PL1

 Optical network design and planning 2nd ed JM simmons (second half of

course)
 Optical networks: practical perspective, 3rd
 Fiber optics communication system . 3rd Govind
 -------
Optical Networks
 Cities interconnected by bundles of fiber links. Data travels thorugh
Larger nodes that switch, route, perform signal processing etc. from
any of the hubs, there is an additional set of smaller nodes (local
nodes) which are connected to local users. Information collected from
local user and then pushed to the larger network. LAN (or access
network) is local user and small nodes. Metropolitan network (larger
hubs/nodes) and long-haul networks go for kilometers (city collects all
its traffic and sends to other citites)
 Public vs private networks (dedicated networks)
 Fibers can be set up many ways, underground, underwater etc.
 Undersea networks between different continents. Optical signals
travelling gets amplified by optical amplifiers.
 Circuit switched- before communication between devices, connection
needs to be set up in an end-to-end connection using the switches.
After comm ends, it can be reconfigured. More appropriate for
telephone connections. Fixed amount of guaranteed BW, unless some
emergency. Good in terms of reliability but not good in terms of
resource consumption (clinets may not need so much BW)
-each channel gets equal BW
  Packet switched- internet communication, infor gets broken to
packets and take any route through the network depends on available
BW. Transmission control protocols ensures in sequence delivery of
packets to the destination. IP internet protocol. Statistical switiching,
depending on how much data is sents, it gets more bw. “best-effort”
- Two channels with diff freq, channel carrying more data gets more
bw and then multiplexed

Optical networks – light doesn’t have chances of causing electric shocks.

Better than copper wires. Also optical networks have enormous capacity
and BW is huge and delivery when and where needed (much more
economical). Also less susceptible to EM interferences

1st gen optical fiber – no wavelength division muxing. Only one

wavelength/freq channel/ time division mux used
2nd gen – wavelength div muxing, multiple division channels existing
together. Not interefering with each other’s transmissions.
At first, every channel/node dropped to electrical domain, error corrected
and then regentearted to optical domain.
In optical bypass- can bypass note optically where not needed.

We can drop signals to electrical if needed (when the signal is needed at

node or if signal si going long distance, you release, erro correct and
regenerate.if it can bypass, just demux then mux again.

TDM
Multiple bitstreams multiplexed together and sharing a signle output. Just
shift one stream a little bit so they don’t overlap. And then get demux at
destination

2
WDM
Multiple wavelegthx muxes together to propagate. Two diff freq in IR can
share common link, they wont overlap.

TDM+WDM would be most efficient, upto 1TB/s

Tdm 1 by 1 by 1.
Wdm, mux to collect demux to separate

Network layers
Transport- you have tcp/ip. Ensure in sequence and error free delivery of all
info from source to destination
Network- provides virtual connection services. Ip protoc resides at network
level. This layer is a virtual circuit for taking information at source and
delivering at destination.
Data link-framing, switching, muxing and demuxing. Frames have info, also
in this layer error detection can be done. Framing is a protocol by which
data is divide by chance? Data link layer ic lient layer
Physical- pipe for information transmission. Fiber that takes info and
propagates in the form of optical streams. This is service layer