Technical
Committee of the Secretariat General of GCC to develop Safety Requirements
and Preventive Supervision of Structures, Secretariat General of GCC is
pleased to deliver “Prevention Requirements for Fire Protection of
Structures”; a part of the regulations line for fire protection intended to
protect the lives of users of such structures in GCC.
Secretariat General of GCC thanks all participants in the development of this

project and appreciates all efforts rendered to adopt these conditions and
requirements with the aim to protect lives and properties, where the
application whereof will be actual translation of the highest implications,
indications of cooperation, and the objectives of GCC leaders who endeavor
to protect the local and national wealth from the risks sustained in the
modern life field.
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Forward
Having consolidated and approved by the GCC Ministers of Interior under
their decisions to adopt Part I of the standard Requirements for safety and
preventive supervision “Prevention Requirements for Fire Protection of
Structures”, as the detailed regulations for safety requirements and fire
protection of buildings and structures, which was adopted by the State of
Kuwait pursuant to Article (1/1) of Schedule (1) enclosed with the Decision
No. 10/82 of Fire Regulation, KFSD is pleased to deliver the new version
covering preventive requirements for fire protection of structures, a part of
line regulations, titled “Safety Requirements and Preventive Supervision”.
This version primarily intends to protect lives and properties form fire risks
by fire prevention, if possible, or control in the closest range, if fire breaks,
though the provisions of appropriate prevention precautions and installation
of the required firefighting and alarm equipment.
It goes without saying that such requirements as any comparable systems in

the world are generally developed to cover various known types of buildings
and structures, according to the latest high-rise building regulations. It has
been necessarily for KFSD to issue the recommended appropriate conditions
or municipal requirements in certain cases.
It is important to note that these requirements do not conflict with the

building codes in Kuwait Municipality. It has been already coordinated with
the Construction Department in Kuwait Municipality for their opinion during
the pre-stages of the preparation of this Version, as well as with Kuwait
Society of Engineers and the Engineering Firms.
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Finally, while thanking all participants in this project, we hope that all the
concerned authorities will apply safety requirements and preventive
supervision included herein. We request the designers in particular to comply
with the contents of “Prevention Requirements for Fire Protection of
Structures” and refer KFSD in the preliminary design phases for the best
outcomes and to achieve the sought target for protecting lives and
properties from fire risks under the visions and directive of HH the Amir of
the country.
We further hope that this project will constructively contribute to the highest
objective; to protect the national wealth from losses and fire risks.
Yours,
Major General Yousef Abdullah Al Ansari

General Manager of KFSD
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KFSD
Resolution No. 384 of 1990
On
The Detailed Regulations of
Fire Safety and Prevention Requirements for Buildings and Structures
Having reviewed the Law No. 36 with respect to firemen and the decision
Municipal Manager No. 10 of 82 regarding firm regulation and the attached
schedules, and pursuant to the presentation of the General Manager of
Prevention Affairs and for the public interest exigencies,
Now, it is decided as follows:
Article (1)
The detailed regulations herewith attached shall be applicable to fire safety
of buildings and structures subject to the provisions of Decision No. 10/82
regarding fire regulation.
Article (2)
This Resolution shall be applicable (3) months after publication in the official
gazette.
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Version 1-1990
Name Authority Subject
Mr. Mahmoud Hamdi Tayeb KFSD General Supervision
Eng. Abdul R. Saeed Masoud KFSD Firefighting and Alarm Equipment
Systems
Eng. AlSayed Alarabi Mustafa KFSD Firefighting and Alarm Equipment
Systems
Eng. Moh. Rashid Abdulhalim KFSD Building Material Inspection and Testing
Eng. Mrs. Sulafa Jumma Yasin KFSD Hazardous Material
Eng. Waleed Abdulraouf Altallah KFSD Fire Alarm Systems
Eng. Mahmoud Ahmed Alhaj KFSD Building Material Processing to Resist Fire
Eng. Khaled Mohamed Alzaid KFSD General Review
Asst. Eng. Ahmed Moh. Ibrahim KFSD Structural, Architectural Precautions and
Means of Escape
Sameer Abdullah Almuhtadi KFSD Translation of Means of Escape
Hassan Abdulrazaq Haj Aboud KFSD Compilation, Review and Classification
Suhail Moh. Alkhatib KFSD Graphics, Review and Production
Moh. Salim Akhtar Nathir Ahmed KFSD Draftsman
Saiyel A. Rahim Abed Issa Bahlol KFSD Word Processing
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Review
Colonel Khaled Ali Moh. Alyasin KFSD General Review
Lieutenant Colonel Salim Moh. Alsaqer KFSD General Review
Colonel Dawod Hussein Abdulsalam KFSD General Review
Eng. Abdulkarim Abu Hajlah KM, Building Dept. General Review
Eng. Talib Moh. Aladhab Eng. Firms General Review
Technical Committee (Engineers) KSE General Review
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State of Kuwait
KFSD
2014
Reviewed, revised, printed and documented by:

Major General Yousef Abdullah Al Ansari
Brigadier Eng. Khaled Mohamed Alzaid

Deputy General manager for Prevention Affairs
Lieutenant Colonel Mohamad Ali Alqahtani

Manager of IT Center
Lieutenant Colonel Eng. Jasim Hussein Alatyah

Head of Public Utilities Department
Major Eng. Waleed Khaled Alasfour

Architectural Department
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Safety Requirements and Preventive Supervision
Sections
Section 1 : Fire Prevention and Protection Requirements of Buildings

Section 2 : Firefighting and Alarm Equipment Requirements
Section 3 : Engineering Service for Buildings and Structures
Section 4 : Prevention Requirements for Hazardous Materials
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Chapter 1
Fire Prevention and Protection Requirements of Buildings
General Prevention Requirements for Fire Protection of Buildings
Contents of Section 1
1.1 General
1.1.1 Title
1.1.2 Purpose
1.1.3 Scope
1.1.4 Application Procedures
1.1.5 Commissioning and Use of Building
1.1.6 Design Basis
1.2 Building and Structures Classification
1.2.1.1 Building and Structures Classification in Terms of the Nature of
Use
1.2.1.2 Building and Structures Classification in Terms of Hazardous
Contents
1.3 Building Permit and Use Documentation
1.4 Design, Supervision and Construction
1.5 Site Setup Requirements for Fire Protection
1.5.1 Fire Engine Access
1.5.2 Firemen Access
1.6 Construction Requirements and Building Materials
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1.6.1 Building Structural Classification
1.6.2 Building Materials Specifications
1.7 Fire Spread Control
1.7.1 Anti-Fire Spread Sections
1.7.2 Anti-fire Spread barriers
1.7.3 Concealed Spaces
1.7.4 External Fire Development in Fire Sections
1.7.5 Ceiling Fire Development in Fire Sections
1.7.6 Fire Spread among Buildings
1.8 Structural Requirements for Building Construction Elements
1.8.1 Structural Frame
1.8.2 Interior Finish Materials
1.8.3 Fire Doors
1.8.4 Steel Structural Frame
1.8.5 Plastic Building Materials
1.9 General Requirements for Various Building Divisions (Basement,
Mezzanine, Skylight, etc.)
1.9.1 Basement
1.9.2 Skylight (Lighting Shafts)
1.9.3 Mezzanine
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Contents of Schedules in Section 1
1.1 Classification of Buildings and Structures in Terms of Hazard

1.2 Classification of Buildings in Terms of Fire Resistance
1.3 Building Compartmentalization to Anti-Fire Spread Sections
1.4 Minimum Fire Resisting Ratings for Building Structural Elements
1.5 Anti-Fire Spread Barriers Resistance Rating as per Hazard Level in
the Relevant Sectors
1.6 The Required Distance between Buildings and Land Borders
(Limits of Property) Based on Building Height and Space of
Openings in the External Façades
1.7 The Required Fire Resisting Rating for Building Structures
1.8 Interior Finish Classification for Walls and Roofs
1.9 Flame Spread Ratings for Certain Building Materials
1.10 Minimum Critical Thermal Radiant Flux
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Section 1
General Preventive Requirements of Fire Protection for Buildings
1.1 General
1.1.1 Title
This regulation is defined as “Preventive Requirements of Fire
Protection for Buildings” and herein referred to as the
“regulation” or “this regulation”.
1.1.2 Purpose
It is to determine minimum fire prevention requirements to save
building users lives without hindering their daily uses of building.
1.1.3 Scope
1.1.3.1 This regulation is concerned with fire protection requirements of
lives and the like emergencies.
1.1.3.2 The regulation takes into account the panic mode resulting from
fire in the building by requirements that intended to alleviate
such panic in emergencies.
1.1.3.3 Upon development of this regulation, the following aspects are
considered:
1.1.3.3.1 Ability of structural factors to resist fire.
1.1.3.3.2 Types and levels of fire protection.
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1.1.3.3.3 Types and numbers of building users.
1.1.3.3.4 Activities within the building.
1.1.3.4 The regulation includes minimum requirements for the design of
fire escape exits (Emergency Exits) for the users of building to
access safe places, whether inside or outside the building.
1.1.3.5 It is noted that the fire escape exits are not the sole factor in life
protection as addressed herein. However, this regulation does
not handle all considerations, e.g. it does not deal with public
awareness, which is deemed a factor of life protection.
1.1.3.6 The regulation does not consider the avoidance of personal
common incidents (e.g. fall down), which are caused by less
awareness of building users of safety requirements. This
regulation focuses on fire protection of lives as basis for the
respective requirements.
1.1.3.7 This regulation is not building codes. However, it may be used
with the list of building codes.
1.1.3.8 This regulation is not intended to ensure the life safety of those
who set fire unintentionally, in desire or be close to the ignition
point.
1.1.4 Application Procedures

1.1.4.1 This regulation is applicable on all buildings whose construction
permits issue after the effective date hereof.
1.1.4.2 The application of this regulation on the existing buildings is
impractical in most cases. In such a case, KFSD may request
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additional equipment or alternatives for some of the required
preventive precautions, in accordance with this regulation.
1.1.4.3 Upon construction or operation permit, KFSD may request
additional equipment or alternative preventive precautions for
those required hereunder.
1.1.4.4 Any new additions to an existing building must be governed by
the requirements and conditions of this regulation.
1.1.4.5 Where a building contains two or more inseparable activities or
uses whose hazard level varies, the most stringent lives safety
requirements are applicable on such various activities or uses.
1.1.4.6 No requirements set out herein may prevent the design,
installation or use of preventive equipment of fire protection with
better qualities; or more number of emergency exits; or any such
equipment that have a positive impact on the lives protection of
building users; or other equipment perform the same or superior
purpose as indicated herein, provided the documents and
instruments that prove the efficiency of the alternatives are
submitted to KFSD for approval.
1.1.4.7 Preventive systems, equipment and tools of building fire
protection must be maintained to ensure constant operation
efficiently.
1.1.5 Commissioning and Use of Building
1.1.5.1 Buildings whose construction permits issue after the effective
date hereof shall not be operated and exploited, even partially, if
they do not comply with this regulation.
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1.1.5.2 Exploitation and operation of buildings used before the effective
date hereof is allowed to continue upon the following two
essential conditions:
1.1.5.2.1 No apparent real danger may affect the lives of building users,
and
1.1.5.2.2 Building classification and activity remain unchanged, and any
change will necessitate the application of the conditions and
requirements of the regulation.
1.1.5.2.3 A building may be used during maintenance or changes
(addition/deletion) so long as fire escape exits (Emergency Exits)
are available and fire protection systems normally operating.
1.1.6 Design Basics

1.1.6.1 As aforesaid, this regulation intends to protect building users,
without impeding everyday uses of the building. This aim may be
achieved by applying minimum prevention requirements of fire
protection for buildings and structures as follows:
1.1.6.2 It shall be taken into account that the structural frame and
building must be designed, coordinated, planned, operated and
maintained to avoid any risk to the life of building users from fire,
smoke, fumes and panic in emergencies and to allow building
users to be evacuated in emergency situations.
1.1.6.3 It shall be ensured that the building structural frame undergoes
fire impacts during the evacuation of building users in
emergencies.
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1.1.6.4 Upon design of building and before constriction, it shall be
ensured that the appropriate fire escape exits (Emergency Exits)
are available at any structure or building in terms of number,
capacity, location, height of building and the quality of
construction materials, taking into account the building type,
uses, users and fire protection equipment to be provided.
1.1.6.5 It shall be ensured that fire escape exits (Emergency Exits) are
available, without depending on firefighting means.
1.1.6.6 It is not always necessary to evacuate the building completely to
escape fire. A horizontal evacuation area protected from smoke
or gas leakage from other floors or parts of the building may be
provided, so that such protected areas allow relatively safety until
the end of emergency situation.
1.1.6.7 It shall be ensured during the design that fire escape exits are
free of everything may hinder their use and that the direction of
door to open in the design and construction complies with the
fire escape exits.
1.1.6.8 It shall be ensured that the signs of fire escape exits are in place,
so that no confusion occurs during evacuation.
1.1.6.9 It shall be ensured that adequate lighting, appropriate alarm
devices and insulation of vertical shafts from other building parts
are provided.
1.1.6.10 It shall be ensured that the minimum fire protection
requirements set out herein are available.
1.1.6.11 It shall be allowed in the design to provide more protective
requirements for building use sustainability.
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1.2 Building and Structures Classification
1.2.1 Buildings are classified in two methods: (1) in terms of nature of
use and (2) in terms of hazardous contents.
1.2.1.1 Structures are classified in terms of their nature of use to the
following groups:
1.2.1.1.1 Gathering buildings,
1.2.1.1.2 Academic buildings,
1.2.1.1.3 Health and social care buildings,
1.2.1.1.4 Residential buildings,
1.2.1.1.5 Commercial buildings and public markets,
1.2.1.1.6 Industrial and Vocational buildings,
1.2.1.1.7 Warehouses and parking buildings, and
1.2.1.1.8 Buildings with special features.
1.2.2 Each group contains various types of buildings with comparable
activities or gatherings as follows:
1.2.1.1.1 Gatherings Buildings:
This group represents buildings or the respective parts allocated
for gathering of (50) persons or more for worship, cultural, sport,
performance or entertainment purpose such as:
• Places of worship,
• Lecture halls,
• Showrooms,
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• Museums and theaters,
• Sport clubs,
• Courts,
• Conference halls,
• Bank lobbies,
• Grand libraries, and
• Covered playgrounds.
1.2.1.1.2 Academic Buildings:

for educational purposes, in which regular students attend at
least (4) hours a day and not less than (12) hours per week, e.g.
kindergarten, primary, elementary and secondary schools,
polytechnic and applied studies institutes, and the like.
1.2.1.1.3 Health and Social Care Buildings:

for health or social care purposes, whose occupants are disabled
or under detention, such as hospitals, elderly care, nurseries,
children social care, mental health houses and all categories of
prison.
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1.2.1.1.4 Residential Buildings:
for housing and lodging purposes. According to the type of
exploitation, the residential buildings are categorized as follows:
1.2.1.1.4.1 Buildings for permanent single-family residential units
(Apartments), such as investment residential buildings.
1.2.1.1.4.2 Buildings that comprising rooms or dorms for individual or group
permanent housing, e.g. student, employees, workers’
accommodation and soldiers’ dorms and the like.
1.2.1.1.4.3 Buildings that comprising temporary lodging rooms with or
without rentals such as hotels, motels, hospitality houses,
furnished flats and the like.
1.2.1.1.4.4 Private residential buildings, such as small villas or palaces.
1.2.1.1.5 Commercial Buildings and Public Markets:

for public service “Commercial Stores” or those whose users are
concurrently not more than (50) persons and allowed for office
uses, including:
• Retail and wholesale stores,
• Commercial centers,
• Supermarkets,
• Business or services administration offices,
• Establishments’ offices,
• Consultant and engineering offices, and
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Light vocational services, including
• Tailor and barber shops,
• Photography shops,
• Small banks,
• Companies’ offices, and
• Properties and the like offices.
1.2.1.1.6 Industrial and Vocational Buildings:

for industrial purposes where assembling, mixing and packaging
processes are carried out or those designed for vocational
activates, where repairs are performed, including:
• Cheese factories,
• Various plants,
• Hazardous chemicals labs,
• Industrial vocational buildings,
• Furniture factories,
• Kitchens,
• Central laundry, and
• Types of Industrial workshops.
1.2.1.1.7 Warehouses and Parking Buildings:

for raw material, processed or semi-processed products storage
purposes, including:
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• Car parking,
• Fodder stores,
• Horse stables, and
• Foodstuff stores (Refrigerators).
1.2.1.1.8 Buildings with Special Features:

This group represents buildings that comprise multiple and
various types of the aforementioned buildings, e.g. towers, high-
rise buildings and cellars (buildings below ground level).
1.2.1.2 Buildings in terms of hazardous contents are classified into the
following categories:
Law hazards,
Medium hazards, and
High hazards.
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Table 1.1
Hazard Level Description
Law hazard The buildings whose contents have weak
combustion characteristics so that self-
ignition unlikely does not occur. Therefore,
potential hazard is caused by panic and
scrambling for exits during exposure to fire
and smoke from external sources.
Medium The buildings whose contents have medium
hazard combustion characteristics or emit significant
quantity of smoke, but do not produce toxic
fumes or cause explosions.
High hazard The buildings whose contents have high
combustion characteristics, produce toxic
fumes or cause explosions.
1.3 Building Permit and Use Documentation

1.3.1 The permit documentation of buildings and structures subject to
fire protection requirements is governed by the applicable laws,
regulations and rules in each country of GCC.
1.4 Design, Supervision and Construction

1.4.1 Design, supervision and construction process is governed by the
applicable laws, regulations and rules in each country of GCC.
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1.5 Site Setup Requirements for Fire Protection
1.5.1 Upon submission of site drawings with other drawings for
approval, it is required to comply with building codes; illustrate
the project location, remarkable places, adjacent buildings and
their uses; and indicate the names of roads around the site.
1.5.2 Under KFSD approval, the building centroid and setbacks to
adjacent buildings are determined according to the nature of
use.
1.5.3 Accessibility of fire engines and equipment to the nearest
possible point of building shall be taken into account.
1.5.4 Upon establishing multiple buildings, e.g. compounds, the
following shall be considered:
1.5.4.1 Adequate internal streets are available.
1.5.4.2 KFSD vehicles easily access the buildings.
1.5.4.3 Adequate car entrances/exits are available.
1.5.4.4 Fire outlets are provided around the buildings.
1.5.5 Under KFSD approval, 20% of industrial areas is allocated for fire
protection works by constructing natural joints between
buildings in each plot, or between the plot and the buildings of
other plots.
1.5.6 Accessibility of Fire Engines and Equipment
1.5.6.1 Adequate roads and streets shall be provided for fire engines and
accessory equipment access to the required distance from
building.
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1.5.6.2 Roads and streets provided for fire engines should:
1.5.6.2.1 Have net width not less than 4.0 m and
1.5.6.2.2 Provide adequate maneuvering space not less than 18 m dia.
1.5.6.2.3 Gates and entrances of roads and streets shall not be less than
4.5 m high.
1.5.6.2.4 Road and streets’ ground and manhole casing shall be
constructed in such manner that undergoes all types of fire
engines.
1.5.6.3 Distance between the building limits and the nearest point to be
accessed by KFSD vehicles, according to the type and size of
building, is calculated as follows:
1.5.6.3.1 In buildings equipped with dry outlet network, distance shall not
be more than 17 m.
1.5.6.3.2 In buildings equipped with current outlet network, distance from
stairway entrance where fire water outlets exist shall not be more
than 17 m.
1.5.6.3.3 In buildings with more than 2 stories without hazards, distance
shall not be more than 46 m from any point of GF.
1.5.6.3.4 In ordinary buildings with 3-4 stories and area more than 139 m²,
distance shall not exceed 28 m from any point of GF.
1.5.6.3.5 If a building for industrial uses is less than 4 stories with area
more than 139 m², fire engines must access 5-6 m along one of
the building façades, but if the building is higher, fire engines
should access 5-6 m along two or more of the building façades,
according to fire type and hazard and KFSD anticipations.
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1.5.7 Firefighters Access
1.5.7.1 It is required that a building design shall be equipped with such
means and capabilities that enable firefighters from easy and
ready entry to carry out control and rescue works.
1.5.7.2 Except under special consent from KFSD, no barriers and guards
may be mountable on the external facades’ windows above GF
unless they can be opened easily.
1.5.7.3 Installation of firefighting equipment required to help
firefighters, e.g. fire outlet, breeching inlets, etc., in GF shall
consider the following:
1.5.7.3.1 Such firefighting equipment required to help firefighters should
have been installed at such clear place that KFSD personnel easily
access without blockage.
1.5.7.3.2 Such firefighting equipment required to help firefighters shall be
remote from fire, scattered glass and other materials in building,
and other hazards.
1.5.7.3.3 Such firefighting equipment required to help firefighters shall be
tagged with clear and express marks.
1.5.7.3.4 Application conditions and particular specifications shall be
taken into account to be incompliance with various firefighting
equipment.
1.5.7.4 If a building requires basement (floor below ground level),
emergency exits (entrances/exits) shall be provided to discharge
smoke or help firefighters, provided:
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1.5.7.4.1 Emergency exits shall be in such clear place that easily accessed
by firefighters.
1.5.7.4.2 Emergency exits must be marked with the necessary signage and
the relevant purposes.
1.5.7.4.3 Emergency exits shall be covered with such materials that
firefighter may easily open or break, as required.
1.5.7.5 If the site area is more than 5,000 m², another emergency
entrance in the peripheral fence of site must be provided for easy
access of firefighters.
1.5.7.6 A framed guide illustration shall be posted in the main lobby of
building, indicating all information of fire protection
requirements to help access of firefighters.
1.5.7.7 Appropriate traffic signs shall be posted to prohibit any
occupation of the parking or streets assigned for fire engines and
vehicles.
1.6 Construction Requirements and Building Materials

1.6.1 Objective:
Preventive requirements in construction ranges are intended to
provide structural frame safety form fire hazards so that:
1.6.1.1 A building withstands collapse resulting from fire for enough
time to evacuate the building and fight the fire.
1.6.1.2 Fire is controlled within the least possible area in building and
not spreading to adjacent buildings.
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1.6.2 Building Structural Classification:
Buildings in terms of their structural frame resistance of fire are
classified according to Table I.2: Building Classification in Terms
of Fire Resistance.
1.6.3 Building Materials Specifications:

1.6.3.1 Properties of building materials or their compositions used as
structural elements in a building are classified according to their
vulnerability to fire.
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Classification of Buildings According to their Fire Resistance
Table 1.2
Resistanc Description of Structure Examples
Building
Material
e Rate
Type
Structures made of Buildings totally constructed of

3-4 hours
1 incombustible or fire concrete and cement blocks, whose

resistant material to the structure includes processed steel
required rate elements to produce the same
required fire resisting rate
Structures entirely made of Structures made of steel frame, but
1-2 hours(s)
incombustible and processed to produce certain

Incombustible
2 unresisting material, but resisting rate (e.g. sheds, hangars) in

processed to produce the industrial, storage areas, and
same required fire resisting prefabricated buildings made of
rate factory-manufactured construction
material or elements with limited fire
resisting extent
3 Same as type 2, but steel Such as sheds and hangars in
Unresisting
frame elements are not industrial and storage areas, which

processed, so that the mostly prevailing in these areas.
building is not fire resisting.
4 Structures entirely made of Buildings totally constructed of

Combustible
1-2 hours(s)
incombustible and resistant concrete structure and cement

material whose frame blocks, but some elements are made
includes combustible of processed wood (e.g. roof)to
material with limited fire produce certain resisting rate, such
resisting rate as sport, game hales and the like
5 Structures made of Buildings do not fall within types (1-
unresisting
combustible unresisting or 4) and other building having no fire

any unknown or not resisting standard
calibrated material
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1.7 Fire Spread Control
In order to control, reduce fire in the lowest possible space and
prevent fire spread within the same building or to adjacent
facilities, preventive requirements shall be provided to limit the
spread of fire.
1.7.1 The building or floor must be partitioned into independent
sections called “fire spread preventive sections”, as set out in
figure 1.1.
1.7.1.1 The area or size must not exceed the allowed level set out in the
Table of partition of buildings into fire spread preventive
sections. The design of such sections shall comply with Table 1.3:
Subdivision of buildings into fire spread preventive sectors.
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Partition of Buildings into Fire Spread Preventive Sections
Table 1.3
No. Uses Max. Notes
Area M² Size M³
1 Gathering Buildings -- 7000
2 Educational 2000 -- Each classroom is considered
Buildings independent secondary fire section
3 Care Buildings 2000 -- Wards and clinics are considered
independent secondary fire section
4 Residential Buildings 3000 -- Each residential unit is considered
5 Commercial shops 2000 -- Each leased unit is considered
6 Offices 3000 -- Each leased unit is considered
No. Uses Max. Notes
Area of Area
Basement or M²
Upper Floors
M²
7 Industrial facilities 1000 500 Plants that manufacture, assemble or
High Hazard produce combustible, exploding or
toxic gases emitting materials
8 Vocational shops 5000 1500 Plants that manufacture, assemble or
Medium Hazard produce incombustible materials or
repairmen workshops
9 Storage (A) 5000 1500 Stores that keep incombustible
Low Hazard materials
10 Storage (B) 3000 1000 Stores that keep combustible or
Medium Hazard incombustible materials wrapped
with combustible materials
11 Storage (C) 1000 500 Stores that keep general hazardous
High Hazard materials
12 Car Parking 5000 --
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1.7.1.2 Regardless the areas set out in the above Table 1.3: Partition of
Buildings into Fire Spread Preventive Sections, each unit below is
considered independent fire section:
1.7.1.2.1 A floor in multi-story buildings,
1.7.1.2.2 A space unit of different use from the building nature of use,
1.7.1.2.3 Vertical shaft in buildings; such as staircase, stairwell and skylight,
1.7.1.2.4 Approved emergency exits in building, such as protected
staircase entrance and corridor,
1.7.1.2.5 Hazardous areas; such as places used for storing flammable
liquids and materials, and
1.7.1.2.6 A building closer to neighboring boundaries is considered fire
preventive unit.
1.7.1.3 If a building is used for more than one purpose, each allocated
compartment is considered fire preventive section regardless its
area.
1.7.2 Fire Spread Preventive Barriers

1.7.2.1 Fire spread preventive barriers shall be separated from each
other by construction elements called “fire spread preventive
barriers” made of incombustible material with high fire resistance
rate as set out in Table 1.4: Minimum Fire Resistance Rate of
Building Frame Elements.
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Minimum Fire Resistance Rate of Building Frame Elements
Table 1.4
Construction Elements Building Classification for Table 1.2
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Resistance Rate (Hours)
Separation from Bearing 4 2 -- 1 --
adjacent building more Not Bearing -- -- -- -- --
than 15 m
External Walls
Separation from Bearing 4 2 -- 2 --

adjacent building 5-15 m Not Bearing 1 -- -- 1 --
Separation from Bearing 4 2 1 2 1
adjacent building less Not Bearing 2 2 1 2 1
than 5.0 m
Bearing structural frame 4 2 -- 2 1
Interior bearing walls 3 2 -- 2 --
Fixed Interior partitions 1 1 -- 1 --
Vertical shaft wall 2 2 1 2 --
Roof and floor slab 2 2 1 2 --
Roof frame 2 1 -- 1 --
Fire preventive barriers As per Table 1.5 and conditions of
Section 1
1.7.2.2 When fire spread preventive sections become fire barriers only,
resistance shall conform the hazard type of the relevant
separated sections, according to Table 1.5: Resistance Rate of Fire
Spread Preventive Barriers According to Hazard Level in the
Separated Sections.
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Resistance Rate of Fire Spread Preventive Barriers
According to Hazard Level in the Separated Sections)
Table 1.5
Numbers indicate Resistance Rate (Hours) Hazard Type In Fire Section B
Low Medium High
Hazard Type In Fire Low 1 2 4
Section A Medium 2 2 4
High 4 4 4
1.7.2.3 Fire barriers shall form actual integrated barrier, which prevents
the penetration of fire and smoke and continues to cover the section entirely
from wall to wall through any space behind it or cavity within and from the
floor to roof slab, according to the concealed spaces requirement, as set out
in figure 1-2.
1.7.2.4 Openings in fire preventive barriers are allowed according to the
following conditions:
1.7.2.4.1 If the openings are covered by fire spread preventive doors or
windows to the required level.
1.7.2.4.2 Pipe openings shall be designed to meet pipe diameter only, and
any space or gap around pipes shall be closed by fire preventive
materials.
1.7.2.4.3 The openings in such barriers that having fire resistance rating of
4.0 hours shall not be more than 12 m² each, and their total width
not exceeding 25% of total barrier length. These measures are
doubled when the place is protected by automatic water
sprinklers network, according to KFSD approval.
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1.7.3 Concealed Spaces
To complete the partition of buildings into fire sections for
preventing fire spread, the following should be observed
1.7.3.1 Compartmentalization shall include all concealed spaces behind,
above, between or within the construction elements and gaps are
closed.
1.7.3.2 Spaces or cavities in the construction elements such as walls,
roofs or floors at the trims, around openings and at joining with
other construction elements shall be filled with fireproof and
approved materials, except such spaces in walls that covered with
incombustible insulators.
1.7.3.3 All spaces behind construction elements, i.e. spaces above
suspended roofs, below the last slab of building, below floors,
behind walls and alike shall be partitioned by fire spread
preventive barriers.
1.7.3.4 These spaces shall be partitioned by fire preventive barriers as
follows:
1.7.3.4.1 Spaces maximum 30 m between barriers, areas not exceeding
150 m² between the suspended roof and slab of the above floor
and 300 m² between the suspended roof and the last slab.
1.7.3.4.2 The following cases are excluded from the forgoing
requirements:
35
1.7.3.4.2.1 Spaces under floor if their height is not more than 1.0 m and
are not accessible by persons.
1.7.3.4.2.2 Spaces above suspended roof if such roof is fire preventive
element, not demountable / mountable and containing no
exposed materials on which surface the flame rate is less than
10. See Table 1.8: Interior Finish Materials Classification for
Walls and Roofs and Table 1.9: Flame Spread Rate for Certain
Building Materials.
1.7.3.4.2.3 Spaces protected by automatic water sprinklers network or any
system of immersion in inert gases.
1.7.3.4.3 Spaces and cavities resulting from installation or overlapping
process of building elements shall be filled by fire preventive
materials in the form of paste in the following cases, as set out
in figure 1-3:
1.7.3.4.3.1 Spaces around pip and cable sleeves, etc.
1.7.3.4.3.2 Spaces at joints of construction elements, such wall to wall,
ceiling or roof joints.
1.7.3.4.4 A concealed space shall be closed and divided by fire and smoke
spread preventive barriers according to the following conditions,
as set out in Figure 1-4:
1.7.3.4.4.1 In spaces whose height is more than 1.0 m, barriers shall have
fire resistance rate not less than half an hour.
1.7.3.4.4.2 Except for the above, barriers may be of gypsum boards,
reinforced glass installed in metal frame or the like.
36
1.7.3.4.4.3 Gypsum boards or reinforced glass shall be firmly installed in
such durable manner that will not be effected or dismantled in
the event of fire, and flexible so that their efficiency is not
affected by building expansion / contraction movements.
1.7.4 External Spread among Fire Sections

In order to complete the control process of fire spread inside the
building, the requirements for preventing fire spread between
sections through such openings that overlooking the external
facades, surface or skylights shall be provided as follows:
1.7.4.1 For windows on the external facades, the distance between two
adjacent windows of two different fire sections at the same level
shall not be less than the following:
1.7.4.1.1 0.50 m if they are on straight façade; see Figure 1-5.
1.7.4.1.2 1.20 m if they are on two angular facades.
1.7.4.1.3 3.0 m in case of staircase window adjacent to a window of
another fire section.
1.7.4.2 Vertical space between windows on the external façade shall not
be less than the following:
1.7.4.2.1 1.20 m if they are on top each other.
1.7.4.2.2 Distance may be less than 1.20 m if they are separated from each
other by a concrete shade with projection from wall is 0.50 m.
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1.7.5 Roof Level Spread among Fire Sections
1.7.5.1 A fire preventive barrier shall continue to extend the last roof
space, and, if the last roof is in the form of truss, it should extend
to a 0.50 m above the joining point surface of slabs, as set out in
Figure 1-6.
1.7.5.2 In case of height differences of fire sections in a building, the roof
of the lower part should be as follows, as set out in Figure 1-7:
1.7.5.2.1 Fire resistance rate shall not be less than one hour.
1.7.5.2.2 No openings are allowed in the sectional lower part within 2.5 m
from the external wall of the upper section unless that wall is solid
without any openings, and it is fire resistant for at least 1.0 hour.
1.7.6 Fire Spread among Buildings

1.7.6.1 To prevent fire spread among buildings, adequate distance shall
be provided according to external walls requirements with
respect to area of openings and type of external cladding, as set
out in Figure 1-8/9 and Table 1.6: The Required Distance Among
Buildings and Land Borders “Limits of Property”, taking into
consideration the details of Table 1.4: Minimum Fire Resistance
Ratings for Structural Building Elements and Table 1.5: Resistance
Ratings of Fire Spread Prevision Barriers as per Hazard Level in
the Relevant Sectors.
38
The Required Distance among Buildings and Land Borders “Limits of
Property”
Table 1.6
Area of Openings in Relation to the Area of Façade Building Height (m)
8 8-24 Above 24
Distance (m)
No requirements
Less than 50% 3 5 10
More than 50% 3 7.5 15
1.8 Structural Requirements for Building Construction Elements

1.8.1 All elements of structural frame of building, such as walls, roofs,
beams, columns, floors, etc. shall be constructed of such
incombustible and fire resistant material that suitable for the
nature of use in accordance with fire resistance rates of building
frame, as set out in Table 1.7.
The Required Fire Resistance Rating for Building Structures

Table 1.7
Structural Frame Elements Multi-Story Industrial &
Residential & Warehouses
Commercial Buildings
Columns, beams and slabs 2 hours 4 hours
External walls separating neighbors or 4 hours 4 hours
hazardous parts of building
39
Interior walls or partitions 2 hours 4 hours
Walls of exits, including staircase, elevator’s 2 hours 4 hours
well, skylight, horizontal and vertical service
ducts, etc.
Note:
Columns and beams fire resistance rate could be increased according to KFSD
requirement where the building is used for more than one purpose, i.e. application of
resistance rates for more hazardous uses.
1.8.1.1 If some of the structural frame are made of steel elements, they
shall be coated with incombustible and fire impacts resistant
material consistence with the required rate of frame itself.
1.8.1.2 If the roof frame is made of steel trusses based on steel columns,
external walls shall be completely separated from the columns.
In such case, bracketing columns and beams are used so that the
roof frame is not affected by fire heat.
1.8.1.3 A fence around each plot as prescribed in “Fire Spread Control”
shall be constructed to constitute fire preventive wall with
adequate height to prevent fire spread to adjacent plots,
according to the required nature of building and adjacent
buildings’ use, or as per KFSD recommendations.
1.8.1.4 If the external wall of a building is not the partition and at less
than 3.0 m from the adjacent building, it is preferable not to
create any openings in such wall, unless they are provided with
fire resistant door with similar resistance rate required for the wall
itself.
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1.8.1.5 A building shall be subdivided into fire preventive sections that
are separated from each other by fire preventive walls or roofs,
which meet the frame elements specifications, as prescribed in
“Fire Spread Control”.
1.8.2 Interior Finish Materials

1.8.2.1 Interior finish materials for walls and roofs are classified
according to flame spread and smoke development, which have
classification rate according to Table 1.8: Interior Finish Materials
Classification for Walls and Roofs.
41
Interior Finish Materials Classification for Walls and Roofs
Table 1.8
Type Flame Spread Rate (Unit) Smoke Development Rate (Unit)
A 0 – 25 0 – 450
B 26 – 75 0 – 450
C 76 – 200 0 – 450
Interior finish materials for walls and roofs are classified in 3 types arranged in
descending order according to preference in terms of prevention.
Flame Spread Rate for Certain Building Materials

Table 1.9
Material Flame Spread
Rate
Noise reducing fiberglass 15 – 30
Roof
Noise reducing metal plates 10 – 25
One side hot coated Aluminum plates 5 – 10
Walls Cement asbestos boards 0
Cement or clay bricks 0
Gypsum boards covered by cartons on both sides 10 – 25
Carpets or rugs 10 – 600
Flooring Concrete bedding, tiles or marble 0
Linoleum 190 – 300
Asbestos Vinyl reinforced flooring tiles 10 – 50
Note:
A complete list of fire spread rates in building materials may be obtained by referring
Building Materials Directory published by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062
42
1.8.2.2 Flame spread and smoke development rates of interior finish
materials for walls and roof may be calculated according to
standard tests set out in NFPA 225: Standard Method of Test of
Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials).
1.8.2.3 Some interior finish materials for walls and roofs, e.g. textiles not
pasted or firmly applied on a hard surface, are not suitable for
testing according to the above standard test methods, and such
materials are tested according to NFPA 701: Standard Method of
Fire Test for Flame Resistant Textiles and Films).
1.8.2.4 Interior finish materials for floor are tested according to NFPA
253: Standard Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering
Systems Using Radiant Heat Energy Source).
1.8.2.5 The technical basis of this test is that flame spread on the surface
of interior finish materials (floor) in actual fire depends on the
amount of heat radiant flux to which a material is exposed.
Therefore, the higher the heat radiation flux at which the
standard test criteria are achieved, the best is the tested material
with respect to prevention. The lowest value of heat radiation flux
at which standard test criteria of a material are achieved is called
“Minimum Critical Heat Radiation Flux”.
1.8.2.6 Materials are classified in ascending order with respect to
preference for fire prevention in Table 1.10: Minimum Critical
Heat Radiation Flux.
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Minimum Critical Heat Radiation Flux
Table 1.10
Type Minimum Critical Heat Radiation Flux
1 0.45 w/cm²
2 0.22 w/cm²
1.8.3 Fire Doors

1.8.3.1 All openings in fire resistant partitions shall be provided with
such fire resistant closing mean, e.g. doors, windows, etc. that
have fire resistant rate equivalent to the required rate of the
partition itself.
1.8.3.2 The door frame resistance rate shall be the same as required for
the door itself.
1.8.3.3 The door frame shall be made of incombustible material if the
required fire resistance rating for the door is 4.0 hours or more,
or if the purpose of its use is to separate connected sections
classified as fire hazard.
1.8.3.4 If the required resistance rate is 1.0 hour or less and the use
purpose is for normal location where fire hazard exists, the door
frame may be made of combustible material (e.g. wood),
provided it is treated by one of the following methods:
1.8.3.4.1 It shall be covered or lined with incombustible material or coated
with fire retardant material.
1.8.3.4.2 It shall be made of hardwood (e.g. beech) without any gaps or
holes, provided it produces the required resistance rate.
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1.8.3.5 Glass panel installed for windows and doors should be of fire
resistant type to the required rate of the door itself.
1.8.3.6 A fire resistant door shall be equipped with automatic closing
means (door closer). If it is necessary to keep the door open, it
shall be provided with such system that closes it automatically
when fire breaks through thermal disconnection (fuse) or alarm
system.
1.8.3.7 A simple manual closing mean should be provided in addition to
the automatic closing system.
1.8.3.8 International codes shall be adopted in case no local
specifications are available to assess the doors’ fire resistance
rate.
1.8.3.9 Fire retardant materials shall be subject to KFSD approval.
1.8.3.10 When requirements permit that materials used in covering may
be less flame resistance rate than (10), see Table 1.8: Interior
Finish Materials Classification for Walls and Roofs and Table 1.9:
Flame Spread Rate for Certain Building Materials, such materials
shall comply with the following specifications:
1.8.3.10.1 Selection of combustion intensity: 1:20
1.8.3.10.2 Selection of combustibility rate: materials not easy combustible.
1.8.3.10.3 Selection of smoke density: not more than 450 units and not
generating toxic gases.
1.8.3.11 If the materials used in covering are made of wood or whose flam
resistant rate is less than zero, they shall be applied directly on
wall or on struts of 2.0cm thick and 5.0cm wide that directly
45
mounted on the wall, provided that the spaces between such
struts are filled with incombustible materials.
1.8.3.12 If the covering materials are installed on a structure remote from
the wall or roof, e.g. suspended roofs, the surface of installed
boards from both sides shall be consistent with the required rate
and installed on a frame of incombustible materials. The space
behind such structure shall be subdivided as stated in Paragraph
(1.7.3.3): “all spaces behind construction elements shall be
partitioned by fire spread preventive barriers”.
1.8.4 Steel Structural Frame

1.8.4.1 Structural steel elements in a building shall be processed to
provide the required fire resistance rate for protection from
collapse under fire heat effect.
1.8.4.2 Applicable protection process of steel structural elements is
divided into the following methods:
Steel elements are dipped in concrete casting, cement or clay
bricks construction. Protection shall comply with the following:
1.8.4.2.1 Dipping
Columns are dipped by coated with concrete casting, cement or
clay bricks construction, or layer of cement plastering on wire-
mesh base, as set out in Figure 1-10.
1.8.4.2.1.1 After review of the required resistance rate, covering thickness
data shall be approved by KFSD.
46
1.8.4.2.2 Wrapping
Steel elements are wrapped in box-shaped approved fire
resistant plates. Protection by wrapping process shall comply
with the following conditions, as set out in Figure 1-11:
1.8.4.2.2.1 No services may pass through the spaces behind protection
plates of steel elements.
1.8.4.2.2.2 When protection plates exceed 60cm wide, they shall be
mountable on rigid base of steel boards to avoid breakage.
1.8.4.2.3 Facing
Steel element is coated with a layer of fire resistant approved
material in the form of a paste to be applied by spraying or
plastering (facing). Protection process by facing shall meet the
following conditions, as set out in Figure 1-12:
1.8.4.2.3.1 Protection process by facing shall be comply with the
manufacturer’s requirements and KFSD approval, taking into
account calculations of thickness, application method and
circumstances, mixing ratio, climatic conditions and their
relation to the application and storage and the validity of
material.
1.8.4.2.3.2 Steel element shall be prepared; i.e. cleaning, base painting,
etc.
1.8.4.2.3.3 Steel structural elements are protected by said three methods,
according to the generally accepted engineering principles
47
and such specifications of the concerned authorities as may
be approved by KFSD.
1.8.5 Plastic Building Materials

In order to limit fire hazard resulting from the use of plastic
materials, which are increasingly applied in construction or
building finishing, such materials shall be subject such control
measures that reduce their hazard, according to the following
conditions. Plastic materials are divided into the following types:
1.8.5.1 Type 1 includes porous plastic materials, which are divided into
2 types:
1.8.5.1.1 Solid Plates include polystyrene, polyurethane and isocyanates,
which are used in insulation, partitioning, surface covering, etc.
1.8.5.1.2 Flexible Plates, spongy such as polythene, which are used in
decoration works, etc.
1.8.5.1.2.1 Fire retardant material shall be added to the porous (foamy)
plastic material manufacturing mixture, so that it is used in
buildings and the foam plastic materials characteristics
become as follows:
1.8.5.1.2.1.1 It becomes not easily combustible.
1.8.5.1.2.1.2 Flame spread rate not is exceeding 10. See Table 1.8: Interior
Finish Materials Classification for Walls and Roofs and Table
1.9: Flame Spread Rate for Certain Building Materials.
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1.8.5.1.2.1.3 Smoke density is not exceeding 450 units. See Table 1.8:
Interior Finish Materials Classification for Walls and Roofs and
Table 1.9: Flame Spread Rate for Certain Building Materials.
1.8.5.1.2.1.4 Smoke toxicity is not more than normal wood.
1.8.5.2 Type 2 includes solid plastic materials, which are used as colored
or transparent plates for lighting openings, domes covers,
shades, etc.
1.8.5.3 Plastic materials as thermal insulation in the buildings:

1.8.5.3.1 Plastic materials may be used according to the following
conditions:
1.8.5.3.1.1 As filler, not to not exceeding 10cm thick between two layers of
bricks each of which is at least 5.0cm thick, provided spaces are
closed.
1.8.5.3.1.2 Dipped into concrete casting cover to at least 5.0cm, when they
are used as part of structural element components, such as
interior partitions or surface cover.
1.8.5.3.2 Plastic materials may be used as filler in non-fire doors, provided
filler thickness is not more than 5.0cm, flame spread rate not
exceeding 10 and wrapped. See Table 1.8: Interior Finish
Materials Classification for Walls and Roofs and Table 1.9: Flame
Spread Rate for Certain Building Materials.
1.8.5.3.3 Plastic materials use is allowed inside buildings whether for
thermal insulation or as interior partitions filler, according to the
49
1.8.5.3.3.1 Floor area shall not exceed 200 m² or partitions area is not more
than 100 m². If floor area is greater, a floor shall be subdivided
into fire sections with maximum 200 m² each.
1.8.5.3.3.2 Plastic materials used as thermal insulation shall not be more
than 5.0cm thick.
1.9 General Requirements for Various Building Divisions

(Basement, Mezzanine, Skylight, etc.)
1.9.1 Basement
Provision of fire protection and individuals’ safety requirements
pursuant to the nature of use shall be observed with respect to
basements, taking into account the following conditions:
1.9.1.1 Provision of adequate natural or mechanical ventilation and
lighting shall be prerequisite for basements.
1.9.1.2 All necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent water leak to
basement. The relevant floors shall be designed with the required
means for water disposal if the basement floor is lower than the
adjacent water resources level.
1.9.1.3 Stairways and basements exits requirements shall be applied,
according to the articles of “Means of Escape – Exits” Section. The
number of exists in each basement shall not be less than 2.0 if its
area exceeds 150 m² and the farthest point in a basement shall
not be more than 15 m from an exit, provided one of the exits
shall lead directly to the outside of the building.
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1.9.1.4 If an exit of any basement leads to the building main stairway
entry, all necessary measures shall be taken in GF so that the
basement stairway leads directly to the outside of the building,
without continuation to access higher floors.
1.9.1.5 Adequate natural ventilation to discharge flame from basement
shall be ensured by windows on the building exterior wall,
covered with thick mesh barrier, if openable, or reinforced glass,
if non-openable type, as per nature of use.
1.9.1.6 If no adequate natural ventilation windows are provided, other
natural means shall be provided to exhaust basement smoke and
other gases if fire breaks, according to the following:
1.9.1.6.1 Openings of 90x90cm in the upper part of exterior wall, or in the
roof, of a basement that overlooking pavement or open areas of
GF, such as corridors, etc., shall be constructed and covered with
glazed bricks or any other material that can be easily opened or
broken by KFSD firefighters, as required in emergencies.
1.9.1.6.2 A system such as chimney model shall be developed to discharge
smoke from basement during fire events by providing fresh air
inlets near the basement floor and suction stack in the roof to be
connected to openings in the upper storey and covered as set
out in the previous paragraph.
1.9.1.6.3 KFSD may accept and approve any other appropriate means for
smoke suction proposed by the designer engineer, provided they
meet the requirements.
1.9.1.7 Basement ventilation openings should be:
1.9.1.7.1 Constructed in clear place easily accessible by firefighters,
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1.9.1.7.2 Distinguished by the necessary signboards that indicating the
respective purpose, and
1.9.1.7.3 Covered with such materials that firefighters can easily open or
break, as required.
1.9.2 Skylights (Lighting Shafts)

according to the nature of use shall be observed with respect to
skylights, taking into account the following conditions:
1.9.2.1 Windows overlooking lighting shaft shall be fire resistant type,
especially if they are located at fire hazard place, such as kitchens,
toilets, etc., otherwise; the requirements set out in “Fire Spread
Control” shall be applied.
1.9.2.2 If a lighting shaft is used for stacks, all openings overlooking
thereto shall covered with automatic closing fire resisting doors,
subject to prior approval of KFSD.
1.9.2.3 The upper structure of lighting shaft shall be uncovered, fenced
with a wall to at least 1.5 m high from the surface to form
preventive barrier from falling down.
1.9.2.4 Lighting shaft may not be used for egress in emergencies without
KFSD approval.
1.9.2.5 Lighting shaft may not be used for garbage collection purposes,
room, and store for the first floor or any other irrelevant purpose.
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1.9.3 Mezzanine
according to the nature of use shall be observed with respect to
mezzanine, taking into account the following conditions, as set
out in Figure 1-13:
1.9.3.1 A mezzanine that disconnected from GF (commercial shops) shall
be ordinary and separate floor in multi-story buildings.
1.9.3.2 A mezzanine shall not be more than 60% of GF area.
1.9.3.3 GF height in addition to mezzanine shall not be less than 5.5 m.
1.9.3.4 A mezzanine parapet shall be 1.0 m high, made of transparent
material such as glass or fabricated steel.
1.9.3.5 Access to mezzanine shall be through open stairway not less than
1.2 m wide.
1.9.3.6 A mezzanine shall not occupy 100% of commercial shops area,
except upon a consent from KFSD, provided that:
1.9.3.6.1 It has an open facade from the road side,
1.9.3.6.2 It has adequate exits, and one of which leads to the outside of
the building, and
1.9.3.6.3 It does not represent hazard to individual's safety.
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Section 2
Firefighting and Alarm Equipment General Requirements
2.1 Purpose
Buildings and structures are equipped with alarm, firefighting
and protection systems in order to protect buildings and their
occupants from fire hazard by providing early alarm so as to
evacuate the building, primarily fight the fire by trained
personnel or automatic equipment, call KFSD teams for actual
firefighting and conduct rescue operations, as required.
2.2 Scope of Application

All buildings, structures and shops licensed by KFSD shall be
provided with appropriate firefighting, alarm and protection
equipment, according to these conditions.
2.3 Design Requirements

Firefighting, alarm and protection systems shall be designed and
implemented according to the requirements of Part II:
“Engineering Specifications of Alarm and Firefighting Systems”.
2.4 Permit Requirements

General Fire Department regulations in each country shall be
applicable.
54
2.5 Maintenance Requirements
Regular periodical maintenance service shall be provided for
firefighting and alarm systems by specialized staff or certified
contractor, according to the requirements of Part II.
2.6 Training Requirements

Buildings occupants shall be trained to operate, use and inspect
firefighting and alarm systems.
2.7 Firefighting Systems and Equipment Classification

Firefighting and alarm systems and equipment are divided into
the following main types:
A. Manual, fixed and automatic firefighting systems and
equipment.
B. Manual and automatic fire alarm systems.
2.7.1 Manual Firefighting Equipment

Portable equipment (preliminary firefighting) are used by
ordinary people available in a building for firefighting at initial
stages, including:
A. Various portable extinguishers,
55
B. Manual water pumps,
C. Sand and water containers, and
D. Special fire resistant blankets.
2.7.1.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers

2.7.1.1.1 Portable extinguishers are light manual means for firefighting at
initial stages, considered preliminary firefighting equipment.
2.7.1.1.2 In any building subject to KFSD approval, portable extinguishers
are required in accordance with fire protection requirements for
buildings or any location wherein the activity requires KFSD
approval.
2.7.1.1.3 Portable extinguishers shall be of such an approved type under
an official permit by KFSD.
2.7.1.1.4 By taking the necessary measures for periodic test, inspection
and the required maintenance by the certified agency or any
specialized technical authority approved by KFSD, the client or
owner of building shall maintain portable extinguishers in a
serviceable condition to be used as needed, according to the
instructions of manufacturers.
2.7.1.1.5 Periodic inspection and maintenance shall be based on the
instructions of manufacturers and KFSD.
2.7.1.2 Types of Extinguishers
Portable Extinguishers include the following types based on the
firefighting substance:
56
2.7.1.2.1 Water Extinguishers contain water as firefighting material and
include two types as follows:
2.7.1.2.1.1 Water CO2 Extinguishers are cylinders filled with water under
normal pressure, containing small Carbon Dioxide compressed
cartridge. When operated, the cartridge is punched to release
the compressed gas which intensely drives water through the
hose nozzle.
2.7.1.2.1.2 Air or Nitrogen Pressurized Water Extinguishers are

cylinders filled to 2/3 with water and the rest with normal air or
nitrogen to the required pressure. When operated, water is
intensely driven out by the stored pressure.
2.7.1.2.2 Foam Extinguishers are producing foam liquid as fire

extinguishing material, including:
2.7.1.2.2.1 Chemical Foam Extinguishers produce foam through
chemical reaction and discharge it by the resulting pressure of
reaction.
2.7.1.2.2.2 Mechanical Foam Extinguishers produce foam mechanically

by mixing foam liquid materials with water and air, then foam
is thrown by pressurized Carbon Dioxide in small cartridge.
2.7.1.2.3 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers produce CO2 as extinguishing

material and originally include only one type with different sizes,
57
in which CO2 is kept as liquid under pressure and discharged
upon operation by opening the control valve on the upper part
of cylinder.
2.7.1.2.4 Dry Powder Extinguishers contain dry chemical powder as

extinguishing material and are divided into 2 types with respect
to the operation method:
2.7.1.2.4.1 Gas Pressurized Extinguishers expel powder under the effect
of the pressurized CO2 contained in a small cartridge.
2.7.1.2.4.2 Dry Chemical Extinguishers with Stored Pressure are such

type that expel powder through Nitrogen pressure contained in
the cylinder with such powder. The chemical powder has
various compositions as follows:
A. Sodium Bicarbonate,
B. Potassium Bicarbonate,
C. Multipurpose powder, and
D. Other powder types for certain metal fire, which are used
in special cases only.
2.7.1.2.5 Vaporizing Liquid (BCF) Extinguishers contain different types

of chemical liquids as fire extinguishing material. These liquids
are vaporized when contact fire heat forming dense heavy vapors
that stop fire chemical reaction chain. This type of extinguishers
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is in process of internationally banned for its environment
impact.
2.7.1.3 Fire Classes and Suitable Extinguisher Types

Fire is divided into four main classes, which are set out below with
the respective suitable portable extinguisher type. (For
convenience, see Table 2.1 to 2.3).
2.7.1.3.1 Fire Class A includes normal solids of carbon origin, such as

paper, lumber and clothes, etc., for which water extinguishers are
suitable for cooling properties and easy water leak into the pores
of such materials.
2.7.1.3.2 Fire Class B includes combustible liquids for which the following
extinguishers are suitable:
2.7.1.3.2.1 Foam Extinguishers, as foam liquid overflows the burning
liquid surface and forms a blanket that blocks off the supply of
oxygen to the surface of burning liquid. Foam is distinguished
by remaining for long time on the liquid surface, which helps in
preventing reigniting, and it is good electricity conductor.
2.7.1.3.2.2 Dry Chemicals Extinguishers are effective, quickly suppressing

flame and used for pool liquids, moving on ground or when the
situation requires rapid firefighting to avoid fire spread. They
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have no cooling effect, which fire likely reignited if the liquid
temperature rises, and powder is not electricity conductor.
2.7.1.3.2.3 CO2 Extinguishers, e.g. chemical powder extinguishers, unlike

other types of extinguishers, e.g. foam and powder
extinguishers, have no harmful impact on assets and CO2 is not
electrical conductor.
2.7.1.3.2.4 Vaporized Liquid Extinguishers are used in small fires and

liquid fuel engines because their packages are small, and their
content is not electricity conductor.
2.7.1.3.3 Fire Class C includes fires of electrical equipment, for which CO2
and dry powder or vaporized liquid extinguishers are used. Water
and foam are prohibited because both are electricity conductors.
2.7.1.3.4 Fire Class D involves fires of combustible metals, such as

magnesium, titanium, sodium, and potassium, etc., for which
special dry powder is used and some metals require special
powder. KFSD must be consulted in this regard and
manufactures’ instructions on the extinguishers to be observed.
A type of dry powder branded as (Purple K), which forms paste
when contacts a burning surface, has been developed for metals
firefighting.
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2.7.1.4 General Aspects of Portable Extinguishers Distribution
Further to the previous articles and attached table, the following
aspects shall be taken into consideration upon selection of the
suitable type of portable extinguishers:
2.7.1.4.1 All fire extinguishers at a site shall be operated by the same
method so that no confusion or hesitation could occur when such
extinguishers are used in the event of fire.
2.7.1.4.2 Fire extinguishers with hoses shall be used at sites containing
raised places that require control of throw angle.
2.7.1.4.3 A suitable type of fire extinguisher shall be selected for the
location in relation to water throw distance and mode (current or
spry).
2.7.1.4.4 A reasonable light weight type of fire extinguishers suitable for
the users’ capability shall be selected.
2.7.1.4.5 It is always preferable to select fire extinguishers type that is
easily used and smoothly maintained.
2.7.1.4.6 Ambient climate conditions of heat, moisture, cooling, corrosion,
etc. and their impact on the extinguishers and the respective
contents must be taken into consideration.
2.7.1.4.7 The required number of fire extinguishers shall be 2.0 gallon or
equivalent extinguisher for each 200 m², provided the number
should not be less 2 extinguishers per floor with regard to
ordinary fires class A.
2.7.1.4.8 The required number of extinguishers for fire class B
(combustible liquids) shall comply with Table 2.2.
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2.7.1.5 Portable Extinguishers Distribution
2.7.1.5.1 Unless otherwise herein stated, fire extinguishers are generally
distributed in suitable locations not more than 20 m remote from
each other, and 1.0 extinguisher is distributed for each 200 m².
2.7.1.5.2 For water extinguishers, 2.0 shall be provided in each floor.
2.7.1.5.3 The number of extinguishers for flammable liquids are
determined based on the area of combustible liquids surface, as
indicated in Table 2.2.
2.7.1.5.4 Except as otherwise stated above, extinguishers shall be
distributed in suitable locations, as recommended by KFSD.
Generally, the following conditions shall be observed:
2.7.1.5.5 Fire extinguishers shall be secured in wall cabinet or cavity with
door to protect from climatic conditions and tampering, as set
out in Figure 2-1 and 2-2.
2.7.1.5.6 Fire extinguishers may be mounted uncovered on a wall in such
cases as may be approved by KFSD, where they are safe from said
warnings.
2.7.1.5.7 Uncovered fire extinguishers on wall shall be mountable on
brackets to 1.0 m high between the bottom of the extinguisher
to ground surface.
2.7.1.5.8 The necessary signboards shall be posted to indicate the location
of extinguishers along with the necessary instructions for use and
warnings.
2.7.1.5.9 Fire extinguishers location shall be selected in such manner to be
suitable and accessible.
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2.7.1.5.9.1 It shall be closer to exits or staircase.
2.7.1.5.9.2 Each fire extinguisher shall not be more than 20 m remote from
the other.
2.7.1.5.9.3 Fire extinguisher shall be 1.0 m from the ground level.
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Selection and Distribution Method of Fire Extinguishers Type A
Table 2.1
Fire Class Suitable Extinguisher Notes Extinguisher Extinguisher Throw Total Required No of
Type Capacity Distance Weight Extinguishers
200 M² Per Floor
Fire Class A: Water: Being well Water and 9.0L. 10 m 10-18kg 1 2
Ordinary solids, Extinguishing material elect. compressed gas 2.0Gal. 30ft. 33-40lbs
e.g. lumber, impact on ordinary solids, conductor,
paper, cloths, e.g. lumber, paper, cloths, water shall
etc. etc. mainly depends on not be used
cooling property relevant for elect.
to water, which has better fires.
cooling property than
other extinguishing
materials. Therefore, it is
preferred for ordinary
solids fires because they
reignite unless adequately
cooled. Moreover, water
penetrates fire quickly
Water with 1 2
stored pressure
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Selection and Distribution Method of Fire Extinguishers Type B
Table 2.2
Fire Class Suitable Extinguisher Notes Extinguisher Extinguishe Total Throw Extinguisher
Type r Capacity Weight Distance Coverage
Area
Fire Class B: (1) Foam: It is difficult to form a foam Water and 9.0L. 15-18kg 8.0 m 0.5 m²
Flammable Fires are damped by cover on hot Liquid and compressed 2.0Gal. 33-40lbs 23ft 5.0 ft²
liquids, e.g. form which forms a impossible if such liquid gas
oil and cover over the burning flows on vertical surface.
chemicals liquid. Such cover Liquids flow on tiles or
remains after for some horizontal surface may
time enough to cool the extend to greater area than
liquid and prevent re- the extinguisher capacity.
ignition. Therefore, Some liquids, e.g. alcohol,
foam extinguishers are are able to break and
especially suitable for deactivate the cover
fighting liquids that formed by ordinary
burns for some time or portable extinguishers.
become hot for Moreover, foam is good
operations, such as fuel electricity conductor, which
tanks, oil heaters, linen should not be used for
seeds heaters and electrical fires
varnish boilers.
Chemical foam
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Table 2.2
Fire Class Suitable Extinguisher Notes Extinguisher Extinguisher Total Throw Extinguisher
Type Capacity Weight Distance Coverage
Area
Fire Class B: (2) Dry Powder: Dry powder has limited All types of 2.0 kg 4.0 kg 3.0 m 1.0 m²
Flammable Dry powder is the best cooling properties that dry powder 4-5 lbs. 10 lbs. 10 ft. 5.0 ft²
liquids, e.g. extinguishers for cannot prevent likely extinguishers
oil and fighting flammable reigniting after foam 3.0 kg 9.0 kg 5.0 m 1.5 m²
chemicals liquids, as powder throw stops. Its effect is 7.0 lbs. 18 lbs. 15 ft. 15 ft²
suppresses the flames also weaker than foam’s
on liquid surface in case of liquid fires 9.0 kg 18 kg 7.0 m 4.0 m²
quickly. It is preferable inside tanks, where 20 lbs. 20 lbs. 20 ft. 40 ft²
for use instead of foam liquids are heated
especially in cases considerably due to
where fire likely spreads burning for some time
to adjacent materials or for the relevant
before foam can be operations.
formed. Dry powder is
not electricity
conductor, and can be
used securely for
electrical fires.
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Table 2.2
Area
Fire Class B: (3) CO2: CO2 has limited All types of 2.0 kg 4.0 kg 3.0 m 1.0 m²
Flammable CO2 suppresses flames cooling properties dry powder 4-5 lbs. 10 lbs. 10 ft. 5.0 ft²
liquids, e.g. on liquid surface quicker that cannot prevent extinguishers
oil and than form. It is better for likely reigniting after 3.0 kg 9.0 kg 5.0 m 1.5 m²
chemicals fires that may spread to throw stops. Its effect 7.0 lbs. 18 lbs. 15 ft. 15 ft²
adjacent materials before is weaker than foam’s
complete foam cover forms in case of liquid fires 9.0 kg 18 kg 7.0 m 4.0 m²
on the burning liquid. CO2 inside tanks, where 20 lbs. 20 lbs. 20 ft. 40 ft²
extinguisher can be used liquids are heated
for small fires which involve considerably due to
flowing liquids on burning for some
horizontal surfaces without time.
contamination with dry
powder or foam. CO2 is
preferable for panting,
glazing machines, kitchens
and lab instruments fires.
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Table 2.2
Area
Fire Class B: (4) Evaporated Liquids: They should not be Evaporated 0.5 L 2.0 kg 7.0 m 1/3 m²
Flammable Evaporated liquids used or kept in closed liquids CBM 1/8 Gal 6.0 lbs. 20 ft.
liquids, e.g. extinguishers suppress places or any places BCF
oil and flames on liquid surface where the resulting
chemicals quickly. They are preferable vapors and gases for
particularly for very small exposure to heat are
fires because the likely to be inhaled. It
extinguishers containing is recommended not
such liquids are relatively of to use Bromide
small size. They are mainly Methyl in such
used for petrol and oil extinguishers as it is
driven machines, and not very toxic material.
electricity conductors.
Chemical foam
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Selection and Distribution Method of Fire Extinguishers Type C and D
Table 2.3
Fire Class Suitable Notes
Extinguisher
Fire Class C: CO2 CO2, dry powder and evaporated liquids are considered the best materials for
Electrical energized or Dry powder electrical firefighting. Water or foam extinguishers should not be used for this
electronic appliances Evaporated liquids purpose to avoid electrical shocks (water and foam are electrical conductors)
except in case of possible disconnecting electrical current, as water is the best
firefighting material. For fires involving oils or liquids, special materials for liquid
firefighting shall be used. CO2 are considered the best extinguishers for
electrical fires due to their light weight.
Fire Class D: Dry chemical There is no sole dry powder type suitable for all metal fires. However, there is
Combustible metals or powder special powder for each combustible metal. Therefore, the manufacturers’
certain petroleum instructions on the extinguishers shall be observed and KFSD consulted upon
materials the selection of suitable extinguishers for metal fires.
Important Note:
There is considerable health hazard if the suitable type of extinguishers is not
properly selected for metal firefighting.
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2.7.2 Fixed Firefighting Equipment
Some parts of fixed firefighting equipment network installations
are used in initial stages of fire by normal ordinary occupants of
building, while others parts are used by trained people such as
special firefighting teams or KFSD firemen. Fixed firefighting
equipment with respect to their function is divided into the
following:
2.7.2.1 Hose Reel
Hose reel is a simple tool for firefighting at initial stages only by
the occupants of building themselves without previous training
requirement. Each hose reel includes a rubber hose of 25 mm (1.0
inch) diameter rolled up on a reel inside metal box mounted on
/ in the wall, connected directly to water supply network and
ready for use immediately after pulling the hose.
2.7.2.1.1 A hose reel consists of the following:
1. Network,
2. Reel,
3. Hose and its connections, and
5. Water supply.
2.7.2.2 Dry Risers

A fixed dry pipe installed network includes a breeching inlet for
pumping water from outside the building and fire outlets
distributed at the required locations in building. It is used for
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assisting KFSD firemen by breeching water for use in upper
floors.
2.7.2.2.1 Dry risers network in a building consists of the following:

1. Vertical pipe which feeds water outlets,
2. Breeching inlet in the bottom of network for pumping by
KFSD, and
3. Fire outlets in floors.
2.7.2.2.2 Dry risers network in a building is required in the following

events:
1. Buildings consist of 5 floors and more, including GF, or
buildings of 18 m high or more,
2. Buildings consist of 2.0 floors if the floor area is more than
1000 m², and
3. Buildings have hazard to lives or properties, as per the
discretion of KFSD.
2.7.2.3 Wet Risers

A fixed wet installed pipe network with running water supply that
feeds firefighting outlets distributed at the required locations in
building. It can be used by KFSD firemen or trained people for
firefighting in building.
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2.7.2.3.1 Wet risers network consists of the following components:
1. Vertical pipe which feeds water outlets,
2. Water supply,
3. Pumps,
4. Hoses and fittings, and
5. Breeching inlet or point.
2.7.2.3.2 Wet risers in a building is required in the following events:

1. Buildings with 28 m high calculated from GF flooring to the
last floor flooring, and
2. Buildings have hazard to lives or properties, as per the
discretion of KFSD.
2.7.2.3.3 Network use shall be limited to firefighting works only.
2.7.2.3.4 Network main valve keys shall be kept in locked special places,
and a duplicate is kept in a closed box with glass lid mounted on
the main entrance of building to avoid tampering.
2.7.2.4 Foam System

A fixed pipe network is used for throwing water and foam
material mixture to such inaccessible places that are usually used
for storage or handling liquid fuels. Water and foam material
mixture flows in the form of bubbles that operate as insulating
blanket of the burning surface from ambient oxygen while water
cools it.
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2.7.2.5 Fire Hydrants
Fire hydrants are an underground pipe network with continuous
water supply that feeds firefighting outlets. This network is used
for providing water for firefighting from outside by KFSD firemen.
2.7.2.5.1 Fire hydrants are required in the following places:
1. At all public roads in cities,
2. As booster for such buildings that are provided with wet
riser network, and
3. At such roads and yards of mega facilities that have special
hazard, e.g. airports, sea ports, factories, compounds, etc.
2.7.2.5.2 Fire hydrants network consists of the following:
1. Pipe network that feeds inlets,
2. Water sources, and
3. Outlets.
2.7.2.5.3 Fire hydrant network includes two sections:
- Above ground vertical fire hydrants (external fire pillar) and
- Below ground fire hydrants.
2.7.2.5.3.1 External Fire Hydrants (Pillars)

1. It is a fixed vertical main connected from bottom to feeding
network and provided in the upper section with one or
more outlets equipped with a cover tied by a chain.
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2. The vertical pipe diameter depends on the number of
outlets, use and the quantity of discharged water, which
shall not be less than 4.0 inches and each outlet is not less
than 25 inches.
3. A valve is installed for each outlet within the manhole,
according to the specifications and requirements of KFSD.
2.7.2.5.3.2 Underground Fire Hydrant

A pipe includes valve and terminates with outlet with cape tied
to metal chain according to KFSD specifications. Firefighting
hydrants are maintained in manhole as per specifications and
requirements of KFSD.
2.7.3 Automatic Fixed Firefighting Systems and Equipment

A fixed installed network with outlets distributed in the places to
be protected is fed by continuous source of a suitable firefighting
material. It is operated automatically by sensors of heat resulting
from fire or sensors of smoke, or by both means.
2.7.3.1 Automatic Firefighting Sprinklers System

Overhead pipe network distributed above the places to be
protected is fed with water from a suitable source of quantity and
pressure where water is breeched through such closed sprinkling
nozzles (wet sprinklers) that are automatically opened by heat
impact, or water breaches through nozzles that are automatically
74
opened by assisting alarm device, where the place is fully
deluged by water.
2.7.3.1.1 Automatic water sprinklers network should be designed,
implemented and maintained in accordance with the
specifications and requirements of (Part 2) or KFSD directory.
2.7.3.1.2 On designing water sprinklers network, fire hazard class of
contents shall be taken into account, whether high, medium or
low in accordance with the specifications and requirements of
(Part 2) or KFSD directory.
2.7.3.1.3 Types of Automatic Firefighting Water Sprinklers System

1. Wet network,
2. Dry network,
3. Pre-action wet network,
4. Full deluge network, and
5. Installed network.
2.7.3.1.3.1 Wet Firefighting Sprinklers Network

A pressurized network so that water breeches through closed
spraying nozzles, which are opened by heat effect.
2.7.3.1.3.2 Dry Firefighting Sprinklers Network
A dry network is comparable to wet network with respect to
installations, but it is pressurized with air which holds water at the
main valve. The valve is opened automatically when air escapes
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through the sprinklers nozzles, which are opened by heat impact
so that water breeches accordingly.
2.7.3.1.3.3 Pre-Action Wet Network

A pre-action is similar to the wet network in terms of installations,
but water is held at the valve, equipped with accessory air or
electrical alarm network that automatically operates under heat
impact to open the valve, so that water flows though the thermal
sprinklers, which in turn are opened by heat effect.
2.7.3.1.4 Full Delude Fire Network

A deluge fire sprinkler system is similar to a pre-action system,
except the sprinkler heads are open to overflow all the location
when the system is activated.
2.7.3.1.5 Combined Network

A network combines a pre-action sprinklers and dry sprinklers
system.
2.7.3.2 Halon or Alternatives System

A pipe network is distributed to the locations to be protected,
fed by cylinders of Halon or its alternatives (as extinguishing
material), pressurized by nitrogen which breeches through
landing nozzles to the intended location upon activation of
76
system. The specifications in KFSD directory shall be referred,
noting that Halon system is going to be prohibited
internationally due to its environmental impact, and alternative
materials will substitute it.
2.7.3.3 CO2 System

A pipe network is distributed to the locations to be protected,
fed by cylinders of CO2 (as extinguishing material) and
pressurized to escape through landing nozzles distributed at the
intended location upon activation of system. The specifications
in KFSD directory shall be referred.
2.7.3.4 Dry Chemical Powder System

A pipe network distributed at the places to be protected, fed by
containers of chemical powder (as extinguishing material), and
pressurized by nitrogen or CO2 to be breeched through nozzles
to the intended place. The materials used in firefighting normally
include Sodium Bicarbonate, Potassium Bicarbonate or Mono
Ammonium Phosphates, as set forth in Figure 5-2.
2.7.3.4.1 Dry Chemical Powder Systems are divided into the following
types with regard to the coverage method:
1. Full Deluge System: - A system covers entire size of place
or room.
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2. Localized Deluge System: - A system covers limited part of
building or place.
2.7.3.4.2 Dry Chemical Powder Systems are operated as follows:

1. Automatic operation: - through fire detectors that open
powder container valves.
2. Electrical manual operation: - through manual electrical
switch performs the role of fire detectors.
3. Mechanical manual operation: - through mechanical
manual operation tools.
2.7.3.4.3 Design
Dry chemical powder systems should be designed, provided and
maintained in accordance with the conditions and specifications
of KFSD directory.
2.7.3.5 Foam and Water System

This is consisting of pipe network distributed at the locations to
be protected and fed by a source of foam and water either
already mixed or to be mixed before flowing on the burning
surface. The mixture flows in the form of bubbles, which
constitute an insulating coat that prevent the burning surface
from contact with air, while water cools the fire.
78
2.7.3.5.1 Foam Types in terms of extension:
1. Low expansion,
2. Medium expansion, and
3. High expansion.
2.7.3.5.2 Firefighting Foam Systems are divided in terms of performance

model to the following types:
1. Fixed network system, and
2. Generation system.
2.7.3.5.3 Firefighting Foam Systems are operated as follows:

1. Automatic operation: - through fire detectors, or by alarm
panel that starts the pumps or by other means to breech
the mixture.
2. Mechanical manual operation: - by opening foam valve,
mixing systems or the cooks.
3. Electrical manual operation: - by starting the pumps or
other devises, e.g. electrical coils, to open the cooks.
4. Remote control: - by preprogramming with TV camera.
2.7.3.5.4 Design
Firefighting systems should be designed, provided and
maintained in accordance with the requirements and
specifications of (Part 2) or KFSD directory.
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2.7.3.6 Automatic Fixed Units (Modeler Extinguisher)
Modeler extinguishers are single extinguishers installed at the
locations to be protected, automatically activated by breeching
their firefighting contents when fire breaks, as illustrated in
Figure 6-2.
2.7.3.6.1 Distribution, size and type shall be adequate to protect locations
according to KFSD requirements.
2.7.3.6.2 Units should comply with such international standards as may be
approved by KFSD.
2.7.3.6.3 Regular periodic maintenance shall be provided for the units by
an approved maintenance contractor according to KFSD
requirements.
2.8 Fire Alarm Systems

Fire alarm systems include two main types:
1. Manual alarm system, and
2. Automatic alarm system.
2.8.1 Manual alarm system is a device distributed at certain locations

that manually activated by keys (call points) and operated by
electrical power, including two types:
1. Call points manually operated by breaking a glass cover,
and
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2. Call points manually operated by turning special key.
2.8.1.1 Manual alarm system includes:

1. Press button with glass cover or key,
2. Alarm bell, and
3. Control panel.
2.8.2 Automatic Fire Alarm System

An electric-powered device that detects and warns fire hazards.
Fire alarm system type shall be ordered according to the building
classification and use, pursuant to KFSD specifications.
2.8.2.1 Automatic fire alarm system can consist of the following:

1. Fire detectors (e.g. smoke, flame, heat, etc.),
2. Alarm bell, and
3. Control panel.
2.8.2.2 Automatic fire alarm system can be activated by either of the

following:
1. Devices connected to automatic fire equipment or HVAC,
2. Devices (detectors) initiated by the effect of heat,
3. Devices (detectors) initiated by the effect of smoke,
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4. Devices (detectors) initiated by the effect of infrared flame, and
5. Mechanical alarm device (bell) initiated by the pressure arising
from the automatic sprinklers system when it operates.
82
Section 3
General Requirements for Means of Escape (Emergency Exits)
Contents
3.1 Components of Means of Escape (Exits)
3.2 Means of Escape Requirements (Exits)
3.3 Design Principles of Means of Escape (Exits)
3.3.1 Travel Distance
3.3.1.8 Dead-End of Means of Escape (Exits)
3.3.1.9 Direct Distance
3.3.2 Means of Escape Capacity (Exits)
3.3.3 Means of Escape Heights (Exits)
3.3.4 Means of Escape Width (Exits)
3.3.7 Means of Escape Number (Exits)
3.3.8 Means of Escape Distribution (Exits)
3.4 General Requirements for Means of Escape (Exits)
3.4.1 Building Materials
3.4.2 Fire and Smoke Protection
3.4.3 Protection of Openings in Firewalls
3.4.4 Means of Escape Interior Finishing (Exits)
3.5 Means of Escape Illumination (Exits)
3.6 Means of Escape Emergency Lighting
3.7 Means of Escape Signage (Exits)
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3.8 Protection from Falling while Using Means of Escape (Exits)
3.9 Means of Escape Doors (Exit)
3.9.4 Regulating the Motion of Means of Escape Doors (Exits)
3.9.5 Opening Devices for Means of Escape Doors (Exits)
3.9.6 Means of Escape Auto Doors
3.9.7 Revolving Doors
3.9.8 Means of Escape (Exit) Use
3.9.9 Range of Vision through Means of Escape (Exits)
3.10 Corridors of Means of Escape (Exits)
3.10.6 Floorings of Means of Escape (Exits)
3.11 Interior Stairway
3.12 Specifications of Means of Escape Stairway (Exits)
3.13 Protection of Means of Escape Stairway
3.14 Means of Escape Stairway’s Ventilation (Exits)
3.14.1 Natural Ventilation
3.14.2 Mechanical Ventilation
3.15 Distribution of Means of Escape Stairways (Exits)
3.16 External Stairway
3.17 Bridges, Balconies and Exterior Corridors
3.18 Ramps
3.19 Final Means of Escape Exit
3.20 Horizontal Paths of Means of Escape (Exits)
3.21 Special Means of Escape
84
3.21.2 Spiral Stairway
3.21.3 Fixed Vertical Stairs (Marine)
3.21.4 Fixes Inclined Stairs
3.21.5 Auto Emergency Escalators
3.22 External Windows
85
General Requirements for Means of Escape
3.1 Means of Escape (Exits)

Means of escape shall be a free and secured route or more to be
used by the people of a building so as to be able to escape by
egressing from any point in the building directly to the outside
of the building, or to a safe yard or place, which in turn leads to
the outside the building, where it will be safe of fire hazard.
3.1.1 Adequate means of escape (emergency exits) must be provided
for buildings, structures and shops to maintain an escape or exit
for the users and occupants to evacuate and be away from fire
area so as to protect them from fire injuries and death.
3.1.2 Means of escape can consist of various corridors, stairways,
balconies, passages, ramps, doors and exits etc., which together
represent integrated unit (emergency exits) for escape.
3.1.3 All buildings, structures and shops subject to KFSD permits shall
be equipped with firefighting, alarm devices and adequate
protection in accordance with the following conditions:
3.1.4 No alteration or addition to a building that breaches these
requirements is allowed. The nature of building use may not be
changed unless the means of escape (exits) have been altered to
meet the new use requirements.
3.1.5 KFSD shall be entitled to develop such requirements as may be
deemed appropriate for exceptional cases which are not covered
herein, or considered of unusual fire hazard.
86
3.2 Means of Escape Requirements
3.2.1 In no case shall the means of escape pass through a room; a place
that can be obstructed; or near any location in which fire hazard
exists unless such means of escape are separated by fire spread
preventive barrier.
3.2.2 In the vent that means of escape continue to a level below the
final exit, e.g. when a stairway runs to basement, such
continuation should be obstructed by fire spread preventive wall,
so that means of escape will not lead by mistake to basement or
any hazardous location.
3.2.3 Adequate signboards and arrows shall be posted at exit route
indicating the way direction. If the path is crossed by a door
terminates to hazardous location or dead-end corridor, an
express and clear warning signboard should be fixed on such
door.
3.2.4 Means of escape may not be covered with any combustible
materials or those may cause skidding or falling.
3.2.5 No furniture items, barriers, equipment or any fixed or movable
thing may be placed or installed which could reduce the width or
obstruct the use of means of escape>
3.2.6 Means of escape shall remain usable to provide their highest
capacity, and not be used for any other purposes than the
intended.
87
3.2.7 Falling preventive handrails shall be installed for the means of
escape, e.g. free-end stairway, landing, surface limits and the like.
Glass panels, etc. shall not represent preventive barriers.
3.2.8 Adequate natural, mechanical or artificial ventilation and lighting
should be provided for exit pathway, and standby power source
shall be provided for crowded, high-rise or public buildings, such
as hotels, cinema, factories, etc. so as to provide power in case of
city main line shutdown to emergency lighting, signboards and
arrows indicating the mains of escape.
3.2.9 Provision and maintenance of alarm and firefighting systems in
buildings shall be the responsibility of the owner, and tenants are
liable for removing any obstructions, if any, from the means of
escape and maintaining alarm and firefighting systems in the
respective part of building, unless the lease contract otherwise
prescribes.
3.3 Design Principles of Means of Escape (Exits)

3.3.1.1 Unless otherwise stated in the buildings protection requirements
in accordance with use as set out in Figure 3-1-A or 3-1-B, means
of escape and exits should be coordinated so that travel distance
between any point and the nearest exit in a floor is not exceeding
the distance set out in Table 3.1.
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Travel Distance for Various Areas in Building
Table 3.1
Type of Area Travel Direction
One Way Two or More Ways
Open area 15 m 40 m
Partitioned area 10 m 30 m
Partitioned area by corridor 10 m 30 m
Internal fire section less than 50 m² Unlimited Unlimited
Internal fire section more than 150 m² for less Not permitted 30 m
than 50 persons
Internal fire section more than 150 m² for more Not permitted 30 m
than 50 persons
Protected corridor 10 m 30 m
3.3.1.2 Distance on the actual line of escape pathway is measured from

a point at 30cm to the farthest point in building to the middle of
final exit or to the safe part in means of escape, which in turn,
leads to the final exit as set out in Figure 3.2.
3.3.1.3 In independent rooms or flats, distance is measured from the
respective entrance, provided that their depth is not more than
15 m and capacity not exceeding the specified number,
according to buildings protection requirements as per their use.
3.3.1.4 Maximum travel distance in a protected corridor to reach the
nearest exit (whether other fire section or protected stairways)
shall not exceed 30 m.
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3.3.1.5 For locations where easily combustible or flammable materials
are fabricated, handled or stored, the values stated in Table 3.1
above shall be multiplied by 0.5 to conclude travel distance.
3.3.1.6 In facilities unfamiliar to individuals or in which they cannot move
by themselves:
A. Travel the same direction (dead-end) is nor allowed, and
B. Travel distance stated in Table 3.1 shall be multiplied by
0.75.
3.3.1.7 Travel distance may be increased by 50% if automatic sprinklers
and fire detection systems are available. However, increase shall
not be more than 25% for open areas.
3.3.1.8 Dead-End Means of Escape (Exits)

3.3.1.8.1 Travel distance from the farthest point to the middle of exit, or
from the farthest point to starting point towards two different
pathways, shall be measured in the same method, provided that
distance shall not be more than 7.5 m.
3.3.1.9 Direct Distance is the shortest imaginary line inside a building

that connects between the farthest point and exit.
3.3.1.9.1 If it is impossible to measure travel distance upon design due to
lack of adequate information about nature of use, an imaginary
line (direct distance), i.e. the shortest line inside a building
connecting farthest point with exit, shall be assumed regardless
90
any obstructions. Such line is estimated on the basis that travel
distance is 1.5 direct distance.
3.3.2 Means of Escape Capacity

Capacity is the maximum number of people who could be
available in a building or any part thereof at any time, which shall
not be less than that specified in the following Table 3.2.
Minimum Width of Means of Escape

Table 3.2
Means of Escape Parts Min. Width of Means of Escape (m)
Number of Persons
100 150 200 250 300
Doors and corridors 0.80 0.85 1.0 1.25 1.5
0.75 1.0 1.30 1.65 3.0
3.3.2.2 Means of escape width is calculated from the above Table based
on the number of people who use such means of escape in
emergencies. Means of escape width is preferably not less than
100cm.
3.3.2.3 In order to conclude minimum net width of means of escape in
meters, extrapolation method may be used to estimate values
between 100 and 300 persons.
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3.3.2.4 For more than 300 persons of building occupants, net width shall
be increased by 0.05 m for each additional 10 persons who use
corridors and 8 persons who use stairways.
3.3.2.5 In typical floors, maximum number of persons per floor is
considered to estimate exits wide, which shall not be less than
the width of main escape pathways (emergency exits) leading to
the final exits.
3.3.2.6 If the number exceeds 1000 persons, an additional exit of 152cm
wide for each additional 500 persons shall be provided, and
width of both stairs and pathway shall be equal at all stages until
the final exit. For the cases not included in the Table, KFSD will
determine the suitable measurements in accordance with design
requirements.
3.3.3 Means of Escape Heights

Means of escape shall be designed so that net height of each
part is not less than 2.2 m.
3.3.4 Means of Escape Width

3.3.4.1 In accordance with Table 3.2, width shall be estimated so that
means of escape can accommodate the anticipated number of
people in a building. Width is measured by net space at the
narrowest point in any part of means of escape components.
3.3.4.2 Where means of escape means from upper and lower floors
(basement) converge in a medium floor, width from convergence
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point to final exit should not be less than the respective total
width.
3.3.4.3 Width of exits correlates to building evacuation time and number
of occupants. Evacuation time varies from building to another in
accordance with the different protection requirements provided
for a building. Estimated building evacuation time is shown in
Table 3.3.
Building Evacuation Time in Fire Events

Table 3.3
Building Type Proposed Evacuation Time
Buildings provided with fire protection requirements 3 minutes
and having no fire hazard
Buildings provided with fire protection requirements 2.5 minutes
and having fire hazard
Buildings not provided with fire protection 2 minutes
requirements and having fire hazard
Or buildings provided with fire protection requirements
and having fire hazard
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Estimation of Building Occupants Number
Table 3.4
No. Building Description Area per Person Persons in M²
(M²/P) (P / M²)
1 Private single-family house -- --
2 Residential flats -- --
3 Hotels
Rooms 15.0 0.07
Restaurants 4.0 0.25
Meeting rooms 1.0 0.15
4 Retailers (Malls) 0.75 1.33
Supermarkets 2.0 0.50
Small shops -- --
5 Schools 3.0 0.30
6 Gathering facilities
Showrooms 1.50 0.67
Conference halls 1.0 1.0
Exhibition rooms 7.0 0.15
7 Healthcare houses
Hospital wards 15.0 0.07
Old aged care house 15.0 0.07
Clinics and daily care hospitals 2.0 0.50
8 Car parking 15.0 0.07
9 Industrial facilities 10.00 0.10
10 Storage facilities (warehouses) -- --
Important Note:
Building occupants’ number is determined based on the actual attendees’ number in
the event of fixed chairs.
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3.3.5 Flow Rates in Means of Escape
3.3.5.1 Flow rate in means of escape is the egress of 40 persons per
minute from a unit of width.
3.3.6 Units of Width

3.3.6.1 Units of width are the necessary number for people to exit in
specified rate of 40 persons / minute in limited time according to
the type of hazard and provision of protection requirements in a
building (see Table 3.3).
Example:
How many units of width are required for the egress of 480
persons during evacuation time of 3 minutes?
480 ÷ (40 x 3) = 4 units.
Equation for calculating the number of required units of width:
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 =
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. )
3.3.7 Means of Escape Number

3.3.7.1 It is the required minimum number of exits for persons’ egress
rate to be 40 persons/min within limited period of time.
3.3.7.2 Example 1: How many means of escape (emergency exits) are
required for the 480 persons to egress from a building within 3.0
minutes?
(Number of width units ÷ 4) + 1 = (4 ÷ 4) + 1 = 2
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Example2: How many means of escape are required for a building
to which exits of 8.0 width units are requested?
(Number of wideness units ÷ 4) + 1 = (8 ÷ 4) + 1 = 3
Equation for calculating the required number of means of escape:
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = + 1
4
The Required No of Means of Escape for Certain Number of Persons

Table 3.5
No of People No of Exits Net Min. Width of Exit
Max. 200 persons 2 90cm
3.3.7.3 The number of exits shall comply with building protection

requirements according to the type of use. Except for the
permitted cases, all buildings should have at least two
independent exits, remote from each other and leading directly
to the outside of the building.
3.3.7.4 Upon calculating the required number of exists, it preferably shall
be taken into account that one of them may be obstructed by
fire, as such the other must be adequate to accommodate the
maximum number of people presumed to be in building at any
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time. Distribution and space requirements shall be determined
by KFSD.
3.3.8 Means of Escape Distribution

3.3.8.1 Means of escape are distributed in such manner that provides
the best possible coverage of the whole area.
3.3.8.2 Means of escape shall be distributed at the building terminuses
to avoid any dead-ends as possible, provided the dead-end
distance in any event shall not exceed the permitted limit as
prescribed in buildings protection requirements according to the
type of use.
3.3.8.3 Means of escape shall be distributed at space from each other so
as not to be blocked altogether by a fire incident. The minimum
space between two exits at a location can be calculated by either
the following methods:
a. Convergence angle of both exits at any point in the
location shall not less than 45°.
b. Distance between both exits shall not be not less than half
chord of the location, as set out in Figure 3.4.
3.3.8.4 Where a floor is shared by more than one tenant or user, means
of escape shall be easily accessible for the persons in all sections
of such floor at any time.
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3.4 General Requirements for Means of Escape
3.4.1 Building Materials
Incombustible materials with suitable fire resistance rate, as a
building structural element, shall be used to construct means of
escape.
3.4.1.1 Building materials fire resistance rating of means of escape shall
be minimum 1.0 hour for buildings with not more than 3.0 floors
and 2.0 hours for buildings with more than 3.0 floors.
3.4.2 Protection from Fire and Smoke Hazard

For protection from fire and smoke hazard, means of escape shall
be separated from other building section by fire spread
preventive barriers made of incombustible materials with
suitable fire resistance rate.
3.4.3 Openings in the separating walls shall be protected by fire and
smoke spread preventive doors in accordance with these
requirements, and their number is limited to the necessary ones
used for in / out only.
3.4.4 Means of Escape Interior Finishing
Materials used in internal finish for means of escape shall be of
such incombustible type as possible that does not increase fire
hazard and in any way has very low flammable rate on its surface
(zero rate).
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3.5 Means of Escape Illumination
Adequate natural or artificial lighting shall be provided to all
parts of means of escape.
3.5.1 Power in artificial lighting shall be provided by a reliable source,
according to MEW specifications.
3.5.2 Lighting shall be distributed to all parts of means of escape so
that failure of any lamp will not cause darkness or lack of visibility
at any point along the means of escape.
3.5.3 Lighting must be on as long as it is needed to the required
illumination rate, which shall not be less than 10 Lux on ground,
as set out in Figure 3-5.
3.6 Emergency Lighting for Means of Escape

All sections of means of escape shall be provided with adequate
emergency lighting in accordance with these conditions and
specifications, or those recommended by KFSD.
3.6.1 Notwithstanding the main source of power, means of escape
emergency lighting shall be provided with such a backup source
that sufficiently operates for at least 2.0 hours, or according to
KFSD requirements.
3.6.2 Emergency lighting shall be switched on automatically not more
than 10 seconds after main source went out, or it may remain
switched on continuously.
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3.6.3 DC (batteries) used as an emergency lighting power source shall
be of integrated and approved system, according to the
specifications of Part 2 or KFSD.
3.6.4 In such permitted events as provided in building protection
requirements according to the type of use, independent electrical
light units fed by the ordinary power source and automatically
charged may be used for emergency lighting, so that they switch
on immediately when power went out continue for at least 2.0
hours, provide that their type is approved by KFSD.
3.7 Means of Escape Signage

The required identification signage shall be provided and posted
in suitable locations in accordance with building protection
requirements as per the type of use in order to identify the means
of escape, indicate their directions and guide to any instructions
relating to escape in particular and safety in general.
3.7.1 Size, marks, symbols and colors of the signage shall comply with
Civil Defense technical specifications, and be clear, distinctive and
different from the adjacent lighting, finishing, colors or
decoration. No fixtures or lightings that obstruct vision or draw
attention may be installed.
3.7.2 A signage of “Exit” for an exit and “Exit with Arrows” to indicate
the means of escape direction shall be posted when the exit or
pathway is not clear or visible in turning points and angles, so
that any point on pathway is not more than 30 m from such
signage, as set out in Figure 3-6.
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3.7.3 Whenever building protection requirements as per the type of
use provide, signage shall be illuminated by both ordinary and
emergency lighting sources to a rate not less than 55 Watt at the
surface of signage.
3.7.4 Any door, corridor or stairway approved as part of means of
escape, but, in view of its location, it may confusingly lead and
egress to unsafe place, shall be provided with another signage
marking with the actual use, such as “To Basement”, “Storage
Room”, and the like.
3.8 Protection from Falling during the Use of Means of Escape

Protection handrails along all free sides shall be installed for all
means of escape components and any other section of building
accessible by people, such as rooftop, skylight sides, main spaces
on the rooftop and balconies, etc. and sides of corridors, as set
out in Figure 3-7.
3.8.1 Handrails shall be installed on one side of stairway with width less
than 120cm and on both sides if greater width.
3.8.2 If stairway width is more than 180cm, an additional handrail shall
be installed in the middle. In such event, a stairway is treated as
two independent sections, each of which is subject to stairway
width requirements.
3.8.3 Handrails shall not be less than 90cm in internal parts and 120cm
in exterior parts of a building.
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3.8.4 In no way shall glass be considered falling preventive barrier.
Wherever glass panels exist on facades or window openings,
additional falling protective barriers shall be installed according
to these requirements.
3.8.5 If a difference of floor exceeds 18cm or more than one single
tread, falling preventive barriers made of incombustible materials
shall be installed.
3.8.5.1 Falling preventive barriers shall be designed; firmly and strongly
installed to withstand horizontal and vertical pressure; and
properly fabricated so as not to cause any wound to body
members or get caught by dresses upon contact.
3.8.5.2 Metal bar spacing in handrails shall not exceed 10cm to avoid
trapping any body’s member, and be designed properly not to
assist children to climb.
3.8.5.3 When a handrail is installed for the stairway from wall side, a
space not less than 4.0cm shall be left between the handrail and
wall, as set out in Figure 3-8.
3.9 Means of Escape Doors

These conditions shall apply on all door components, including
frames, shutters and hardware if they form part of means of
escape.
3.9.1 Where escape doors are both fire and smoke preventive, the
protection requirements set forth in structural protection
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precautions chapter shall be applied in addition to these
conditions.
3.9.2 Door width is the net opening when door shutters fully open, as
set forth in Figure 3-9.
3.9.3 Means of Escape Floor Level

Floor level on both sides of door of means of escape shall be
equal to a distance not less than the door width, as set forth in
Figure 3-10.
3.9.4 Regulating the Motion of Means of Escape Doors

3.9.4.1 Emergency doors shall open in the direction of escape, as set
forth in Figure 3-11.
3.9.4.2 The required effort for full door open shall not exceed 23kg. on
the door handle.
3.9.4.3 Door shutter motion should not affect the respective capacity of
means of escape sections or obstruct the use of means of escape
in general.
3.9.4.3.1 Door shutter motion should not reduce the width, capacity of
stairway or corridor, or any component of means of escape by
more than half of the required width.
3.9.4.3.2 If a door opens towards a corridor, it shall open to 180° so that it
will not be more than 15cm from wall surface.
103
3.9.4.3.3 In the event of successive doors as in the staircase or isolating
area, space shall not be less than 1.5 m between both door
rotation axes or 1.0 m between both shutters motion ranges, as
set forth in Figure 3.12.
3.9.4.4 All hardware and lockers of doors, especially hinges, shall be
made of incombustible materials with melting degree not less
than 800 °C.
3.9.4.5 Locks and closers shall not of such type that does not require the
use of key or special experience to open, as set forth in Figure 3-
13.
3.9.4.6 When the means of escape door is required to remain closed for
preventing fire and smoke spread or for any other reason, such
door shall be equipped with an approved automatic closing
device (door closer) with suitable energy to close the door
completely after opening, as set forth in Figure 3-14.
3.9.4.7 When the use necessities require that fire escape door shall
remain open, automatic closers shall be provided.
3.9.5 Opening Devices for Means of Escape Doors

In buildings and locations subject to protection requirements as
per the type of use, escape doors shall be equipped with KFSD
approved quick opening device (panic bar) to open the door
outward in emergencies.
104
3.9.5.1 Such device shall be a bar, panel or arm whose movable part is
not less than 75cm and height from ground not more than
110cm.
3.9.5.2 Such devices should not be fitted with any locks or hardware that
may obstruct or prevent the opening of doors in emergency.
3.9.6 Means of Escape Auto Doors shall be openable by light cell

upon approaching of anybody or by any other device. Doors
opened or closed by automatic devices, such as self-closing
devices, shall be equipped with manual closing / opening device
for easy use upon the failure of automatic devices.
3.9.7 Revolving doors are not accepted as part of means of escape. If

they are provided, additional approved type of doors shall be
installed according to the requirements.
3.9.8 Means of Escape (Emergency Exit) Use: - Upon restricting

occupants’ traffic for security or any other causes, the necessary
steps shall be taken to facilitate the use of means of escape
immediately in emergencies.
3.9.8.1 If it is necessary to close the means of escape doors, keys should
be kept in closed box with glass lid mounted above the door for
use in emergency. If this is not possible, each case shall be
considered separately with the KFSD for suitable arrangements.
105
3.9.8.2 Barriers, ropes or chains used to control entry/exit for regulation,
ticket sale or other purposes shall be easily removable
immediately in emergency or in such position that will not
obstruct, prevent the use of means of escape doors or reduces
their capacity or efficiency.
3.9.9 Range of Vision through Means of Escape

An opening in swinging doors and internal rooms’ doors shall be
made and covered with transparent reinforced glass to enable
visibility to sight level. Sight glass level height shall be 150 –
170cm for normal and 100cm for handicapped individuals.
3.10 Means of Escape Corridors

Where no easy access directly to the exit is ensured for design
requirements, safe and unobstructed corridors routing directly to
the exits without any dead-end shall be provided. If this is
impossible, dead-end distance shall not be more than 7.5 m.
3.10.1 In addition to these requirements, other general conditions shall
be provided for corridors as means of escape components.
3.10.2 Corridors shall be protected from fire and smoke hazard. Such
protection may be ensured by readymade partitions with the
required resistance rate when the building is equipped with
automatic water sprinklers network or when special conditions so
permit.
106
3.10.3 Corridor width shall be adequate for the number of users, not
less than the exit width, and in no case less than 150cm in main
corridors and 120cm for corridors inside flats, as set forth in
Figure 3-15.
3.10.4 Corridors shall be distributed in such manner that enables every
person to access freely and easily all exits a floor in more than a
direction. It shall be preferable to organize corridors in a series
as possible, so that people can access other exits that have not
been blocked by fire.
3.10.5 Automatically closing smoke preventive doors shall be installed
for corridors in the structural areas, according to preventive
precautionary requirements in the following cases:
3.10.5.1 When corridor’s length exceeds 30 m,
3.10.5.2 At the joining point of main and sub corridors, and
3.10.5.3 At any point as may be required by protection conditions of
smoke hazard.
3.10.6 For any difference in corridors floor levels, stairs or ramps for
travel from level to another shall be provided. When such
difference is less than 45cm, a ramp should be used instead of
stairs.
3.11 Interior Stairway

An interior stairway constitutes important part of the means of
escape, as it is located in a well that vertically penetrates a
building, as set forth in Figure 3.16.
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3.11.1 Stairway of escape shall be constructed of incombustible
materials; isolated from other parts of building by fire resistive
doors and walls for a period not less than 1.0 hour; and directly
routing to the outside of the building or to free hall, which in
turn, leads to exit.
3.11.2 Flooring of all stairway parts shall be solid, not skidding and
without holes.
3.11.3 Handrails shall be installed, according to falling protection
requirements.
3.12 Specifications of Means of Escape Stairway

3.12.1 Stairway width is the net space between wall and handrail or the
other wall.
3.12.2 Stairway width shall be adequate to accommodate the occupants
of building in accordance with the building protection
requirements as per the type of use and the Table 3.2: Minimum
Width of Means of Escape.
3.12.3 Extrapolation method may be used for calculation of figures
between 100–300 persons of building occupants so as to reach
minimum net width (meters) for the means of escape in a floor,
as stated in Para (3.4.4.3).
3.12.4 For buildings with occupants exceeding 300 persons, net width
shall be increased by 0.05 m for each additional 10 persons for
corridors and 8.0 persons for stairways, as stated in Para (3.4.4.4).
108
3.12.5 If the number exceeds 1000 persons, an additional exit of 152cm
wide for each additional 500 persons shall be provided, and the
width of both stairs and landing should be equal at all stages
until the final exit.
3.12.6 Depth of a tread shall not be less than 28cm, and height of the
riser is between 15–18 cm. Relationship between tread width and
height is expressed by the following equation, as set forth in
Figure 3-17:
2 x height + width = 60 – 65cm
3.12.7 Steps shall be organized in a group of runs; each run includes not
more than 14 and not less than 3.0 treads, and ends in landing.
3.12.8 Landing shall not be less than the stairway width.
3.12.9 Successive steps in each run of a stairway shall have the same
depth and height without variation exceeding 10 mm. A variation
not more than 10 mm between the greater and lower height or
the depth of step in all runs may be tolerated.
3.12.10 Fan shaped stairway may be used, provided that minimum width
is not less than 25cm and the distance from the center point to
the start step from the center side shall not be less than double
width of the stairway.
3.13 Fire and Smoke Protection for Means of Escape Stairway

Fire and smoke general protection requirements according to
preventive conditions of structural areas shall be provided for
stairways in addition to these requirements.
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3.13.1 In buildings with more than 6.0 floors or provided for in the
preventive requirements of buildings as per the type of use, the
staircase shall be separated from the building by isolation space
constructed in accordance with the stairway requirements with
respect to construction, ventilation, doors, etc. so that stairway
protection is maximized.
3.13.2 It shall be preferable as possible to keep fire equipment in the
isolation space, so that they are protected from fire hazard and
can be used by fire fighters as ready and start point for
firefighting.
3.14 Means of Escape Stairway’s Ventilation
A stairway as the sole means of escape in the typical floors should
be provided with adequate ventilation to exhaust smoke when it
spreads to the staircase.
3.14.1 Ventilation may be provided through natural ways as in the
following cases:
3.14.1.1 Openable windows on the exterior wall of building with area not
less than 1.5 m² in each floor.
3.14.1.2 A permanent opening not less than 1.0 m² in the roof of staircase
equal 5% of staircase floor area or a window with the same size
openable by an approved manual tool that can be easily
operated from GF by one drive.
3.14.1.3 Ventilation windows in buildings where stairway is not permitted
on the exterior wall may overlook special shaft for this purpose,
which includes no services involving fire hazard.
110
3.14.1.4 In all cases where ventilation windows shall necessarily remain
closed for HVAC or any other reason, such windows should be
openable by firefighters in emergency through easily manual
tools in one drive. Such tools shall be placed in approved clear
locations, such entrance, and marked with “Manual Ventilation
Arm”.
3.14.2 Ventilation may be provided by mechanical means in such
buildings as may be permitted by building protection conditions
as per use type.
3.14.2.1 To keep stairways free of smoke, they may be protected by
pressurization instead of ventilation systems. Pressurization
system can be designed in accordance with the approved
specifications.
3.15 Distribution of Means of Escape Stairways

Except for events permitted by building protection conditions as
per the type of use, stairways shall be located at exterior walls of
a building to avoid dead-ends. A stairway in buildings with single
stairway shall be located at exterior wall.
3.15.1 Stairway should not continue from upper floors to basement. An
independent stairway shall be constructed for basement. In the
impossible events, stairs continuation space shall be cut in GF by
fire spread preventive wall rising to the ceiling, so that entry to
the basement shall be directly from the outside of the building.
3.15.2 Signage shall be posted in the staircase to indicate floor number.
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3.16 Exterior Stairway
In addition to these requirements, internal stairway conditions
shall be applicable when exterior stairway constitutes part of the
means of escape, except fire protection requirements.
3.16.1 In certain special cases permitted by KFSD, exterior stairway may
be constructed of metal frame, provided such metal is processed
for protection from climate effects.
3.16.2 Exterior stairway shall be separated from building by walls of
incombustible materials with the required fire resistant rate. The
Openings that overlooking stairway shall be equipped with fire
preventive automatically closing doors and windows of
reinforced fire resistant glass as follows:
3.16.2.1 Within a distance of 3.0 m horizontally, vertically and to depth.
3.16.2.2 Unless stairway reaches the roof, the last floor is excluded.
3.16.3 Signage shall be posted on the stairway doors to indicate the
respective floor number.
3.17 Bridges, Balconies and Exterior Corridors

Exterior stairs conditions in addition to hereof shall be applicable
when bridges, balconies and exterior corridors constitute part of
the means of escape.
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3.17.1 Sides of openings overlooking balconies, bridges or exterior
corridors shall be constructed of bricks or concrete to at least 2.0
m high.
3.17.2 Width shall be adequate for users and not less than 1.5 m.
3.18 Ramps
Ramps are inclined ways used as alternatives for stairways in
travel from level to another in the means of escape, generally
subject to stairway requirements in addition to these conditions.
3.18.1 Surface shall be firm, coarse and not skidding.
3.18.2 Inclination ratio shall be the same in all portions of ramp.
3.18.3 Landing shall be used for rout turning.
3.18.4 Slope ration shall not be more than 1:10.
3.19 Final Means of Escape Exit

Means of escape route shall end at final exit, which in turn, leads
to outside of building or highway.
3.19.1 In the event where special requirements so permit, maximum
50% of the means of escape may end at locations within a
building to the level of final exit (often, GF), provided that this
location is:
3.19.1.1 Clearly and easily accessible from the end of pathway to the final
exit without any obstructions under the stairway, and distance
shall not exceed 15 m.
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3.19.1.2 Equipped with automatic water sprinklers.
3.19.2 Means of escape may route to the roof if all the respective
requirements are met, and another free and safe pathway leading
to the highway is provided.
3.19.3 Width of final exit(s) shall be adequate for persons presumed to
be present in a building, and not in any event less than the
relevant means of escape width.
3.20 Means of Escape Horizontal Exits

Horizontal means of escape shall lead to safe point inside or
outside the building, which provides secured shelter for the
people who are exposed to fire hazard in such buildings and
events as prescribed by building protection requirements as per
the type of use.
3.20.1 If both sides are considered safe locations, another exit on the
opposite direction shall be provided at the same barrier so that
each side becomes safety area for the other, and suitable signage
shall be installed.
3.20.2 Temporary exits may be alternative for maximum half of the
original exits in a building, provided that distance requirement is
met. Temporary exits must include at least one stairway leading
to a final exit.
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3.20.3 Safety area shall be adequate to accommodate maximum
number of people assumed to be on both sides on the basis of
0.3 m²/ person.
3.20.4 Safety area may be located outside a building; in adjacent
building, bridge or corridor that in turn leads to highway,
according to means of escape means general conditions.
3.20.5 Safety areas to which the temporary exits lead shall be held by
the same user or tenant, except for such special cases as may be
approved by KFSD.
3.20.6 Under no circumstances shall locks or any other hardware be
installed for temporary exits to prevent their use at any time.
3.21 Special Means of Escape

Special means of escape include spiral stairways, fixed vertical
and inclined (marine) ladders, and automatic emergency stairs.
3.21.1 Special means of escape may be used hereunder in the following
cases:
3.21.1.1 Preexisting buildings where it is impossible to construct suitable
means of escape in accordance with the requirements.
3.21.1.2 In limited cases and for service of limited number of persons,
such as machine rooms, elevator room on top roof, towers,
factories and the like.
3.21.1.3 Special means of escape may be those provided herein or any
other means approved by KFSD.
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3.21.2 Spiral stairway is permitted for maximum 5.0 persons and to 3.0
floors only, provided such stairway meets the following
specifications:
3.21.2.1 Diameter is not less than 1.5 m.
3.21.2.2 Stairway width is not less than 19cm at 30cm interval from the
center.
3.21.2.3 Single tread shall be maximum 25cm high and height run
minimum 2.0 m.
3.21.3 Fixed Vertical (Marine) Ladder

Fixed vertical (marine) ladder may be used on the wall in
exceptional cases for service of few number of personnel working
on site only, and a handrail is provided on both sides of the
ladder to 1.0 m above the level of surface to which it ends. If the
ladder height is more than 9.0 m, it should be fully equipped with
grid handrail for protection from falling.
3.21.4 Fixed Inclined Ladders

Fixed inclined ladders may be used, provided that the inclined
angle is not exceeding 60°, the rung wide is not less than 13cm
and spacing is not more than 20cm. All such means of escape
shall be constructed of incombustible materials, treated for
protection from climatic impact, rigid, stable and firmly
connected with building.
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3.21.5 Automatic Emergency Escalator
In the events permitted by KFSD, an automatic emergency
escalators operated by counterweight may be used, provided
their types are approved by KFSD.
3.22 External windows

No guard or barriers may be installed for the windows of the
external facades above GF of building unless they are easy to
open and specially approved by KFSD.
3.22.1 When the external windows are used as emergency exits, their
openings shall be adequate for easy egress of people.
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Section 4
General Requirements for Engineering Services
Contents
4.1 HVAC
4.2 Electrical Installations
4.3 Garbage Collection and Disposal
4.4 Steam and Hot Water Boilers
4.5 Escalators
4.6 Elevators
4.6.4 Fire Elevator
4.6.5 Elevator Well
4.6.6 Elevator Motor Room
4.6.7 Elevator Cabin
4.6.8 Elevator Power Supply
4.6.9 Elevator Maintenance and Periodic Inspection
4.7 Liquid Fuel Tanks
4.8 Liquid Fuel Tanks Room
4.9 Gaseous Fuel Tank
4.10 Kitchen or Heating Fumes Discharge Stacks
4.11 Ventilation and Smoke Discharge
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4.12 Fire Protection Requirements for Liquefied Gas Central System of
Buildings
4.12.1 Estimated Size of Central Gas Tank
4.12.2 Size Selection of Central Gas Tank
4.12.3 Specifications of Central Gas Tank and Accessories
4.12.4 Location of Central Gas Tank
4.12.5 Fence of Central Gas Tank
4.12.6 Prevention Requirements for Using LPG Cylinders in Central Gas
System
4.12.7 Storage of LPG Cylinders
4.12.8 Regulator of LPG Cylinders
4.12.9 Supply of LPG through Central Gas Network
4.12.10 Protection Requirements for LPG Supply Pipes (Installations)
4.12.10.2 Protection Requirements for LPG Supply Pipes
4.12.10.3 Protection Requirements in Selection of LPG Supply Pipe
Locations
4.12.10.4 Protection Requirements in Stove Connection to LPG Supply
Pipes
4.12.11 General Preventive Precautions for Fire Protection of LPG Central
System
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Design and Construction of Engineering Services in Buildings for Fire
Protection Pursuant to the Conditions of This Section
4.1 HVAC
4.1.1 Central HVAC system design shall include such adequate
measures that prevent fire and smoke spread through AC ducts,
according to the following conditions.
4.1.2 Outdoor HVAC system air intake locations shall not be selected
close to fire ignition places or sources.
4.1.3 It is preferable to distribute HVAC ducts in decentralized manner,
i.e. they shall be divided into independent sections, each of which
covers part of building. Locations exposed to fire hazard, such as
kitchens, toilets, etc., shall be provided with split AC devices.
4.1.4 KFSD may request in special cases that an emergency switch shall
be installed on HVAC device at appropriate location in service of
KFSD firemen.
4.1.5 Buildings with closed facades due to HVAC system design
reasons should be provided with special windows or openings in
such facades for firefighters to release smoke from building when
fire occurs.
4.1.6 HVAC system main ducts shall pass through vertical or horizontal
shafts constructed of incombustible materials as fire preventive
units. Such shafts shall have suitable openings with fire rated
doors to facilitate maintenance process.
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4.1.7 HVAC duct penetrations of fire rated walls or roofs in a building
shall have the same fire resistance rate as walls, and be
automatically closed by melting fuse to be activated at 68-84°.
4.1.8 Central HVAC system ducts shall be equipped with smoke
detectors, which can be activated automatically to shut down the
whole system on detecting smoke and concurrently operate
sucking fans for discharging smoke from the building, as set forth
in the Figure 4-1.
4.1.9 The insulators used in wrapping external and exterior air ducts
shall be incombustible with not less than 3.0cm thick, and no
combustible material may be used therein.
4.1.10 HVAC ducts may be wrapped with combustible material in
special cases that determined by KFSD, provided that:
4.1.10.1 The distance shall be short.
4.1.10.2 HVAC ducts pass through shafts constructed of incombustible
materials.
4.1.10.3 HVAC ducts flexible joints shall:
4.1.10.3.1 Be made of fire resistant material for at least half an hour.
4.1.10.3.2 Not produce heavy smoke on burning.
4.1.10.3.3 Not exceed 25cm long if they are installed at the beginning of
the ducts near blowers.
4.1.10.3.4 Neither exceed 4.0 m long if installed at the end of ducts nor
penetrate any fire preventive wall or roof, nor be installed in fire
vulnerable places like kitchens.
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4.2 Electrical Installations
4.2.1 Electrical installations shall comply with MEW specifications.
4.2.2 Electrical installations and fixtures shall be generally sound so as
not to constitute a direct or indirect reason for fire upon use. The
network shall be equipped with electrical shock prevention
device which operates automatically through ground connection
or any means approved by MEW.
4.2.3 Wiring shall be firmly installed through protective pipes, so that
no tampering may occur.
4.2.4 Exposed wiring shall be accepted only in limited cases and for
short distance not more than 3.0 m, provided wires are fixed,
without any connections.
4.2.5 Wire connections feeding devices and equipment shall be
installed within protective flexible firm pipes.
4.2.6 Wiring and electrical devices in such locations that may be used
for powders, liquid or combustible gases storage shall be of
flameproof and firmly closed so as not to produce any electrical
spark on operation or allow gas to leak into fittings, such as
switches, etc. above 1.5 m from floor.
4.2.7 Light bulbs at storage locations shall have such protective cover
of grid and glass that constitutes a break to prevent radiation
heat from reaching combustible materials.
4.2.8 A generator in any building shall be kept in a special room that
is constructed for this purpose of materials having a fire
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resistance rating of not less than 4.0 hours, isolated from the
building as independent fireproof unit, and meets the following
requirements:
4.2.8.1 Its entrance shall be directly from the outside of the building.
4.2.8.2 Any openings in such room shall not connect to any section of
the building.
4.2.8.3 A pit under the generator shall be allocated for collection of oil,
if any, which must be easy to be discharged and cleaned.
4.2.8.4 It is preferred in this event that the oil to be used for cooling shall
be inflammable.
4.2.8.5 Separate ventilation shall be provided for the room.
4.2.8.6 The necessary safety equipment shall be provided in accordance
with KFSD requirements.
4.2.9 Switches and sub distribution boards shall be installed in clear
accessible locations.
4.2.10 Main switch and the main distribution board shall be installed in
suitable location approved by KFSD, provided that:
4.2.10.1 They shall be closer to the main entrances.
4.2.10.2 They shall be installed in isolated room from the building which
directly opens to the outside of the building.
4.2.11 Signage and instructions for sub and main switchgear locations
shall be posted to indicate the respective scope and use.
4.2.12 LV illuminated signboards on facades and top roofs shall be
equipped with circuit breaker that is installed in a suitable
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location to prevent misuse, and encased with glass plate for
firefighters to break at emergency.
4.2.13 The necessary measures for protection from static electricity
hazards shall be taken so that charges flow to ground. Such
measures include installation of lightning rod in high buildings,
according to KFSD and MEW requirements.
4.3 Garbage Collection and Disposal

4.3.1 Trash room shall be constructed of incombustible materials
having a fire resistance rating of not less than 4.0 hours, provided
with automatic fire door of the same rate.
4.3.2 Trash chute shall be made of incombustible material having a fire
resistance rating of not less than 2.0 hours.
4.3.3 Trash room and vertical chute in major important buildings shall
be equipped with automatic and manual devices to shut the
chute in emergencies, according to KFSD directions.
4.3.4 Trash chute within floors shall be constructed of incombustible
materials and passing through space that is separated from other
building sections by fire resistance walls.
4.3.5 Chute opening that receives trash shall be closed by automatic
fire and flame doors.
4.4 Steam and Hot Water Boilers

4.4.1 Steam and hot water boilers shall be installed, used and
maintained according to Gulf Standard Specifications “Steam and
Hot Water Boilers Inspection and Testing Guidelines and
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Requirements” for all components and such other particular
conditions as stipulated by KFSD.
4.4.2 A boiler room location is preferably to be opposite the outer wall
of building, and if this is not possible, it shall be taken into
consideration when selecting the location that the explosion
discharge directs to the least damage side.
4.4.3 A boiler room shall be constructed of materials having a fire
resistance rating of not less than 4.0 hours.
4.4.4 Boilers room entrance shall directly open to the outside of the
building, and if not possible, boilers room shall not constitute any
fire hazard for the main exit of building.
4.4.5 Boiler room door shall be fire resistant rated for not less than 4.0
hours, automatically closable and marked with distinctive sign.
4.4.6 Adequate natural ventilation shall be ensured for boilers room,
according to ventilation and smoke discharge requirements.
4.4.7 Electrical installations shall be flameproof type.
4.5 Escalators
4.5.1 Escalators shall be studies on case by case by KFSD.
4.5.2 Upon escalators installation, no smoke spread through the
respective openings shall be taken into account.
4.6 Elevators
4.6.1 Elevators shall be installed, used and maintained according to
GSS “Passengers and Freight Electrical Lifts” for all components,
and such particular conditions as stipulated by KFSD.
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4.6.2 It shall be entirely prohibited to overload an elevator.
4.6.3 All cars shall return to GF with open doors in the event of fire.
4.6.4 Fire Elevator

4.6.4.1 In buildings of 28 m or more, one or more elevators shall be
allocated for firefighters.
4.6.4.2 A special key shall be provided to control an elevator during
emergency, kept in a closed box with glass lid, marked with clear
mark and mounted on a suitable place of wall in GF.
4.6.4.3 It shall be more convenient to feed fire elevator with power from
other source than that of building, so that the elevator remains
operable even after power shutdown during events.
4.6.5 Elevator Well

4.6.5.1 Elevator well, equipment and transformers room shall be
constructed of materials having a fire resistance rating of not less
than 2.0 hours.
4.6.5.2 Elevator well shall be protected from vertical fire and smoke
spread to other floors.
4.6.5.3 Elevator well in floors shall overlook a space that is separated
from building by fire spread preventive walls and automatic
doors.
4.6.5.4 Elevator well may be located at staircase as long as fire protection
requirements are provided.
4.6.5.5 Elevator well shall not be part of building ventilation system.
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4.6.5.6 Adequate ventilation shall be provided to discharge smoke in the
event of fire within elevator well.
4.6.5.7 Elevator well may not be used for any purpose other than
elevator equipment.
4.6.5.8 No openings shall be permitted in the elevator well other than
the elevator doors.
4.6.5.9 The interior walls of an elevator well may not be cladded or
painted with non-fire-resistant materials.
4.6.5.10 A copy of elevator well door key shall be handed over to KFSD.
4.6.6 Elevator Motor Room

4.6.6.1 Elevator motor room shall be constructed of incombustible
materials in accordance with GSS “Passengers and Freight
Electrical Lifts”.
4.6.6.2 No openings shall be allowed between motor room and lift well
other than those designated for ropes and other necessary
fixtures.
4.6.6.3 Elevator motor room shall be provided with adequate ventilation
and lighting.
4.6.6.4 A fixed and sound ladder of incombustible materials shall be
provided if the building stairways does not reach motor room.
4.6.6.5 Falling preventive guards shall be installed at the sides of surfaces
and openings in the path to motor room.
4.6.6.6 A cabinet with reinforced glass cap shall be installed in the motor
room for manual tools and equipment, such as:
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4.6.6.6.1 Hoist operation handle (if separated for pulley),
4.6.6.6.2 Pulley break dismantle span,
4.6.6.6.3 Clamps for fastening cables to pulleys,
4.6.6.6.4 Key of elevator well outer door, and
4.6.6.6.5 Any other tools or equipment for lift operation and minor
maintenance.
4.6.7 Elevator Car (Cabin)

4.6.7.1 Elevator cabin structure, interior covers and paints shall be made
of incombustible materials.
4.6.7.2 Passenger elevator cabin shall be equipped with interior door so
that elevator will not start before the door has closed so as to
prevent users’ limbs or clothes from being stuck between cabin
and lift well.
4.6.7.3 Passenger elevator cabin shall be provided with roof emergency
trap opening enough for a person in / out, according to GSS
“Passengers and Freight Electrical Lifts”.
4.6.7.4 Lift cabin shall be provided with ventilation fan suitable for the
size and capacity of lift.
4.6.7.5 Passenger elevator cabin shall be equipped with signage,
including:
4.6.7.5.1 A signage indicating that children under 14yrs are not allowed to
use the lift without adult escort.
4.6.7.5.2 A signage indicating that smoking is not allowed inside lift cabin.
4.6.7.5.3 A signage indicating the lift load and maximum number of users.
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4.6.7.5.4 Symbols on each button of car operating panel.
4.6.7.5.5 A plate showing the name of agent, telephone number,
maintenance provider and heir telephone numbers for
emergency.
4.6.8 Elevator Power Supply

4.6.8.1 Elevator electrical power feeders for operation and lighting shall
be controlled by special main switch “breaker” (other than that in
motor room) to be installed at the main service panel of a
building.
4.6.8.2 Elevator electrical lines shall be connected to special relevant
circuit for the lift only.
4.6.8.3 Special sign shall be posted to indicate the electrical switches of
lift.
4.6.9 Elevator Maintenance and Periodic Inspection

4.6.9.1 As stipulated in GSS, elevator after installation shall be inspected
and approved by technically qualified inspection and test agency
approved by KFSD.
4.6.9.2 Regular service including periodic maintenance works shall be
rendered to each lift by an agency experienced in lifts
maintenance
4.6.9.3 Periodical maintenance works, repairs and dates log shall be
provided and kept in the motors room.
4.6.9.4 The agency assuming the responsibility of periodical
maintenance works shall be also responsible for the repairs
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requirements of elevator and for providing services 24 hours a
day.
4.6.9.5 The agency undertaking periodical maintenance and the agency
responsible for inspection shall notify the official authority
immediately in the following events:
4.6.9.5.1 When a lift maintenance contract is concluded or terminated.
4.6.9.5.2 When the inspector observes any defect that may affect the
safety of users.
4.6.9.5.3 When the owner of building refrains from providing the required
maintenance works.
4.6.9.6 KFSD shall be the reference to settle any differences may arise
among the concerned parties or breaches of these requirements.
4.6.9.7 The owner of building shall take the necessary action to ensure
the safety of lift.
4.6.9.8 The owner of building must train a responsible person such as
the sentinel or lift operator how to operate the lift under normal
conditions; to act during incidents and faults; to notify the
concerned maintenance agency and advise KFSD when they
reject to provide for the maintenance request.
4.7 Liquid Fuel Tanks

4.7.1 Liquid Fuel Tanks
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4.7.2 Fuel tanks shall be installed under the ground, and if this is not
possible, it shall be installed in such separate room of building
that meets fire protection requirements for liquid fuel tanks.
4.7.3 Design and mains of fuel and oil burning appliances in general
shall comply with GCC approved specifications.
4.7.4 Fuel and oil burning appliances shall be firmly connected in order
to prevent any leakage or seepage.
4.7.5 Liquid fuel mains shall be rigid and firmly connected to avoid
leakage.
4.7.6 Liquid fuel network shall be equipped with the necessary closing
valves at such suitable locations that easily accessible and
marked distinguished signs, including:
4.7.6.1 Main closing valve at the beginning of tank line.
4.7.6.2 Main closing valve at fuel burning appliance.
4.7.6.3 Automatic valve thermally activated to be installed outside the
room of fuel burning appliances so as to stop fuel supply to the
ignition device when fire starts. It operates through fuse or any
other suitable means. In addition, another manual closing device
shall be provided in order to be used in the event of automatic
valve failure.
4.7.7 Fuel burning appliances shall be equipped with fire protection
means upon design.
4.7.8 Piping should not be installed or pass near any ignition source.
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4.8 Liquid Fuel Tank Room
4.8.1 Fixed fuel tank shall be kept in special room that is constructed
of materials having a fire resistance rating of not less than 4.0
hours. Tank is preferred to be underground.
4.8.2 Adequate natural ventilation shall be supplied to liquid fuel tank
room at both upper and lower levels so that vapors dissipate
outside the building.
4.8.3 Fuel tank room is preferred to be located opposite to the exterior
wall of building.
4.8.4 Fuel tank room shall be remote from boiler room to prevent
travel of heat.
4.8.5 Electrical installations shall be of a flameproof type.
4.8.6 Fuel tank room door shall be a fire protection rating of not less
than 4.0 hours, automatically closing and marked with
distinguished sign.
4.8.7 A fuel room door sill with suitable height shall be constructed in
order to constitute an enclosure with the walls that is enough to
withhold the stored liquid plus 10%.
4.9 Gaseous Fuel Tank

4.9.1 Gaseous fuel piping, storage, and ignition in general shall comply
with central gaseous system specifications and conditions, and
KFSD requirements.
4.9.2 Gaseous fuel installations and piping shall be painted with yellow.
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4.9.3 Gaseous fuel installation network shall be equipped with main
closing valve outside the building if source is the main public
gaseous lines in the city and at the beginning of line if the source
is common gas cylinders.
4.9.4 Gaseous fuel network shall be equipped with sub closing valves
at the beginning and end of each flexible connection in building.
4.9.5 Gaseous fuel utilization places shall be provided with gas and
liquid fuel vapor sensors.
4.9.6 Main and sub closing valves shall be installed in clear easily
accessible location, subject to KFSD approved, which is marked
by remarkable signs.
4.9.7 Gaseous fuel pipeline shall not be installed or routed near any
heat source.
4.10 Kitchen or Heating Fumes Discharge Stacks

4.10.1 Furnaces, fireplaces and similar cooking and heating equipment
shall be equipped with smoke exhausts that discharge to the
outside of the building.
4.10.2 Chimneys shall be made of incombustible materials with
adequate fire resistance rate.
4.10.3 If a chimney is located within building, the interior surface shall
be designed to facilitate the removal of accumulated carbon and
any other precipitations.
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4.10.4 If a chimney is made of metal plates, such plates shall be
adequately thick, firmly connected and fixed on the adjacent
walls by durable wires.
4.10.5 Openings shall be provided in any chimney for cleaning and
inspections, with suitable dimensions in accordance with the
nature of location, especially at the curves (elbows).
4.10.6 A chimney shall be 1.0 m above the highest point in building and
3.0 m above the highest point of surrounding buildings within 23
m radius.
4.10.7 A chimney shall not be connected or installed adjacent to
flammable materials.
4.11 Ventilation and Smoke Discharge

4.11.1 In design of ventilation and smoke discharge, the following shall
be taken into consideration for fire protection purposes:
4.11.1.1 Ventilation for smoke discharge in order to secure the safety of
people and protection of building.
4.11.1.2 Ventilation for smoke discharge in order to help firemen in
controlling fire.
4.11.1.3 Ventilation to get rid of flammable vapors, gases and powders.
4.11.2 Persons Safety Ventilation
Adequate ventilation shall be provided in exits and any part of
building where people may gather.
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4.11.3 Control of Fire Spread Ventilation
Sufficient ventilation shall be provided to get rid of flammable
vapors, gases or powders so that their concentration in air will
not reach ignition or explosion rate. Means of such ventilation
include:
4.11.3.1 Blowing or providing localized ventilation systems at various
locations where flammable liquids and gases ignition devices are
stored or operated.
4.11.3.2 Blowing or providing localized ventilation systems for mechanical
equipment and vapors provided by the respective protection
requirements.
4.11.3.3 Mechanical ventilation when natural ventilation is not sufficient
or efficient.
4.11.4 Natural or mechanical ventilation process shall be integrated so
as to ensure the required efficient ventilation in the location
within certain and standard period of time based on the size, type
of use and contents of location, according to fire protection
requirements. The concerned engineer shall submit a study, upon
request.
4.11.5 Natural or mechanical ventilation should be provided in all
buildings.
4.11.6 Ventilation is accomplished through permanently open ports in
the top roof. If such openings to be necessarily closed, they shall
be designed to be openable in the event of fire by any of the
following means or any other method approved by KFSD:
135
4.11.6.1 Automatically: by fuse or alarm system.
4.11.6.2 Manually: by easy manual device to be placed at suitable height
in accessible location subject to KFSD approval.
4.11.6.3 Opening Covers: Ventilation openings shall be covered with
plates that are made of easy fusible material by fire heat in special
cases as may be determined by KFSD.
4.11.6.4 Ventilation system calculations shall comply with the
international codes and KFSD requirements.
4.12 Fire Protection Requirements for Liquefied Gas Central

System of Buildings
Gas installations mean the piping from tank, cylinder or small gas
station meter to consumers and the supply device from a tank
that is filled on site by a tanker, unlike mobile gas cylinders which
are transported each time for refilling.
4.12.1 Estimated Size of Central Gas Tank

4.12.1.1 Tank size shall be estimated on maximum hourly intake, the
required gas storage quantity and area of tank farm, according
to safety and security requirements.
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) 𝑥𝑥 1.5
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝐿𝐿) =
0.7 𝑥𝑥 1.272
Where:
70% of tank utilized size = 0.7
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(Maximum use is 58% of tank size)
Note: 1 liter of LPG = 1.272LB
4.12.2 Size Selection of Central Gas Tank

4.12.2.1 Tank size shall be selected according to the estimations and
comparisons with the manufactured sizes, which range between
380 – 4.880 liters for residential projects and up to 15,000 liters
for commercial projects. Tank size that is satisfactory for (6)
weeks is recommendable, so that constant gas supply is ensured
for customers.
4.12.3 Specifications of Central Gas Tank and Accessories

4.12.3.1 Tanks shall be designed in accordance with GSS or international
specifications, provided with the necessary fittings and a yard
that allows refilling and safely use of such tank. These fittings
shall be enclosed under firmly closed cap if the tank is located in
unfenced space.
4.12.3.2 Central fuel gas tank includes the following fittings:
4.12.3.2.1 Gas level gauge.
4.12.3.2.2 Small valve (1.5 mm or less) for monitoring the highest level at
refilling.
4.12.3.2.3 Closing valve on both filling and discharge lines with additional
control valve on LPG line.
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4.12.3.2.4 Pressure relief valve that may be interior or exterior to allow 1.0
m³ /m.
4.12.3.2.5 Control valve on filling line if the filling point is on the tank
surface. If the filling point is at the end of a line connected to the
tank, a second control valve shall be installed at the end of line.
4.12.3.2.6 Gas level gauge allows customer to know the level of LPG.
4.12.3.2.7 Primary pressure regulator on the service line provides suitable
gas pressure for consumer. Closing valve is also installed
between tank and pressure regulator for tank isolation, as
required. This valve shall have red hand.
4.12.4 Location of Central Gas Tank

4.12.4.1 In any event, nothing around tank shall be less than 60cm from
the tank.
4.12.4.2 Any opening in any building shall not be less than 1.5 m from the
tank wall.
4.12.4.3 Tanks shall not be less than 1.5 m from the property line.
However, it shall be 60cm if there is a wall at such line.
4.12.4.4 Tanks shall not be less than 3.0 m from any flammable materials
point.
4.12.4.5 Tank shall not be less 3.0 m to any ignition point.
4.12.4.6 Distance from any public road shall not be less than 1.5 m for
tank and not less than 3.0 m for the respective fixtures.
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4.12.4.7 Tank fixtures shall not be less than 3.0 m from electrical
equipment if their class is not approved for flammable medium.
4.12.4.8 Tank fixtures shall not be less than 3.0 m from unprotected
ground openings.
4.12.4.9 Tank shall not be less than 1.5 m from filling tanker.
4.12.4.10 Tanks spacing shall not be less than 60cm.
4.12.4.11 Upon building permitting or commissioning, KFSD may request
suitable preventive alternatives in selecting central gas fuel tank
location.
4.12.5 Fence of Central Gas Tank

4.12.5.1 No more than 2 walls are permitted. Wall height shall be
appropriate, and the horizontal space for any possible gas
leakage shall not be less than the previously stated spaces.
4.12.6 Prevention Requirements for Using LPG Cylinders in Central Gas

System
4.12.6.1 A station shall comprise 2.0 cylinders through regulator
changeover. If a station is designed to supply multiple uses, it
shall be provided with 4.0 big cylinders with suitable regulator.
Cylinders of 25, 50 and 100LB are mostly used for the ordinary
kitchen ovens.
4.12.7 Storage of LPG Cylinders
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4.12.7.1 Cylinders shall be vertically stable so as not require more
protection, and not less than 1.0 m from any opening in building.
Cylinder head and regulators shall be 30cm lower than windows
line.
4.12.8 Regulator of LPG Cylinders

4.12.8.1 Regulator changeover connected to cylinders through special
hoses reduces pressure to 37 mbar if its capacity is 4.0 kg/h in
mono-phase or to 1.5 mbar if its capacity is higher (up to 40
kg/h). it reduces pressure in the second phase to 37 mbar.
4.12.8.2 When the cylinder in use becomes empty, the regulator
changeover withdraws from the remaining cylinders and isolates
the empty cylinder.
4.12.9 Supply of LPG through Central Gas Network

4.12.9.1 To supply two locations or more from one tank, a meter with
second pressure regulator shall be installed at each consumer
point. Gas will be distributed to consumer point under 1.5bar by
first pressure regulator, which begins immediately after tank.
Each location shall be provided with second pressure regulator,
which includes various safety devices.
4.12.9.2 The second pressure regulator provides safety within building by
regulating gas intake and pressure. It plays the role of check valve
that automatically closes gas when pressure deviates from
normal level. If the event of malfunction, it restarts under the
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supervision of specialized technician to ensure the safety of
installments.
4.12.10 Protection Requirements for LPG Supply Pipes (Installations)

4.12.10.1 Materials
4.12.10.1.1 Pipes shall be of high steel or copper quality for connection
under medium pressure (operation pressure 4.0 bars),
manufactured in accordance with the acceptable ISO
specifications.
4.12.10.1.2 Distribution should be in copper or steel pipes to be selected
based on size for light pressure (operation pressure 28, 37 or
50 mbar), e.g. when short gas installations are required (for
cookers), cooper pipes 3/8 or ½ inch manufactured in
accordance with BS2871 is the best selection.
4.12.10.1.3 Cooper pipes used for water as per BS2871 may be installed for
low pressure installations.
4.12.10.1.4 Galvanized steel pipes may be used for low pressure interior
installations in industrial, commercial and housing projects.
4.12.10.2 Protection Requirements for LPG Supply Pipes

4.12.10.2.1 Interior lines may be installed exposed at high or low level, hung
on the roof or underground.
4.12.10.2.2 Pipes may be installed in ready ground ducts that protected
from corrosion by protective tape.
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4.12.10.2.3 Pipes may be fixed on the interior wall of building at high or
low level until consumption point.
4.12.10.2.4 Pipe penetrating a wall, particularly double walls shall pass
straight through greater seamless sleeves (pipe) equal to the
wall width in order to ensure that gas will not flow to the second
pipe or from the latter to the wall or ground. The space between
both pipes shall be filled with soft materials and provided with
barrier at ends.
4.12.10.2.5 Regardless the gas pipe passage, it shall be accurately
connected and tied to the wall.
4.12.10.2.6 Where a gas pipe is placed directly in a ditch, its gravel free
flatten depth shall not be less than 50cm to protect the pipe.
4.12.10.3 Protection Requirements in Selection of LPG Supply Pipe

Locations
4.12.10.3.1 In the event of underground LPG pipes, the distance between
gas pipe and other service lines shall not be less than the
following:
4.12.10.3.1.1 30cm from oil, water and sewage lines.
4.12.10.3.1.2 20cm from electrical cables.
4.12.10.3.1.3 10cm from any other lines.
4.12.10.3.2 Gas pipe shall be marked with warning tape or fence.
4.12.10.3.3 The space between exposed LPG pipes and any other service
lines shall not be less than the following:
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4.12.10.3.3.1 3.0cm if it is parallel to electrical, steam, hot water line, etc.
4.12.10.3.3.2 1.0cm if it is crossing electrical, steam or hot water line, etc.
4.12.10.3.3.3 In the event that a gas pipe is buried or penetrating a wall, the
depth to the finishing surface shall not be less than 1.0cm.
4.12.10.4 Protection Requirements in Stove Connection to LPG Supply

Pipes
4.12.10.4.1 Stoves shall be connected by copper or steel pipes with
threaded fittings to facilitate dismantling and connection in
future.
4.12.10.4.2 Rubber hoses may be used after the second low pressure
regulator, provided that its length shall not exceed 6.0 feet
(180cm).
4.12.10.4.3 A valve close to each gas equipment complying with the
acceptable specifications for LPG lines shall be provided to
facilitate isolation and disconnection of such equipment
without interrupting other equipment.
4.12.11 General Preventive Precautions for Fire Protection of LPG

Central System
4.12.11.1 During the project design and constriction stages before
commissioning, KFSD shall be advised on the precaution means
for fire protection.
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4.12.11.2 All LPG installations shall be tested by suitable pressure to ensure
full accuracy, defect free and efficiency before gas operation.
4.12.11.3 Suitable alarm and firefighting systems for LPG shall be provided
and installed in strategic and close locations to gas station.
4.12.11.4 Safety warning panels around the tank, such as “No Smoking”,
“Gas Tank”, “Flammable Materials”, etc. shall be posted.
4.12.11.5 Interior kitchens shall be provided with gas leak alarm devices,
which can disconnect gas supply automatically in the event of
any leakage.
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Section 5
Fire Protection Requirements for Community Gathering Buildings
5.1 Community Gathering Buildings
5.2 Fire Hazard
5.3 Structural Requirements
5.4 Multipurpose Use
5.5 Control of Fire Spread
5.5.1 Horizontal Fire Spread
5.5.2 Vertical Fire Spread
5.5.3 Exterior Fire Spread
5.6 Means of Escape
5.6.2 Occupancy
5.6.3 Wideness
5.6.5 Direct Distance
5.6.6 Corridors
5.6.7 Exits
5.6.8 Stairway
5.6.9 Final Exit
5.7 Alarm and Firefighting Equipment
5.8 Engineering Services
5.9 Preventive Conditions for Cinema and Theaters
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Section 5
Table No. Table Name

5.1 Number of Exits as to Public Halls in Cinema and Theatre
5.2 Firefighting Equipment for Gathering Buildings as per
Category, Height and Structural Classification
5.3 Firefighting Sprinkler Requirements for Gathering Buildings as
per Category, Height and Structural Classification
5.4 Engineering Services for Fire Protection in Gathering Buildings
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Section 5
5.1 Community Gathering Buildings

Community gathering buildings are such facilities or part thereof
that accommodate 50 persons or more for worshiping,
entertainment, cultural, sport or presentation purpose, such as:
Places of worship
Lecture halls
Presentation halls
Museums and theatres
Sport clubs
Courts
Meetings halls
Banks halls
Major libraries
Covered playgrounds
5.1.1 Community gathering buildings are divided in terms of
accommodation to the following categories:
5.1.1.1 (A): buildings accommodate more than 1000 persons.
5.1.1.2 (B): buildings accommodate 300 - 1000 persons.
5.1.1.3 (C): buildings accommodate 50 - 300 persons.
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5.2 Fire Hazard
Fire hazard in community gathering buildings is classified as low.

5.3.1 The requirements of Section 1 shall be applied to protect the
structure from fire hazards.
5.3.2 Building structural reliability for community gathering is
determined according to the Table 1.2: Classification of Buildings
According to their Fire Resistance.
5.4 Multipurpose Use

5.4.1 Where community gathering buildings are used for other
purposes or when gathering is part of multipurpose buildings,
such uses shall be separated so that each part constitutes an
independent fire section provided with relevant means of escape.
5.4.2 Buildings of category (A) or their parts shall not be shared for any
other purposes, except the auxiliary uses relating to the
gathering nature such as restaurants, cafeterias etc.; otherwise
each case shall be studied separately, and KFSD take the proper
decision in this regard.
The requirements of Section 1 in addition to forgoing shall be
applied.
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Fire section shall not be more than 7000 m³.
5.5.1.1 Different sections in community gathering buildings shall be
separated from each and other, and each section shall be
considered an independent fire section, such as public halls,
theatre, lobbies, dressing rooms, actors and decoration rooms.
Multipurpose use locations shall be also separated.

Each floor is considered independent fire section, and special
conditions shall be applied for atrium.

The requirements of Section 1 shall be applied for the space
between building and exterior walls.

KFSD vehicles and equipment shall have easy accessibility to
community gathering buildings.
5.5.4.1 A road or path should be constructed around the community
gathering building, so that firefighting engines can reach at least
two sides of building where the main entrance exists.
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5.5.4.2 Parking for firefighting vehicles and equipment shall be provided
around the building in accordance with the requirements of
Section 1 for the site regulation.
5.6 Means of Escape

5.6.1 General conditions for means of escape (emergency exits) shall
be applied in addition to the forgoing.
5.6.1.1 Means of escape from gathering halls shall be independent from
other sections in building of category (A) and (B), such as
theaters, actor rooms, stores, workshops, etc. which should have
independent means of escape means leading directly to the
outside of the building.
5.6.1.2 All means of escape shall be protected from fire as fire section
constructed of incombustible materials with fire resistance rate
not less than one hour and automatic fire rated doors.
5.6.1.3 Exit or stairways in all buildings of (A) and (B) categories shall be
accessible through protected space according to the conditions.
5.6.2 Occupancy
Facility occupancy is estimated in accordance with the Section of
Means of Escape in Table 3.4, and the number of seats will be
considered if they are fixed. Other independent uses such as
restaurants, each use is calculated separately.
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5.6.3 Wideness
Means of escape wideness is based on the number of users, as
set out in “Means of Escape” Section.

Travel distance from any point to the final exit or protected
stairway shall not exceed the following numbers:
5.6.4.1 Travel distance from any point to the final exit or protected stair
in halls with celebrity seats shall be 20 m.
in halls with ordinary seats shall be 15 m.
in open multipurpose hall shall be 30 m.
5.6.5 Direct distance from any point to the exit or protected stairway
in small halls shall be 15 m, provided that its capacity is not more
than 30 persons.
5.6.5.1 Direct distance from any point to the exit or protected stairway
in theater rooms and other extensions shall be 7.5 m.
5.6.5.2 Direct distance in open multipurpose grand halls without
partitions, such as fair and celebration halls, may exceed 30 m,
provided that stairways and exits are distributed around the
building with spacing not more than 60 m.
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5.6.6 Corridors
The general requirements for corridors shall be provided in
addition to the following conditions:
5.6.6.1 Corridors shall be organized and properly streamlined to lead
directly to exits.
5.6.6.2 Graded corridors shall be equipped with guardrail in accordance
with the requirements.
5.6.6.3 Corridor width shall be adequate to accommodate the number
of users, but not less than 2.0 m for main and 1.5 m for sub
corridors.
5.6.7 Exits
General conditions for exits as set forth in Section (3: Means of
Escape “Emergency Exits”) shall be provided.
5.6.7.1 All exits shall lead directly to outside, stairway or corridor that
protected from fire and separated from building.
5.6.7.2 Number of exits shall comply with the general conditions, but not
less than two exits for each hall and the related parts such as
theater, actors and employees’ rooms, store, workshop, etc. Table
5.1 indicates the number of exits for the audience halls in cinema,
theatre, and lecture halls.
5.6.7.3 Exits of halls shall be independent of other parts, particularly the
stage, which shall lead directly to the outside of the building.
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Number of Exits of Audience Halls in Cinema and Theatre
Table 5.1
Type of Seat Number of Persons Number of Exits Exit Width
3000 4 As per number
Ordinary 600 - 1000 3 of persons
300 – 600 2
50 – 300 2
Celebrity Per 5 rows of seats 2 180 cm
5.6.8 Stairway
General conditions as set out in Section (3: Means of Exits
“Emergency Exits”) shall be applied.
5.6.8.1 Ramps
Ramps shall be provided in educational facilities for the use of
the people with special needs.
5.6.8.2 Each floor shall have at least two stairways.
5.6.8.3 Stairways shall be protected, separated from building by a
protected space directly leading to the exit.
5.6.8.4 Stairways width shall be adequate for the number of users, not
less than the total width of the related corridors.
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5.6.8.5 Where gathering halls are permitted in the upper or lower floors
of a building, stairways shall have greater width with wider
landing space.
5.6.9 Final Exits

Under all circumstances shall all means of escape lead to a final
exit that guides directly to the outside of the building.
5.6.9.1 Half of the means of escape in buildings of category (A) or parts
thereof may terminate at a location within the building if general
requirements are met.

Requirements for buildings and structural fire protection as set
out in Section 1 shall be applicable.
5.7.1 The required alarm, firefighting equipment and engineering
services for fire protection shall be provided in community
gathering facilities.
5.7.2 Alarm and firefighting equipment shall be designed, installed and
maintained in accordance with the relevant requirements or
KFSD Manual.
5.7.3 KFSD may request additional equipment as an alternative for
certain required preventive precautions.
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Firefighting Equipment for Gathering Buildings
As per Category, Height and Structural Classification
Table 5.2
Type Required cases
1 Manual Firefighting Equipment
1 Manual extinguishers All floors
2 Fixed Installations
1 Rubber hose network All floors
2 Dry hydrants network Above 4 floors (GF+3floors) with less than
28 m high or 2 floors with total area not
more than 1000 m²/floor
3 Wet hydrant network More than 28 m high or more than 2 floors

with total area more than 1000 m²/floor
4 Exterior hydrant network As per building size

3 Fixed Automatic Systems
1 Automatic firefighting water As per Table 5.3: Firefighting Sprinkler
sprinklers Requirements for Gathering Buildings
2 Automatic firefighting other Special hazard locations where water use is
material sprinklers impossible.
4 Fire Alarm Equipment

1 Manual alarm network In multipurpose halls and corridors
2 Automatic alarm network All floors
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Firefighting Sprinkler Requirements for Gathering Buildings
Table 5.3
Category No of Floor Structural Sprinkler
Persons Classification Requirements
Basement All types Required
A Above 1000 GF to 3 rd
Type 1 Not required
4th and above All types Required
B 300-1000 Basement All types Required
st
GF and 1 only Type 1 + 2 only Not required
C 50-300 Basement All types Required
GF and 1st only Type 1+2+4 only Not required
GF only Type 5 temporarily Required
in special conditions
5.8 Engineering services

The contents of Section (4: General Requirements for Engineering
Services) shall be observed with consideration to Table 5.4.
5.8.1 Ventilation of Theater Area

A ventilation system complying with the international
specifications and approved by KFSD shall be provided for the
theater area.
5.8.2 KFSD may request additional equipment as an alternative for
certain required preventive requirements.
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Engineering Services for Fire Protection in Gathering Buildings
Table 5.4
No. Type Required Cases
1 Ventilation system As per international specifications approved by
KFSD
2 Illuminated signs Basement and means of escape

3 Emergency lighting network Basement and means of escape
4 Standby power source Height exceeds 6 floors or 20 m, whichever less
5 Fire elevator Height exceeds 6 floors or 20 m, whichever less
6 Automatic fire doors As per preventive requirements in engineering
areas
5.9 Special Preventive Requirements

In the event of cinema and theater facilities, each case shall be
assessed separately in order to recommend appropriate
requirements. NFPA 101 or any international specifications
conditions may be referred for further details on such buildings,
in addition to the following requirements:
5.9.1 Seating
Seating shall be organized as follows:
5.9.1.1 Seat Spacing

5.9.1.1.1 Net space between ordinary seat rows shall be 30cm.
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5.9.1.1.2 Net space between celebrity seat rows shall be 50cm when the
number of eats is 25 or less.
5.9.1.1.3 Net space between celebrity seat rows shall be 60cm when the
number of seats is more than 45.
5.9.1.2 Number of Seats

5.9.1.2.1 The number of seat in each row shall be at least 4.
5.9.1.2.2 The number of ordinary seats in each row shall be maximum 7
for 1 aisle.
5.9.1.2.3 The number of ordinary seats in each row shall be maximum 14
for 2 aisles.
5.9.1.2.4 The number of celebrity seats in each row shall be maximum 10
for 2 aisles.
5.9.1.2.5 The number of ordinary seats in each row may be increased to
11 for 1 aisle when the spacing between such rows increases by
25 mm per seat.
5.9.1.3 Seat Installation

5.9.1.3.1 Seats shall be firmly installed to the flooring in all halls
permanently designated for audience, such as cinema, theater,
lecture halls and the like.
5.9.1.3.2 In certain cases where seats cannot be permanently, alternative
measures may be taken such as:
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5.9.1.3.2.1 Seats are fastened to each other in groups not less than 4 seats,
and each case is assessed separately.
5.9.1.3.2.2 Seats on both extremes and front rows at aisles and exits are
fixed to the flooring.
5.9.2 Flooring
Hall flooring slop angle with the horizontal line shall not be more
than 35°.
5.9.3 In multipurpose halls, which can be used as exhibition halls,
protection requirements in commercial buildings shall be applied
in addition to these conditions:
5.9.3.1 Exhibition areas shall be organized so that regular corridors are
maintained according to these requirements.
5.9.3.2 Shelves and stands shall be made of incombustible materials.
5.9.3.3 Suitable signs and firefighting equipment shall be available.
5.9.3.4 KFSD shall be counseled in the event of temporary and seasonal
exhibitions to ensure the appropriate protective instructions and
recommendations.
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Section 6
Fire Protection Requirements for Educational Buildings
Contents
6.1 Educational Buildings

6.2 Fire Hazard
6.4 Mixed-Use Buildings
6.6 Means of Escape
6.6.2 Occupancy
6.6.3 Wideness
6.6.6 Corridors
6.6.7 Exits
6.6.8 Stairway
6.6.9 Final Exit
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Tables

6.1 Constructional Building Integrity for Educational Uses
6.2 Calculation of Travel Distance for Educational Facilities
6.3 Firefighting Equipment for Educational Buildings as per
6.4 Fire Alarm Devices Distribution in Educational Buildings
6.5 Engineering Service for Fire Protection of Educational
Buildings
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6.2 Fire Hazard
Fire hazard in the educational buildings is rated low.

6.3.1 The conditions set out in Section 1 shall be applied to ensure
structural frame safety from fire hazards.
6.3.2 Building integrity for educational purpose uses is structurally
determined in accordance with Table 1.2: Classification of
Buildings According to their Fire Resistance and the following
Table 6.1: Constructional Building Integrity for Educational Uses.
Constructional Building Integrity for Educational Uses as per Area,

Height and Structural Classification
Table 6.1
Structural Area and Height
Classification
Class 1 Suitable for all buildings
Class 2 and 4 Suitable for buildings not more than 2 stories
Class 3 and 5 Temporary buildings for 1 classroom area under special
conditions
6.3.3 The following requirements should be taken into account to

determine the location of classrooms in a building:
6.3.3.1 Classrooms for children below elementary level shall not be
located in a basement or GF.
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6.3.3.2 Classrooms for the first years of elementary school (class 1) shall
not be located in a floor higher than the 1st floor.
6.3.3.3 Classrooms may be located in a basement, provided a stairway
or exit that leading directly to outside and protected by
automatic water sprinklers network is provided on the external
wall.
6.3.3.4 All classrooms shall directly overlook the external façade of
building.

6.4.1 Where an educational facility is part of buildings which have
other uses, these facilities shall be separated from each other so
that each part constitutes an independent fire section for which
relevant escape means are provided.
6.4.2 Mixed-use facilities shall not be of such a type that involves high
fire hazard or industrial purpose.
6.4.3 Parts designated for educational purposes shall be separated
from other the parts allocated for other purposes.
6.4.4 Buildings or the relevant parts designated for other purposes
than educational shall be treated in accordance with their type of
use.
The requirements of Section 1 shall be applicable in addition to
these conditions.
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Fire section area should not exceed 2,000 m².
6.5.1.1 The areas with use different from the educational areas shall be
separated, and each of which is considered independent fire
section.
6.5.1.2 Hazardous areas or locations shall be separated.
6.5.1.3 Each classroom shall be considered s secondary independent fire
section.
Vertical openings are preferable to be separated from other parts
of building by fire resistant wall for at least 1.0 hour and resisting
doors for at least 45 minutes.
Classroom buildings shall be separated from each other by fire
resistant walls for at least 1.0 hour.
6.5.3.1 Whenever educational facilities share fire preventive wall with
different building type, the resistance of such wall shall not be
less than the highest requirements of either shared facilities.
It shall be easy for fire vehicles and equipment to access
educational buildings.
6.5.4.1 Fire teams shall have accessibility to the educational buildings for
fire hoses connected to hydrant outlet or fire water tanks.
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6.5.4.2 Fire teams shall have accessibility to rescue opening or balconies
by stairs or any other equipment to conduct rescue operations.
6.6 Means of Escape (Emergency Exits)
6.6.1 General requirements for means of escape (Emergency Exits)
shall be applicable in addition to these conditions.
6.6.2 Occupancy
Occupancy is estimated in accordance with the “Means of
Escape” Section, Table 3.4. For locations with other uses,
occupancy is determined according to the respective nature of
use.
6.6.3 Wideness
Width for the means of escape is calculated based on the number
of users, as stated in Section (3: Means of Escape).
stairway should not exceed the figures set out in Table 6.2.
6.6.5 Direct distance from any point inside the classrooms to the exit
or protected stairway shall not be more than 15.0 m (not more
than 10 m in a basement).
Calculation of Travel and Direct Distance for Educational Facilities

Table 6.2
Location Distance (m) Floor Cases & Notes
15 GF --
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Direct distance within 10 Basement --
classroom
Travel distance from 15 Basement There is more than one exit
classroom door to exit 20 Other There is interior corridors
or protected stairway floors
30 Other There is exterior corridors
floors
Dead end 7.5 Any floor There is dead end
6.6.6 Corridors
General requirements for corridors shall be provided as set out
in the “Means of Escape” Section in addition to these conditions.
6.6.6.1 Corridors shall be organized and smoothly leveled so as to lead
directly to exits.
6.6.6.2 Graded corridors shall be provided with handrail in accordance
6.6.6.3 Corridors width shall be adequate to users flow, provided it shall
not be less than 2.0 m for the main and 1.5 m for sub-corridors.
6.6.6.4 Corridors must be peripheral as much as possible. If this is not
possible, they may be internal provided they are constructed in
accordance with the requirements of Section 1.
6.6.6.5 Corridors inside classrooms shall not be less than 1.10 m for an
aisle that serving two rows of seats and 90cm for an aisle serving
a row of easts.
6.6.6.6 Any seat shall not be more than 6.0 seats remote from the interior
aisle.
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6.6.7 Exits
General requirements for exits shall be provided as set out in the
“Means of Escape” Section.
6.6.7.1 All exits shall lead directly to the outside of the building, stairway
or corridor protected from fire and separated from the building
by isolating space.
6.6.7.2 The number of exits shall comply with general requirements; i.e.
two distant exits to the building limits, on the external wall and
each leads to the outside of the building.
6.6.7.3 Each classroom shall be provided with two distant exits leading
to the outside of the building or to protected corridor that
guiding to two exits in the following cases:
6.6.7.3.1 If the classroom occupancy exceeds 50 students.
6.6.7.3.2 If the classroom occupancy exceeds 30 children (kindergarten).
6.6.7.3.3 If the classroom area exceeds 90 m² or its length 15 m.
6.6.7.4 Windows for ventilation shall not be less than 0.5 m² (or 50cm
width x 60cm height) with frame sill height from floor surface is
110cm, so that they can be used for rescue operations, which
shall be easily opened from inside without need to special tools
or lockers.
6.6.8 Stairways
General requirements for means of escape shall be applicable in
addition to these conditions.
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6.6.8.1 Ramps
Ramps shall be provided in educational buildings for the
handicapped use.
6.6.8.2 At least two stairways shall be provided for each floor, remote
from each other at the building limits and on the external wall,
each leads directly to the outside of the building.
6.6.8.3 A stairway shall be protected and separated from the building by
isolating space, which is protected from fire and leading directly
6.6.8.4 The stairway width shall be adequate for the number of users,
not less than the total width of tributary corridors.
6.6.8.5 In the event that the use of gathering halls in the upper or lower
floors of a building, the stairway width shall be greater and the
landing must be with enough area for rest.
6.6.9 Final Exit
In all events, all means of escape shall lead to a final exit that
leads directly to the outside of the building.
6.6.10 The relevant conditions or higher requirements, whichever more
preventive, shall be applicable to sections with other uses in the
educational buildings.

the conditions set out in Table 6.3.
168
6.7.1 Manual alarm device shall be installed in multipurpose halls,
administration corridors and dead-end corridors of classrooms
for all levels, except open corridors of classrooms.
6.7.2 Automatic alarm device shall be installed in multipurpose hall,
workshop, laboratory, library, shop, as well as special hazard
locations, AC ducts and basement for all levels.
6.7.3 General alarm means (at least, in the form of serene or bell) shall
be installed so as to be heard in all parts of school in a
distinguished sound or verbal messages operated by the
administration.
6.7.4 Firefighting and alarm equipment shall be in such design,
installation and maintenance that complies with the alarm and
firefighting equipment requirements or KFSD directory.
6.7.5 Upon Permit processing, Civil Defense may require additional
equipment as replacement for certain preventive measures
required by the conditions.
169
Firefighting Equipment for Educational Buildings
Table 6.3
Type Required Cases
1 Manual Extinguishing Equipment
1 Manual Extinguishers All floors
1 Rubber Hose Network All floors
2 Dry Hydrant Network More than 4 floors (GF + 3 floors) with height less
than 28 m or 2 floors with total area not
exceeding 1,000 m²
3 Wet Hydrant Network For height less than 28 m or 2 floors with total
area exceeding 1,000 m² each
4 External Hydrant Network At University and High Institutes’ yards
1 Automatic Firefighting Basement, high floors above the 4th, buildings
Water Sprinklers Network constructed of 3rd and 4th type
2 Automatic Other Material Special hazardous places where water may not be
Sprinklers Network used
1 Manual Alarm Network In multipurpose halls, administration corridors,
dead-end corridors of classrooms and all levels,
except open corridors of classrooms
2 Automatic Alarm Network In workshop, laboratory, library, multipurpose
halls with manual alarm, as well as in special
hazardous locations, AC ducts and basement
170
Fire Alarm Devices Distribution in Educational Buildings
Table 6.4
Educational Type of Parts of Building Notes
Level System Dead- Hall Labs. Workshop Library Admin.
End Corridors
Corridors
Kindergarten Manual * * * General alarm means

Auto * (at least, serene or bell)
Manual * * shall be installed to be
Elementary
Auto * heard in all parts of
Manual * * school with
Preparatory
Auto * * * * distinguished sound or
Manual * * verbal messages
Secondary
Auto * * * * operated by
administration.
171
The contents of Section (4: General Requirements for Engineering
Services) shall be observed, taking account of Table 6.5.
6.8.1 KFSD may require additional equipment as replacement for
certain other preventive conditions.
Engineering Service for Fire Protection of Educational Buildings

Table 6.5
Type Required Cases
1 Ventilation System As per international codes approved by KFSD
2 Illuminated signage Basement and means of escape (exits)
3 Emergency lighting Basement and means of escape (exits)
network
4 Power standby source Universities
5 Fire elevator If height exceeds 6 floors or 20 m, whichever less
6 Auto fire doors As per preventive measures in engineering fields
172
Section 7
Fire Protection Requirements for Health and Social Care Buildings
Contents
7.1 Care Buildings
7.2 Fire Hazard
7.6 Means of Escape
7.6.2 Occupancy
7.6.3 Wideness
7.6.6 Corridors
7.6.7 Exits
7.6.8 Stairway
7.6.9 Final Exit
173
Section 7

7.1 Constructional Building Integrity for Care Uses
7.2 Calculation of Travel Distance for Care Buildings
7.3 Firefighting Equipment for Care Buildings as per Category,
7.4 Engineering Service for Fire Protection of Care Buildings
174
Section 7
7.1 Care Buildings

Care buildings or parts thereof designated for health or social
purposes, whose occupants are unable to move or restricted to
move under arrest, shall include hospitals, elderly houses,
children social nurseries, psychological clinics and all types of
prisons.
7.1.1 Health Care Buildings

Health care buildings or parts thereof are such facilities that
designated for health services and containing at least 4 beds for
hospitalization of patients. It is understood that the occupants of
these facilities are unable to protect themselves due to old age
or sufferance of physical or mental diseases. These places include
recovery, ambulance and emergency buildings.
7.1.2 Social Care Buildings

Social care buildings or parts thereof are such facilities that
designated for social services and containing at least 4 beds for
disabled, elderly or infants as in nurseries.
7.1.3 Social Rehabilitation Buildings (Prison)
175
Social rehabilitation buildings are such facilities that designated
for prisoners and detainees for more than (24 hours), who are
considered unable to rescue themselves in the event of fire as
they cannot escape or get out. These facilities include all types,
sizes of prisons and detention rooms.
7.2 Fire hazard

Fire hazard in social care buildings is classified as light.

7.3.1 Preventive precautionary requirements in engineering areas shall
be generally applied to provide structural safety from fire hazard.
7.3.2 Building usability for social care shall be structurally determined
pursuant to Table 1.2: Classification of Buildings According to
their Fire Resistance and Table 7.1: Building Structural Usability
for Care Facilities.
7.3.3 The requirements of other competent authorities shall be taken
into account, and the professionals in KFSD shall coordinate with
the MOH for health care facilities, with MOSAL for social care
facilities and MOI for rehabilitation facilities.
Building Structural Usability for Care Facilities
Table 7.1
Structural Classification Area & Height
Class 1 and 2 only More than 2 floors
Class 1, 2 and 4 only 2 floors
All Classes, class 5 temporarily and particular conditions 1 floor
176
7.4.1 Where social care facilities are part of buildings which have other
uses, these facilities shall be separated from each other so that
each part constitutes an independent fire section for which
relevant escape means are provided.
7.4.2 Mixed-use facilities shall not be of such a type that involves high
7.4.3 Parts designated for care facilities purposes shall be separated
from other parts allocated for other purposes.
7.4.4 Means of escape allocated for care facilities or portions thereof
shall be independent, separated from other parts and leading
directly to the outside of the building.

these conditions.
7.5.1 Horizontal Fire Spread: - Fire section area should not exceed
2,000 m².
7.5.1 The areas with different use shall be separated, and each of which
is considered independent fire section.
7.5.1.2 Hazardous areas or locations shall be separated.
177
7.5.1.3 Any floor or portion of floor used for treatment, bed, or its
capacity exceeds 50 persons, or any side of it exceeds 45 m shall
be considered secondary independent fire section.

Vertical openings are preferable to be separated from other parts
of building by fire rated wall for at least 1.0 hour and resisting
7.5.2.1 Vertical spaces, such as shafts, staircase and elevator well shall be
separated from the building by fire rated walls.
7.5.2.2 Atriums are excepted, provided:
7.5.2.2.1 Atrium dimensions shall not be less than 6.0 m.
7.5.2.2.2 Automatic firefighting water sprinklers network or fire and smoke
vertically spread prevention system is provided and approved by
KFSD.
7.5.2.2.3 Approved overhead ventilation is provided.

Care facilities or divisions shall be separated from each other by
fire rated walls for at least 1.0 hour.
7.5.3.1 Whenever care facilities share a fire preventive wall with different
building class, the resistance of such wall shall not be less than
the highest requirements of either shared facilities.
178
It shall be easy for fire engines and equipment to access care
buildings.
7.5.4.1 Fire teams shall have accessibility to the care buildings for fire
hoses connected to hydrant outlet or fire water tanks.
7.5.4.2 Fire teams shall have accessibility to rescue openings or balconies
by stairs or any other equipment to conduct rescue operations.

7.6.2 Occupancy
Escape” Section, Table 3.4. For the locations with other uses,
use.
7.6.3 Wideness
of users, as stated in the “Means of Escape” Section, and the
width of main corridors in any event shall ne be less than 240cm.
179
Calculation of Travel Distance for Care Buildings

Table 7-2
Location Distance Floor Status & Notes
Direct distance in bed rooms and 15 m GF --
wards
Travel distance from the doors of bed 20 m Any More than one exit and
rooms and wards to the exit or interior corridors exist
protected stairway
Dead end 7.5 m Any In the event of dead end
7.6.5 Direct distance from any point inside the bed rooms or wards to
the exit or protected stairway shall not be more than 15.0 m (not
more than 10 m in a basement).
7.6.7 Exits
7.6.7.1 Two exits remote from each other shall be provided in each floor.
two exits remote from each other at the building limits and on
180
the external wall, each of which leads to the outside of the
building.
7.6.7.3 All exits shall lead directly to the outside of the building or to fire
protected stairway or corridor that is isolated from the building
by a space.
7.6.7.4 Each bed room or ward shall be provided with two exits remote
from each other that leading to the outside of the building or to
protected corridor leading to two exits in the following cases:
7.6.7.4.1 If the travel distance exceeds that indicated in the above table.
7.6.7.4.2 If the travel distance exceeds 90 m.
7.6.7.4.3 If the area of bed room or ward exceeds 230 m².
7.6.7.5 Horizontal Exits

Temporary refuge places shall be provided at all care facilities
whose height exceeds 2 floors or whose floor area is more than
2,000 m².
7.6.7.6 Except for bed floors or parts, 50% of the means of escape may
terminate to a safe place within the building.
7.6.8 Stairways
7.6.8.1 Ramps
181
All care facilities shall be provided with ramps, according to the
general requirements of means of escape, pursuant to the
circumstances of care facilities use and in coordination with the
competent authorities.
7.6.8.2 At least two stairways remote from each other shall be provided
for each floor in the building limits and on the external wall, each
of which leads directly to the outside of the building.
7.6.9 Final Exit

7.6.9.1 The respective particular conditions or advanced requirements,
whichever more protective, shall apply to the parts with other
uses in care facilities.
7.6.9.2 Locks are permitted for health care facilities in Lunatic Asylum
and social care facilities for prisoners or detainees, provided
constant guards are available around the clock to transfer the
users of building to other safe place in emergencies.

The requirements of Section 1 for structural fire protection shall
be applicable in addition to the conditions set out in Table 7.3.
182
7.7.1 The required fire equipment, alarm devices and fire protection
engineering services shall be provided for care facilities.
7.7.2 Firefighting and alarm equipment shall be designed, installed
and maintained pursuant to the alarm and firefighting
equipment requirements, or KFSD directory.
7.7.3 Upon Permit processing, KFSD may require additional equipment
as replacement for certain preventive measures required by the
conditions.
183
Firefighting Equipment for Care Buildings
Table 7.3
Type Required Cases
exceeding 1,000 m²
3 Wet Hydrant Network For height more than 28 m or 2 floors with total
4 External Hydrant Network According to the building size
1 Automatic Firefighting Basement and bed wards if the building is more
Water Sprinklers Network than 2 floors and of 3rd and 4th class
1 Manual Alarm Network All floors
2 Automatic Alarm Network In bed rooms, wards, corridors and places with
special hazard, AC ducts and basement
184
Engineering Service for Fire Protection of Care Buildings
Table 7.4
Type Required Cases
3 Emergency lighting network Basement and means of escape (exits)
4 Power standby source All care facilities
185
Section 8
Fire Protection Requirements for Residential Buildings
Contents
8.1 Residential Buildings Segment as per Exploitation

I. Protection Conditions for Collective Residential Buildings
8.1.1 Collective Residential Buildings
8.1.2 Fire Hazard
8.1.3 Structural Requirements
8.1.4 Mixed Use
8.1.5 Control of Fire Spread
8.1.5.1 Horizontal Fire Spread
8.1.5.2 Vertical Fire Spread
8.1.5.3 Exterior Fire Spread
8.1.5.4 Fire Engine Access
8.1.6 Means of Escape
8.1.6.2 Occupancy
8.1.6.3 Wideness
8.1.6.4 Travel Distance
8.1.6.5 Direct Distance
8.1.6.6 Corridors
8.1.6.7 Exits
8.1.6.7.4 Horizontal Exits
186
8.1.6.8 Stairway
8.1.6.9 Final Exit
8.1.7 Alarm and Firefighting Equipment
8.1.8 Engineering Services
II. Protection Conditions for Private Residential Buildings
8.2.1 Private Residential Buildings
8.2.2 Fire Hazard
8.2.5 Means of Escape
8.2.5.1 Exits
8.2.5.2 Stairway
8.2.5.3 Final Exit
8.2.8 Application
187
Section 8

8.1 Building Structural Usability for Residential Purposes
8.2 Calculation of Travel and Direct Distance for Residential
Buildings
8.3.A Firefighting Equipment for Residential Buildings Class A;
Buildings Comprising Permanent Single-Family Residential
Units (Apartments) as per Category, Height and Structural
Classification
8.3.B Firefighting Equipment for Residential Buildings Class (B);
Buildings Comprising Individually or Collectively Permanent
Residential Rooms or Dorms as per Category, Height and
Structural Classification
8.3.C Firefighting Equipment for Residential Buildings Class (C);
Buildings Comprising Temporary Housing, Such as Hotels and
Furnished Flats, as per Category, Height and Structural
Classification
8.4.A Fire Protection Engineering Services for Residential Buildings
Class (A)- Permanent Single-Family Residential Units (Flats) as
per Category, Height and Structural Classification
8.4.B Fire Protection Engineering Services for Residential Buildings
Class (B)-Individual or Collective Permanent Residential
Rooms or Dormitories as per Category, Height and Structural
Classification
188
8.4.C Fire Protection Engineering Services for Residential Buildings
Class (C)- Temporary Housing, Such as Hotels and Furnished
Flats, as per Category, Height and Structural Classification
189
Section 8
8.1 Residential building are such facilities that categorized according

to the type of use as follows:
8.1.A Collective residential buildings; such as flats, dormitories and
hotels.
8.1.B Private residential buildings; such as small villas (private
residences) or private palaces.
I. Protection Conditions for Collective Residential Buildings
8.1.1 Collective residential buildings are any constructions or parts
thereof that designated for adjacent residences.
8.1.1.1 Residential buildings are divided according to the type of use
into three classes as follows:
8.1.1.1.1 Class A includes permanent single-family residential units (flats),
such as investment residential buildings.
8.1.1.1.2 Class B includes buildings that comprise permanent residential
rooms or dormitories for individual or collective residence, such
as students, employees, labors and soldiers’ campuses.
8.1.1.1.3 Class C includes buildings that comprise rooms for temporary
stay with or without pay, such as hotels, motels, hospitality
premises, furnished flats, etc.
8.1.2 Fire Hazard
Fire hazard in the residential buildings is classified as light.
190
8.1.3.1 The requirements of Section 1 shall be applied to provide
structural fire protection from fire hazards.
8.1.3.2 Building usability for residential purposes shall be structurally
determined pursuant to Table 1.2: Classification of Buildings
According to their Fire Resistance and Table 8.1: Building
Structural Usability for Residential Purposes.
8.1.3.3 Dwelling in basements is prohibited, except when KFSD so
approves, and additional exit, automatic water sprinklers and any
other equipment requested by KFSD is provided.
8.1.4 Mixed-Use Buildings

8.1.4.1 Mixed-use buildings with high fire hazard or industrial purpose
shall not be permitted.
8.1.4.2 Mixed-use buildings with low fire hazard, such as commercial
shops, offices, etc. are permitted, provided that the means of
escape are independent and integrated precautions are provided
for each part of the building, according to the type of use.
8.1.4.3 Where residential facilities are part of buildings with another
uses, these facilities shall be separated from the building so that
each part constitutes an independent fire section for which
independent escape means are provided.
8.1.4.4 Parts designated for residential purposes shall be separated from
other parts allocated for other purposes.
191
8.1.4.5 Means of escape allocated for the residential buildings shall be
independent, separated from other parts and leading directly to
the outside of the building.
Building Structural Usability for Residential Purposes

Table 8.1
Structural Classification Appropriate Uses
Type 1 and 2 only Class A: buildings comprising permanent
single-family residential units (flats) such
investment housing
Type 1 and 2 only Class B: buildings comprise rooms and
dormitories for permanent individual or
collective residence, such as student,
employee, labor and soldiers dormitories,
etc.
All types Class C: buildings comprise rooms for
temporary stay with or without pay, such
as hotels, motels, hospitality premises,
furnished flats, etc.

these conditions.

Fire section area should not exceed 3,000 m².
8.1.5.1.1 The residential units shall be separated from each other, and each
of which shall be considered independent fire section.
192
8.1.5.1.2 Hazardous areas or locations shall be isolated.
8.1.5.1.3 Fire barrier or resisting door shall be installed if the corridor
exceeds 30 m, as well as at junctions.

Vertical openings are preferable to be isolated from other parts
8.1.5.2.1 Atriums are excepted, provided:
8.1.5.2.1.1 Atrium dimensions shall not be less than 6.0 m.
8.1.5.2.1.2 Automatic firefighting water sprinklers network or fire and smoke
vertically spread prevention system is provided and approved by
KFSD.
8.1.5.2.1.3 Approved overhead ventilation is provided.

Residential buildings or units shall be separated from each other
by fire rated walls for at least 1.0 hour.
8.1.5.3.1 Whenever residential buildings share a fire preventive wall with
different building class, the resistance of such wall shall not be
less than the highest requirements of either sides.
It shall be easy for fire engines and equipment to access the
residential buildings.
193
8.1.6 Means of Escape (Emergency Exits)
8.1.6.1 General requirements for means of escape (Emergency Exits)
8.1.6.2 Occupancy
use.
8.1.6.3 Wideness
of users, as stated in the “Means of Escape” Section.
8.1.6.4 Travel Distance

8.1.6.5 Direct distance from any point inside the bed rooms or wards to
the exit or protected stairway shall not be more than 15.0 m (not
more than 10 m in a basement).
194
Calculation of Travel Distance for Residential Buildings
Table 8-2
Location Distance Floor Status & Notes
Direct distance in flat 10 m Basement --
15 m Higher floors Class A
10 m Higher floors Class B and C
Travel distance from flat door 20 m Basement More than one exit
to exit or protected stairway 30 Other floors ---
Dead end 5.0 m Basement In the event of dead end
7.5 m Any floor In the event of dead end
8.1.6.6 Corridors
in the “Means of Escape” Section.
8.1.6.6.1 Width shall not be less than 150 cm for main corridors and not
less than 120 cm for minor corridors in the residential buildings
Class A and other permanent single-family residential units
(flats), such as investment residential buildings.
Class B and other permanent rooms or dormitories for individual
195
or collective residence, such as students, employees, labor,
soldiers’ facilities and the like.
Class C and other temporary lodgings with or without pay, such
as hotels, motels, hospitality premises, furnished flats and the
like.
8.1.6.7 Exits
8.1.6.7.1 All exits shall lead directly to the outside of the building or to fire
protected stairway or corridor that is isolated from the building
by a space.
8.1.6.7.2 In duplex villas, an emergency exit for the 2nd floor leading to the
corridor or the main stairway of the building shall be constructed,
unless the interior stairways leads to the exterior door.
8.1.6.7.3 If distance exceeds the limit set forth in Table 8.2, an additional
exit shall be provided for each residential unit or room that leads
to the outside of the building or to protected corridor.
8.1.6.7.4 Horizontal Exits

Temporary refuge place shall be provided at all residential
buildings under Class B (individual or collective rooms or
196
dormitories for student, employees, labor, soldiers’ facilities and
the like), whose floor area exceeds 3,000 m².
8.1.6.8 Stairways
General requirements of Section 3 (Means of Escape) shall be
applicable in addition to these conditions.
8.1.6.8.1 Ramps
Ramps provision in the residential buildings shall be preferably
provided in GF for the handicapped use, according to the general
requirements of means of escape.
8.1.6.8.2 A stairway shall be protected and separated from the building by
8.1.6.8.3 At least two stairways remote from each other shall be provided
for each floor in the building limits and on the external wall, each
of which leads directly to the outside of the building.
8.1.6.8.4 In special cases as permitted by KFSD, residential buildings Class
A (permanent single-family residential units / flats with
commercial fronts, such investment residential building) may be
provided with single stairway according to the following
conditions and building codes:
8.1.6.8.4.1 Building height is not more than 6.0 floors.
197
8.1.6.8.4.2 The residential part stairway is fully independent and separated
from the commercial part stairway.
8.1.6.8.4.3 The area of each floor shall not exceed 600 m², and total floors
area shall not exceed 1,800 m², and the total area is calculated
according to the building codes.
8.1.6.9 Final Exit

8.1.6.10 The respective particular conditions or advanced requirements,
whichever more protective, shall apply to the parts with other
uses in residential buildings.

The protective precautions of engineering services pursuant to
the requirements of Section 4 (Engineering Services) shall be
applicable in addition to the conditions set out in Tables 8.3.A,
8.3.B and 8.3.C.
8.1.7.1 Firefighting and alarm equipment shall be designed, installed
and maintained according to the alarm and firefighting
equipment requirements, or KFSD directory.
8.1.7.2 KFSD may require additional or alternative equipment for certain
preventive measures required by the conditions.
198
8.1.7.3 Motels and buildings with furnished flats designated for
temporary stay without full hotel services, whose height is not
exceeding 6.0 floors, shall be treated as buildings Class A.
199
Firefighting and Alarm Equipment for Residential Buildings Class A -
Buildings Comprising Permanent Single-Family Residential Units
(Apartments) as per Category, Height and Structural Classification
Table 8.3.A
Type Required Cases
1 Rubber Hose Network Complexes, or more than 28 m high
exceeding 1,000 m²
3 Wet Hydrant Network For height more than 28 m or 2 floors with total
4 External Hydrant Network For complexes only
1 Automatic Firefighting Basement and partial coverage of all high-rise
Water Sprinklers Network buildings, complexes, especially means of escape,
and buildings type 3 and 5, and other places as
set out in automatic firefighting systems
1 Manual Alarm Network All floors in buildings exceeding 28 m high and
complexes
2 Automatic Alarm Network For all floors of high-rise buildings, complexes,
corridors and places with special hazard, AC ducts
and basement
200
Firefighting and Alarm Equipment for Residential Buildings Class (B)-
Individual or Collective Permanent Residential Rooms or Dormitories
as per Category, Height and Structural Classification
Table 8.3.B
Type Required Cases
exceeding 1,000 m²
3 Wet Hydrant Network For height more than 28 m or with floor area
exceeds 1,000 m²
1 Automatic Firefighting Basement and partial coverage of all high-rise
Water Sprinklers Network buildings, complexes, especially means of escape,
and buildings type 3 and 5, and other places as
set out in automatic firefighting systems
2 Automatic Alarm Network For all floors, especially where firefighting water
sprinklers are installed, corridors and places with
special hazard, AC ducts and basement
201
Fire Protection Engineering Services for Residential Buildings Class (A)-
Permanent Single-Family Residential Units (Flats) as per Category,
Table 8.4.A
Type Required Cases
4 Power standby source High-rise buildings, complexes and facilities for
which elevator is required.
Fire Protection Engineering Services for Residential Buildings Class (B)-

Individual or Collective Permanent Residential Rooms or Dormitories
as per Category, Height and Structural Classification
Table 8.4.B
Type Required Cases
202
Fire Protection Engineering Services for Residential Buildings Class (C)-
Temporary Housing, Such as Hotels and Furnished Flats, as per
Table 8.4.C
Type Required Cases
II. Protection Conditions for Private Residential Buildings

8.2.1 Private Residential Buildings (Small Villas, Private Houses or
Palaces)
Private residential buildings are single-family facilities that
include independent houses owned or occupied by single family,
comprising 1, 2 or 3 independent floors with open balconies, or
linear houses type or such houses that are constructed above
commercial shops which constitute single residential units.
8.2.2 Fire hazard

Fire hazard of residential buildings is classified as low type.
203
Fire rate for the bearing structure, exterior walls, beams and floor
slabs shall not be less than 1.0 hour.

Fire resistance rate for doors in rooms and suits of single-family
buildings shall be preferably not less than 45 minutes.

Vertical openings are preferable to be isolated from other parts

Single-family buildings or shall be separated from each other by
fire resisting walls for at least 1.0 hour.
8.2.4.3.1 Whenever a single-family house shares a fire preventive wall with
less than the highest requirements of either sides.
It shall be easy for fire engines and equipment to access
residential buildings.
204
8.2.4.4.1 Firefighting teams shall have access to the house with fire hoses
connected to fire hydrant or water tank.
8.2.4.4.2 Firefighting teams shall have access to rescue openings and
balconies through stairs or any other equipment to perform
rescue operations.
8.2.5 Means of Escape (Emergency Exits)

8.2.5.1 Exits
Each private residential unit shall be preferably provided with
minimum two exits leading to safe place.
8.2.5.1.1 Either exits may be a rescue opening or balcony near the main
exit or gate, to which Civil Defense may access.
8.2.5.2 Stairway
Wherever a residential unit exists above any shop or commercial
shop, the respective stairway shall lead to the outside of the
building. If the stairway passes through such commercial shop, it
shall be isolated and protected by a wall with fire resistance rate
not less than 1.0 hour.
8.2.5.3 Final Exit

Under all circumstances shall all means of escape lead to final exit
opens to the outside of the building.
205
the conditions set out in Tables 8.3.A.
8.2.6.1 Manual fire extinguishers are preferable to be provided in
kitchens and at the end of corridors, near exits.
8.2.6.2 Single function fire detectors or alarm system is preferable to be
installed.

8.2.7.1 Electrical connections shall be performed according to the
specifications of the concerned authorities in the MEW.
8.2.8 Application
8.2.8.1 Fire protection requirements for residential buildings (small villas,
private houses or palaces) shall be applied pursuant to the
applicable respective regulations of the member states in this
regard.
206
Section 9
Fire Protection Requirements for Commercial Buildings and Markets
Contents
9.1 Commercial Buildings and Markets
9.2 Fire Hazard
9.6 Means of Escape
9.6.2 Occupancy
9.6.3 Wideness
9.6.6 Corridors
9.6.7 Exits
9.6.7.4 Horizontal Exit
9.6.8 Stairway
9.6.9 Final Exit
207
9.9 Protection Conditions for Shops and Supermarkets
208
Section 9

9.1 Building Structural Usability for Commercial Purposes
9.2 Calculation of Travel Distance for Commercial Buildings
9.3-A Firefighting Equipment and Alarm Systems for Commercial
Buildings Class (A); Shops, as per Category, Height and
9.3-B Firefighting Equipment and Alarm Systems for Commercial
Buildings Class (B); Offices, as per Category, Height and
9.4-A Engineering Service for Fire Protection of Commercial
Buildings Class (A); Shops
9.4-B Engineering Service for Fire Protection of Commercial
Buildings Class (B); Offices
209
Section 9
9.1 Commercial buildings are divided according to their use into two
categories:
9.1.1 Class A: Commercial shops, including the buildings or parts
thereof that are allocated for service of the public, such as:
Whole and retail sales shops
Commercial centers
Supermarkets
Light vocational services
Tailoring and barber’s shops
Photography and the like
9.1.2 Class B: offices, including the buildings or parts thereof that the
number of their users does not exceed 50 persons at any time,
which are allocated for the following office uses:
Business administration offices
Institutions offices
Consultant and engineering offices
Small banks
Corporate offices
Real estate offices and the like
210
9.2 Fire Hazard
Fire hazard in the commercial buildings is classified according to
the class as follows:
9.2.1 Class A: commercial shops are classified as medium hazard.
9.2.2 Class B: offices are classified as low hazard.
9.2.3 Mixed-use commercial buildings are classified as medium
hazard.

9.3.1 The requirements of Section 1 shall be applied to provide
structural fire protection from fire hazards.
9.3.2 Building structural usability for commercial purposes shall be
determined according to Table 1.2: Classification of Buildings
According to their Fire Resistance and Table 7.1: Building
Structural Usability for Commercial Uses.
Building Structural Usability for Commercial Purposes

Table 9.1
Structural Classification Appropriate Uses
Type 1 and 2 only For heights more than 4 floors (GF + 3
floors) with total area exceeding 3,000 m²
All types, except 5 For height not more than or 2 floors or
total area less than 3,000 m²
All types and type 5 temporarily under For 1 floor or area not less than 3,00 m²
special conditions
211
9.4.1 Where commercial facilities are part of buildings which have
other uses or been used for both A and B classes, these facilities
shall be separated from each other so that each part constitutes
an independent fire section for which relevant escape means are
provided.
9.4.2 Mixed-use buildings shall not be of such a type that involves high
9.4.3 Preventive requirements for the residential buildings shall be
applied when the commercial buildings are used for residence,
such as investment residential buildings which have commercial
facades.
these conditions.

Fire section area should not exceed the following:
9.5.1.1 Class A - Commercial Shops: - Fire section area for commercial
shops shall not exceed 2,000 m², and each rented unit shall be
considered independent minor fire section.
9.5.1.2 Class B - Offices: - Fire section area for offices shall not exceed
3,000 m², and each rented unit shall be considered independent
minor fire section.
212
The requirements for vertical fire spread under the protective
conditions of the residential buildings shall be applied.
9.5.2.1 Each floor shall be considered independent fire section.
9.5.2.2 Atriums shall be separated according to the protective
requirements for engineering fields, and they may be excepted,
provided:
9.5.2.2.1 Atrium height is not exceeding 3.0 floors (basement, GF and
mezzanine).
9.5.2.2.2 All floors and commercial shops shall be protected by automatic
firefighting water sprinklers network and approved systems for
normal of mechanical ventilation on top of atrium.
9.5.2.3 Atrium may extend to other floors provided that:
9.5.2.3.1 Atrium dimensions are not less than 6.0 m, and
9.5.2.3.2 Automatic sprinklers network for firefighting water constituting
a curtain around such atrium and horizontal anti-fire and smoke
spread system approved by KFSD are provided.

Commercial unit facilities or divisions shall be separated from
each other by fire rated walls for at least 1.0 hour.
213
9.5.3.1 Whenever commercial facilities share a fire preventive wall with
less than the highest requirements of either shared facilities.

It shall be easy for fire engines and equipment to access
commercial buildings.

9.6.2 Occupancy
use.
9.6.3 Wideness
of users, as stated in the “Means of Escape” Section.
214
Calculation of Travel and Direct Distance for Commercial Buildings
Table 9-2
Location Distance Max. No Floor Status & Notes
M of Persons
Direct distance 15 30 GF Independent, not linked to
inside commercial basement or mezzanine
shop or office 15 10 Basement Independent, but linked to
means of escape
10 10 Basement Shop linked to GF
15 30 Mezzanine Independent, but linked to
building
10 15 Mezzanine Linked to GF
15 30 All floors For office
Direct distance 12 -- All floors In case of middle stairs in
from the furthest commercial buildings
in a floor to the (offices)
gate of stairway
Travel distance 20 -- Basement Exits to more directions
from shop or office are provided
door to the 30 -- All floors Exits to more directions
protected stairway are provided
or exterior exit 7.5 -- All floors In case of dead end
215
9.6.6 Corridors
in the “Means of Escape” Section in addition to these conditions.
9.6.6.1 Corridors shall be organized and smoothly leveled so as to lead
directly to the exits.
9.6.6.2 Graded corridors shall be provided with handrail in accordance
9.6.6.3 Corridors width shall be adequate to users flow, provided it shall
not be less than 2.0 m for the commercial buildings Class A
(Shops) and 1.5 m for the commercial buildings Class B (Offices).
9.6.7 Exits
9.6.7.1 All exits shall lead directly to the outside of the building, stairway
or corridor protected from fire and separated from the building
by isolating space.
9.6.7.2 GF shall be independent from the basement and mezzanine exits.
two remote exits at the building limits, on the external wall and
each leads to the outside of the building.
9.6.7.4 Horizontal Exits
Temporary refuge area shall be provided in the buildings of high-
rise or large space in which the floor area exceeds 3,000 m².
216
9.6.7.5 A 50% of the means of escape may end to a safe place within the
building.
9.6.7.6 Upon KFSD’s approval, single exit in the commercial buildings
Class B (Offices) may be accepted provided that:
9.6.7.6.1 The direct distance within an office is not more than 15 m.
9.6.7.6.2 Travel distance from the office door to the final exit or the
protected stairway is not more than 30 m.
9.6.7.6.3 Travel distance for the dead ends is not more than 7.5 m.
9.6.7.6.4 Other means of escape requirements, especially the stairway, are
met.
9.6.7.7 A floor may be added to the commercial building comprising
three levels (basement, GF and mezzanine) if an independent
additional exit leading directly to the outside of the building or
to a protected stairway is provided in such additional floor.
9.6.8 Stairways
9.6.8.1 Ramps
Ramps shall be provided in educational buildings for the
handicapped use.
9.6.8.2 At least two stairways shall be provided for each floor, remote
from each other at the building limits and on the external wall,
each leads directly to the outside of the building.
217
9.6.8.4 A stairway descending from the 1st floor or ascending from the
basement shall lead directly to the outside of the building or to
a point not more than 3.0 m from the outside for any commercial
building comprising a basement and GF, or GF and mezzanine,
or GF and floor 1, or basement, GF and mezzanine.
9.6.8.5 Upon KFSD’s approval, single exit in the commercial buildings
may be accepted provided that:
9.6.8.5.1 The conditions of distance and occupancy are met.
9.6.8.5.2 Building shall not exceed 4 floors above surface, including GF and
mezzanine for the commercial buildings Class A (Shops) or
mixed-use buildings Class A and B.
9.6.8.5.3 Building shall not exceed 5 floors above surface, including GF and
mezzanine for the commercial buildings Class B (Offices) only.
9.6.8.5.4 Area shall not exceed 600 m² per floor and 1800 m² for total
floors, including GF, mezzanine and services, if any.
9.6.8.5.5 Single stairway shall be protected from fire hazard, constructed
at the outer wall of the building and provided with a protected
isolating space according to the general conditions.
9.6.8.6 Interior open stairway shall not be considered an emergency exit
in the commercial buildings Class B (Offices).
9.6.8.7
9.6.8.8
218
9.6.8.9 The stair may be internal if:
9.6.8.9.1 The stairway general requirements are provided, especially with
respect to travel distance, ventilation and lighting.
9.6.8.9.2 A protected isolating space is provided.
9.6.8.9.3 The stairway and the isolating space are separated with fire and
smoke spread preventive walls and doors.
9.6.8.9.4 Stairways are completely isolated and not connected through
one corridor so as not blocked together by fire or smoke impact.
9.6.8.9.5 Interior corridor, if any, shall continue in circular manner and
smoke preventive doors shall be installed so as to be partitioned
according to the number of stairways.
9.6.9 Final Exit

9.6.10 The relevant conditions or higher requirements, whichever more
preventive, shall be applicable to sections with other uses in the
commercial buildings and markets.

The protective measures of engineering services pursuant to the
requirements of Section 4 (Engineering Services) shall be
applicable in addition to the conditions set out in Tables 9.3.A
and 9.3.B.
219
9.7.1 Protective requirements for residential buildings shall be applied
when the commercial buildings are used for residential purpose,
as in the investment residential buildings with commercial fronts.
9.7.2 Firefighting and alarm equipment shall be in such design,
installation and maintenance that complies with the alarm and
firefighting equipment requirements or KFSD.
9.7.3 KFSD may require additional or alternative equipment for certain
preventive measures required by the conditions.
220
Firefighting and Alarm Equipment for Commercial Buildings Class A
(Shops) as per Category, Height and Structural Classification
Table 9.3.A
Type Required Cases
exceeding 1,000 m²
exceeds 1,000 m²
1 Automatic Firefighting Complete coverage of all floors
Water Sprinklers Network
2 Automatic Alarm Network All floors in high-rise buildings, as well as places
of special hazard, AC ducts and basement
221
Firefighting and Alarm Equipment for Commercial Buildings Class B
(Offices) as per Category, Height and Structural Classification
Table 9.3.B
Type Required Cases
exceeding 1,000 m²
exceeds 1,000 m²
1 Automatic Firefighting Basement, all floors in high-rise buildings,
Water Sprinklers Network complexes, especially means of escape buildings
of type 3 and 5, and places set out in the
automatic firefighting systems
2 Automatic Alarm Network All floors in which no firefighting sprinklers are
provided, corridors, as well as places of special
hazard, AC ducts and basement
9.8.1 The protective requirements for residential buildings shall be

applied when the commercial buildings are used for residential
222
purpose, as in the investment residential buildings with
commercial fronts.
9.8.2 KFSD may require additional or alternative equipment for certain
preventive conditions.
Engineering Services for Fire Protection in Commercial Buildings Class

A (Shops) as per Category, Height and Structural Classification
Table 9.4.A
KFSD
2 Illuminated signs All floors

3 Emergency lighting network All floors
4 Standby power source High-rise buildings, complexes and buildings in
which fire elevator is required
areas
Engineering Services for Fire Protection in Commercial Buildings Class

B (Offices) as per Category, Height and Structural Classification
Table 9.4.B
KFSD
2 Illuminated signs All floors

3 Emergency lighting network All floors
223
4 Standby power source All floors
areas
9.9 Special Protection Requirements

9.9.1 In the event of shops, supermarkets and the like, the
requirements of this Section shall be provided in addition to the
9.9.1.1 At least half of the number of exits shall end at the street remote
from the cashier counter.
9.9.1.2 Shops shall be separated from warehouses by fire rated wall.
9.9.1.3 Sub corridors between showrooms shall be minimum 1.5 m wide
and the main corridors not less than 2.0 m, organized in easy and
clear manner and leading directly to the outside of the building
without any difficulty.
9.9.1.4 Corridor for customers leading to the exit at the cashier counter
shall not be less than 1.0 m.
9.9.1.5 Goods stands and shelves shall be organized in such way that will
not obstruct the means of escape or the visibility of guidance
signs.
9.9.1.6 The means of escape shall not pass through the storehouse
appended to the shop except when the following conditions are
met:
9.9.1.6.1 The storehouse is separated by anti-fire barrier and door
according to the conditions.
224
9.9.1.6.2 The number of exits passing through the shop are not more than
half of the required exits for the shop.
9.9.1.6.3 A corridor protected from fire hazard that leading directly to the
outside of the building shall be provided, or the storehouse shall
be protected with automatic sprinklers network.
225
Section 10
Fire Protection Requirements for Industrial and Vocational Buildings
Contents
10.1 Industrial Buildings
10.2 Fire Hazard
10.4 Mixed Use
10.5 Fire Control
10.6 Means of Escape
10.6.2 Absorptive Capacity
10.6.3 Wideness
10.6.6 Corridors
10.6.7 Exits
10.6.8 Stairway
10.6.9 Final Exit
226
Section 10

10.1 Fire Sector Area in Industrial Buildings According to their
Operations Hazard
10.2 Constructional Building Integrity for Industrial Use
10.3 Calculation of Travel and Direct Distance for Industrial
Buildings
10.4 Firefighting Equipment for Industrial Buildings as per
10.5 Engineering Service for Fire Protection of Industrial Buildings
227
Section 10
10.1 Industrial Buildings

Industrial buildings or parts thereof are any facilities allocated for
industrial purposes or workshops, including various factories
such as dairy, furniture, central laundries, hazardous chemicals
labs, printing and all types of vocational buildings.
10.1.1 Industrial Facilities are any buildings or part thereof designated

for industrial purposes such as assembly, mixing and packaging
processes.
10.1.2 Vocational Facilities are any buildings or part thereof

designated for repairs.
10.2 Fire Hazard

Fire hazard in the industrial buildings is classified in accordance
with the type of manufacturing operations performed in such
buildings as follows:
10.2.1 Medium Hazard

Factories manufacturing, assembling or producing incombustible
materials or other materials whose components are ignited with
medium spread, or those emitting remarkable quantity of smoke
228
but not producing toxic vapors or causing explosions at burning,
as set out in Table 1.1 (Protection Requirements for Public
Buildings) shall be classified under medium hazard.
10.2.2 High Hazard

Factories manufacturing, assembling or producing combustible
materials or other materials whose components are ignited with
high spread, or those emitting toxic vapors or causing explosions
at burning, as set out in Table 1.1 (Protection Requirements for
Public Buildings) shall be classified under high hazard.
To be continued
229

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State of Kuwait

Kuwait Fire Services Department “KFSD”

Safety Requirements and Preventive Supervision

Prevention Requirements for Fire Protection of Buildings

Speech by the Secretary General of GCC

Secretariat General of GCC thanks all participants in the development of this

It goes without saying that such requirements as any comparable systems in

It is important to note that these requirements do not conflict with the

Major General Yousef Abdullah Al Ansari

General Manager of KFSD

Reviewed, revised, printed and documented by:

Brigadier Eng. Khaled Mohamed Alzaid

Lieutenant Colonel Mohamad Ali Alqahtani

Lieutenant Colonel Eng. Jasim Hussein Alatyah

Major Eng. Waleed Khaled Alasfour

Section 1 : Fire Prevention and Protection Requirements of Buildings

1.1 Classification of Buildings and Structures in Terms of Hazard

1.1.4 Application Procedures

1.1.6 Design Basics

1.2.1.1.2 Academic Buildings:

1.2.1.1.3 Health and Social Care Buildings:

1.2.1.1.5 Commercial Buildings and Public Markets:

1.2.1.1.6 Industrial and Vocational Buildings:

1.2.1.1.7 Warehouses and Parking Buildings:

1.2.1.1.8 Buildings with Special Features:

1.3 Building Permit and Use Documentation

1.4 Design, Supervision and Construction

1.6 Construction Requirements and Building Materials

1.6.3 Building Materials Specifications:

Structures made of Buildings totally constructed of

1 incombustible or fire concrete and cement blocks, whose

incombustible and processed to produce certain

2 unresisting material, but resisting rate (e.g. sheds, hangars) in

frame elements are not industrial and storage areas, which

4 Structures entirely made of Buildings totally constructed of

incombustible and resistant concrete structure and cement

combustible unresisting or 4) and other building having no fire

1.7.2 Fire Spread Preventive Barriers

Separation from Bearing 4 2 -- 2 --

1.7.4 External Spread among Fire Sections

1.7.6 Fire Spread among Buildings

1.8 Structural Requirements for Building Construction Elements

The Required Fire Resistance Rating for Building Structures

1.8.2 Interior Finish Materials

Flame Spread Rate for Certain Building Materials

1.8.3 Fire Doors

1.8.4 Steel Structural Frame

1.8.5 Plastic Building Materials

1.8.5.3 Plastic materials as thermal insulation in the buildings:

1.9 General Requirements for Various Building Divisions

1.9.2 Skylights (Lighting Shafts)

2.2 Scope of Application

2.3 Design Requirements

2.4 Permit Requirements

2.6 Training Requirements

2.7 Firefighting Systems and Equipment Classification

2.7.1 Manual Firefighting Equipment

2.7.1.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers

2.7.1.2.1.2 Air or Nitrogen Pressurized Water Extinguishers are

2.7.1.2.2 Foam Extinguishers are producing foam liquid as fire

2.7.1.2.2.2 Mechanical Foam Extinguishers produce foam mechanically

2.7.1.2.3 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers produce CO2 as extinguishing

2.7.1.2.4 Dry Powder Extinguishers contain dry chemical powder as