Chapter 11 Modal Analysis

1

Chapter 11
Modal Analysis
11.1 Step-by-Step: Gearbox
11.2
Step-by-Step: Two-Story Building
11.3 More Exercise: Compact Disk
11.4 More Exercise: Guitar String
11.5 Review
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.1 Gearbox
2

Section 11.1
Gearbox
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.1 Gearbox
3

Techniques/Concepts

• Unprestressed Modal
Analysis
• Prestressed Modal
Analysis
• Create Mode Shape
Results
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.2 Two-Story Building
4

Section 11.2
Two-Story Building
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.2 Two-Story Building
5

Original Structure...
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.2 Two-Story Building
6

After Bracing...
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.3 Compact Disk
7

Section 11.3
Compact Disk

Problem Description

• The MythBusters succeeded in shattering CDs at speeds of 23,000 rpm. We want to

find out the maximum stress in the CD due to the centrifugal force to justify if the
shattering is indeed due to the high stress.
• We also want to investigate the possibility of resonant vibrations. We will conclude
that the CD shattering may be due to vibrations rather than centrifugal stress.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.3 Compact Disk
8

Stresses Due to Centrifugal Force

The maximum tensile

stress is 20.8 MPa, far
less than the material's
tensile strength (65
MPa).
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.3 Compact Disk
9

Natural Frequencies

500

400 [2] The second

lowest natural
Natural Frequencies (Hz)

frequency.
300 [3] This is the "line of
resonance," which has a
slope of unity (note that
30,000 rpm = 500 Hz). If
200 any frequencies fall on this
[1] The lowest line, they will be excited
natural and resonance will occur.
100 frequency.

0
0 6000 12000 18000 24000 30000
Rotational Speed (rpm)
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.4 Guitar String
10

Section 11.4
Guitar String

Terminologies

• Harmonic Series
• Just Tuning System
• Twelve-Tone Equally Tempered Tuning System
• Beat Frequency
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.4 Guitar String
11

Harmonic Series

• A harmonic mode has a

frequency that is an integral
multiplication of the
fundamental frequency.
• If you pluck a string, you will
produce a tone made up of
all harmonic modes, the
harmonic mixes determine
the quality of the note.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.4 Guitar String
12

Just Tuning System

• In the early 20th century, the "just

tuning" systems prevail in the music
world. C# D# F# G# A# C#
Db Eb Gb Ab Bb Db
• If we play the notes do and sol together,
the sound is pleasing to our ears, since
they have the simplest frequency ratio.
• The major cord C consists of the notes
C D E F G A B C
do, me, sol, do, the simplest frequency do re mi fa sol la ti do
ratios. 9 5 4 3 5 15
1 2
8 4 3 2 3 8
• The problem of this system is that it is almost
impossible to play in another key.
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.4 Guitar String
13

Twelve-Tone Equally Tempered Tuning System

• The idea is to compromise on the

550 [1] The frequencies in
C
frequency ratios between the the just tuning system
are marked by small B
500 circles.

Fundamental Frequency (Hz)

notes, so that they can be played in
different keys. 450
A
• In this system, an octave is equally
400
G

divided into 12 tones (including F

350 E [2] The frequencies of the
semitones) in logarithmic scale.
notes in the equal
D
• In other words, the adjacent tones 300 temperament system are
plotted as a solid curve.
C
have a frequency ratio of 2112 .
250
0C 2D 4E 6F
#
8G
#
A#
10 C
12
Note
Chapter 11 Modal Analysis
Section 11.4 Guitar String
14

Beat Frequency

• When two waves of different frequencies are combined, they interfere with each other.
The fluctuation in amplitude of the combined wave is called beats, and the frequency is
called the beat frequency.
• The beat frequency is equal to the frequency difference of the two waves.
• When we play C and D together, the beat frequency is 32.03 Hz (293.66 - 261.63), which is
a harsh buzz and unpleasant for our ears.
• When we play C and G together, the beat frequency is 130.37 Hz (392.00 - 261.63), which is
close to a harmonic frequency of the middle C (261.63 Hz).