COMMUNICATION AND

NETWORKING
 CONCEPTS OF
NETWORKING

Network
 The collection of interconnected computers is called a computer
network.
 Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are capable of
sharing and exchanging information.
Need
 Resource Sharing
 Reliability
 Cost Factor
 Communication Medium
 CONCEPTS OF NETWORKING
 Resource Sharing means to make all programs,
data and peripherals available to anyone on the
network irrespective of the physical location of
the resources and the user.
 Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on
two or more different machines, so if one of them
is unavailable (due to some hardware crash or
any other) then its other copy can be used.
 Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost
since the resources can be shared
 Communication Medium means one can send
messages and whatever the changes made at one
end done can be immediately noticed at another.
 EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING
▪ ARPANET: In 1969, The US govt. formed an agency
named ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network) to connect computers at various universities
and defense agencies. The main objective of ARPANET
was to develop a network that could continue to function
efficiently even in the event of a nuclear attack.
▪ Internet (INTER NETworking): The Internet is a
worldwide network of computer networks. It is not owned
by anybody.
▪ Interspace: InterSpace is a client/server software
program that allows multiple users to communicate
online with real – time audio, video and text chat in
dynamic 3Denvironments.
 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Switching techniques are used for transmitting
data across networks. Different types of
Switching techniques are :
▪ Circuit Switching: In the Circuit Switching
technique, first, the complete end-to-end
transmission path between the source and the
destination computers is established and then
the message is transmitted through the path.
The main advantage of this technique is the
guaranteed delivery of the message. Mostly
used for voice communication.
SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
▪ Message Switching: In the Message switching
technique, no physical path is established
between the sender and receiver in advance.
This technique follows the store and forward
mechanism. For sending message there are
many switching nodes which are responsible for
transfering the message and the message is
transmitted as a whole from source to
destination node
Packet Switching: In this switching technique
messages are divided into smaller pieces called
packets and a fixed size of packet can be
transmitted across the network.It is easier for
the intermediate networking devices to store
small size packets
Comparison
between the
Various Switching Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching
Techniques:
Criteria


Path established in
advance Yes No No


Store and forward

technique No Yes Yes

Message follows
multiple routes No Yes Yes
 DATA COMMUNICATION
TERMINOLOGIES
▪ Data channel :- The information / data is carried from
one end to another in the network by data channel.
▪ Baud & bits per second (bps) :- It’s used as
measurement for the information carrying capacity of
a communication channel.
▪ Measurement Units :- 1 Byte= 8 bits
▪ 1 KBPS ( Kilo Byte Per Second)= 1024 Bytes
▪ 1 Kbps (kilobits Per Second) = 1024 bits
▪ 1 Mbps ( Mega bits Per Second )=1024 Kbps
▪ Bandwidth :- It is amount of information transmitted
or received per unit time.
 Transmission media:
wired (guided) media
 Twisted pair cable: - It consists of two identical 1 mm thick
copper wires insulated and twisted together. The twisted pair
cables are twisted in order to reduce crosstalk (electromagnetic
interference from one unshielded twisted pair to another twisted
pair , running in parallel))and electromagnetic induction.
 Advantages:
 It is easy to install and maintain.
 It is inexpensive
 Disadvantages:
 It is incapable to carry a signal over long distances without the use
of repeaters.
 Due to low bandwidth, these are unsuitable for broadband
applications
 Transmission media:
wired(guided)
 Co-axial media
Cables: It consists of a solid wire core
surrounded by one or more foil or braided wire shields,
each separated from the other by some kind of
plastic insulator. It is mostly used in the cable wires.
Advantages:
 Data transmission rate is better than that in twisted
pair cables.
 It provides a cheap means of transporting multi-
channel television signals around metropolitan areas.
 Can be used for broad band communicatoion.
Disadvantages:
 Expensive than twisted pair cables.
 Difficult to manage and reconfigure.
 Transmission media:
wired(guided) media
▪ Optical fibre: - An optical fibre consists of thin glass
fibres that can carry information in the form of
visible light.
▪ Advantages:
▪ Transmit data over long distance with high security.
▪ Data transmission speed is high
▪ Provide better noise immunity
▪ Bandwidth is up to 10 Gbps.
▪ Disadvantages:
▪ Expensive as compared to other guided media.
▪ Need special care while installation
 Transmission media:
wireless (unguided) media

nfrared: - The infrared light transmits data

through the air and can propagate
throughout a room, but will not penetrate
walls. It is a secure medium of signal
transmission. The infrared transmission
has become common in TV remotes,
automotive garage doors, wireless speakers
etc.
 Transmission media:
wireless (unguided) media

Bluetooth: -It is used for exchanging data

over a short distance from fixed and mobile
devices
Advantages:
1. We are able to share data without any cord
2. We are able to share data without
disclosing our private data
Disadvantages:
1. Battery Consumption
2. Bluetooth internet is very slow
 Transmission media:
wireless (unguided) media
Radio Wave: - Radio Wave is an electromagnetic wave
RADIO WAVES
that are transmitted in all the directions(omni
directional) with a frequency range of 3KHz-3GHz.
The transmission making use of radio frequencies is
termed as radio-wave transmission. Here the
sending and receiving antenna are not aligned ie,
the wave sent by the sending antenna can be
received by any receiving antenna . Eg. FM Radio,
television, cordless phones
Advantages:
 Radio wave transmission provides higher
transmission rate and offers mobility.
 It covers large area and they can penetrate the walls
 Mainly used for WANs and mobile cellular phones
 It is cheaper than laying cables and fibers.
 It offers ease of communication over difficult
 Transmission media:
wireless(unguided) media
Microwave Wave: - The Microwave transmission is a line of sight
transmission. Microwave signals travel at a higher frequency(1GHz to
1000 GHz) than radio waves and are popularly used for transmitting
data over long distances.Since microwaves are unidirectional (travel
in straight lines), the sending and receiving antennas have to be
aligned with each other
Advantages:
 It is cheaper than laying cable or fibre.
 Free from land acquisition rights
 It has the ability to communicate over oceans.
Disadvantages:
 Microwave communication is an insecure communication as the
taping of microwaves are easy.
 Signals from antenna may split up and be transmitted in a different
way to different antenna which leads to reduce in signal strength.
 Microwave propagation is susceptible to weather effects like rains,
thunder storms etc.
 Bandwidth allocation is extremely limited in case of microwaves.
 High cost of maintenance, implementation and designing are high
 Transmission media:
wireless(unguided) media
Satellite link: - The satellite transmission is
also a kind of line of sight transmission that is
used to transmit signals throughout the world.
Advantages:
▪ Area covered is quite large.
▪ Easy to Install
▪ No line of sight restrictions such as natural
mountains, tall building, towers etc.
▪ Earth station which receives the signals can be
fixed position or relatively mobile.
▪ Used in weather forecasting,radio/TV signal
broadcasting,etc
Disadvantages:
▪ Very expensive as compared to other
transmission mediums.
▪ Installation is extremely complex.
▪ Signals sent to the stations can be tampered by
external interference.
SATELLITE
 NETWORK DEVICES

 Modem: A MODEM (Modulator-Demodulator)

is an electronic device that enables a computer to
transmit data over telephone lines. There are two
types of modems, namely, internal modem and
external modem.
 RJ45 connector: - RJ-45(Registered Jack)
connectors are the plug-in devices used in the
networking and telecommunication applications.
They are used primarily for connecting LANs,
particularly Ethernet. ETHERNET CARD
 Ethernet Card: - It is a hardware device that
helps in connection of nodes within a network.
 Hub: A hub is a hardware device used to connect
several computers together. Hubs can be either
active or passive. Hubs usually can support 8, 12
or 24 RJ45 ports.
 NETWORK DEVICES

 Switch: A switch (switching hub) is a network

device which is used to interconnect computers or
devices on a network. It filters and forwards data
packets across a network. The main difference
between hub and switch is that hub replicates
what it receives on one port onto all the other
ports while switch keeps a record of the MAC
addresses of the devices attached to it.
 Gateway: A gateway is a device that connects
dissimilar networks.
 Repeater: A repeater is a network device that
amplifies and restores signals for long distance
transmission.
 REPEATERS:
it’s an device that electrically amplifies the signal it receives
and rebroadcasts it.
IMAGES OF NETWORK
DEVICES HUB

MODEM

SWITCH
REPEATER
 Network
devices
Computer hardware devices which are used to connect
computers, printers, or any other electronic device to a
computer network are called network devices. These
devices transfer data in a fast, secure and correct way
with some specific functionality over same or different
networks.

Some devices are installed on the computer, like

Internal modem, NIC card or RJ45 connector, whereas
some are part of the network, like router, switch, etc.
 Network devices
NIC – This is at top among other networking devices and mostly used networking
device. This is also known as network adapter card, Ethernet Card and LAN card. It
allows our PC to communicate with other PCs. A PC uses parallel data transmission
to transmit data between its internal parts where as the media that connects this
PC with other device/PCs uses serial data transmission. A NIC converts parallel
data stream into serial data stream and vice versa.

RJ-45 (Registered Jack – 45) is an eight wired connector that is used to

connect computers on a local area network (LAN), especially Ethernet.
 Network devices
Modem – Modem is short for Modulator Demodulator. It’s an
electronic device used to access the Internet that modulates carrier
waves to encode information to be transmitted and also
demodulates incoming carrier waves to decode the information they
carry.Modulation means digital to analog signal conversion and its
vice versa is known as demodulation.
 Network devices
Router – Routers operate in the physical, data link and
network layers. Router is a networking device which
chooses the best optimal path from available paths to send
the signals. It interconnects different networks. The
simplest function of a router is to received packets from
one connected network and pass them to second
connected network.

Gateway – A networking device capable to convert

protocols so that two different network architecture based
system can communicate with each other. It works as
protocol convertor.
 Network
Hub Vs. Switch devices
A hub works on the physical layer (Layer 1) of OSI model while Switch works
on the data link layer (Layer 2). Switch is more efficient than the hub. A
switch can join multiple computers within one LAN, and a hub just connects
multiple Ethernet devices together as a single segment. Switch is smarter
than hub to determine the target of the forwarding data. Since switch has a
higher performance, its cost will also become more expensive.
Switch Vs. Router
In the OSI model, router is working on a higher level of network layer (Layer
3) than switch. Router is very different from the switch because it is for
routing packet to other networks. It is also more intelligent and sophisticated
to serve as an intermediate destination to connect multiple area networks
together. A switch is only used for wired network, yet a router can also link
with the wireless network. With much more functions, a router definitely
 Network devices
Router vs Gateway
Gateway regulates traffic between two dissimilar networks, while router
regulator traffic between similar networks. A router is a hardware device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform
the traffic directing functions on the Internet.
❑ Connection In One Network With Router - For example, there are 30
computers connected inside Network A. All these computers
communicate with each other. In this situation, no gateway is needed.
Because a router with a routing table that defines the hops within those
30 computers is enough.
❑ Connection Between Different Networks With Gateway - In another
hand, we suppose that there are two networks, that are Network A and
Network B. Computer X from Network A wants to send data to Computer
Y from Network B, then there need to have both a Gateway A
and a Gateway B so that the two networks will be able to communicate.
Network devices
Wi-Fi cards - are small and portable cards that allow your
computer to connect to the internet through a wireless network. Wi-
Fi transmission is through the radio waves, these signals are picked
up by Wi-Fi receivers such as computers and cell phones equipped
with Wi-Fi cards. The devices need to be within the range of a Wi-Fi
network to receive the signals and produces a wireless internet
connection. Once a connection is established between userand the
network, the user is prompted with a login screen and password for
establishing is a secure connection.Wi-Fi cards can be external or
internal. If a Wi-Fi card is not installed inside your computer, you may
purchase an external USB antenna attachment and connect it to your
device. Many computers and mobile devices are now adays
equipped with wireless networking capability and do not require a
Wi-Fi card.
 Network devices
Repeater – In a network signal travels a long distance in transmission
media. Due to resistance of media signal becomes weak. Repeater is
a networking device which regenerates the signal and forwards
these signal with more power.
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)

✓ The NIC is also called as Terminal Access

Point (TAP) different manufacturers have
different name for the interface .
✓ The NIC is also called as NIU – (Network
Interface Unit)
✓ The (NIC) manufacturers assigns a unique
physical address to each NIC-card , this
physical address is know as MAC-address -
----- (Media Access Control)
MAC ADDRESS
 MAC ADDRESS

✓ The (NIC) manufacture assigns a unique physical

address to each NIC-card , the physical address
is know as (MAC-Address) .
✓ A MAC-Address is a 6-bytes with each byte
separated by an colon
Eg;
10 : B5 : 03 : 63 : 2E : FC
Contd..
 MAC ADDRESS

 MAC-address is actually an number

assigned to the network card of your
computer .
 The first three bytes are “manufacturer—ID”
and the last three byte are the card—no .
Eg; Manufacturer--ID

10 : B5 : 03 : 63 : 2E : FC

Card-no
WI-FI CARD
 WI-FI CARD
✓ It’s either an internal (or) external local area
network adapter with a built-in wireless radio
and antenna.
✓ Most common WI-FI cards used in desktop
computers are PCI express WI-FI cards
made to fit the PCI express cards slots on the
mother board .
✓ The primary benefit of using a WI-FI card in
desktop computer is that it allows you to set-
up your workstation (or) home office without
considering the proximity (or) availability of
hard line network access
 Network devices
HUB – HUB is used to connect multiple computers in a single LAN network of one
workgroup. Generally HUBs are available with 4,8,12,24,48 ports.
When a hub receives signal on its port, it repeats the signal and forwards that
signal from
all ports except the port on which the signal arrived. In below diagram leftmost
node try to send signal to rightmost node ,but signals are distributed
to all ports(nodes).
There are two types of HUB
Passive HUB:- It only forwards
the signal onall ports without
amplifying the signal.
Active HUB:- it forwards the
signal with improvement in the
quality of data signal by
amplifying it. That why such
hubs need additional power
supply
SWITCH
 Network devices
SWITCH –Switch is also used to connect multiple computers together in
a LAN workgroup,just like hub. Switches are available with
4,8,12,24,48,64 ports. Switch makes their switching decisions by
using application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).Due to switching
decision capability, switch sends signal to recipient only and that’s
why switches are called as intelligent hub. In below diagram leftmost
node sending signal to rightmost node.
 SWITCH
✓ A switch is a device that is used to segment networks into
different subnetworks called subnet or LAN Segment.
✓ Segmenting the network into smaller subnet, prevents traffic
overload in a network.
✓ A switch is responsible for filtering (or) transforming data in a
specific way and forwarding packets between LAN segment.

Contd…
 SWITCH

 A switch can support any packet of protocol.

 LAN’s that are segmented through switches are called as
switched LANs.
BRIDGE
 BRIDGE

✓ A bridge is a device that let’s you link networks together.

✓ Bridges are smart enough to know which computers are on
which side of the bridge, so they only allow those messages
that need to get other side to cross the bridge.
✓ Bridges can handle networks that follow same protocol.
Contd..
BRIDGE
ROUTER
 ROUTER

✓ A device that works like a bridge but can handle different

protocol is know as Router.

✓ A Router is a network device that forwards data from one

network to another network.

✓ A router works like a bridge but can handle different protocols.

 ROUTER
 If the destination is unknow to a router it sends the traffic to
another router (using logical address) which knows the
destination, Based on a network road map called as (Routing
Table).

 Routers can help to ensure that packets are travelling the most
efficient paths to their destination.
GATEWAY
 GATEWAY
✓ A gateway is a network device that connects dissimilar
networks.
✓ It establishes an intelligent connection between a local
network and external network with completely different
structures
✓ Gateway is actually a node on a network that server as an
entrance to another network.
✓ In enterprises the gateway is the computer that routes the
traffic from workstation to a out side network that serving the
web pages.
 Computer Network
Structure of a network- The geometrical arrangement of computer
resources, network devices along with communication channel is
known as Network structure or Network topology.
Topology can be physical or logical
• Physical Topology-physical layout of nodes and cables in the network.
• Logical topology - the way information flows between different components.
Types of Physical Network Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology
Network topologies and types
Topology : Topology refers to the way in which the
workstations attached to the network are
interconnected.
Bus Topology: - The bus topology uses a common
single cable to connect all the work stations with a
terminator at each end. The bus topology is the simplest
and most widely used for local area network. . Each
computer performs its task of sending messages
without the help of the central server. However, only
one workstation can transmit a message at a
particular time in the bus topology.
Advantages:
▪ Easy to connect and install.
▪ Involves a low cost of installation time.
▪ Can be easily extended.
Disadvantages:-
▪ The entire network shuts down if there is a failure in
the central cable.
Bus Topology:
Star topology
▪ The STAR Topology: - A star topology is based on a
central node which acts as a hub. A star topology is
Network
common in homestopologies
networks where all and types
the computers
connect to the single central computer using it as a
hub.
▪ Advantages:
▪ Easy to troubleshoot
▪ A single node failure does not affect the entire
network.
▪ Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier.
▪ In case a workstation fails, the network is not
affected.
▪ Disadvantages:-
▪ Difficult to expand.
▪ Longer cable is required.
▪ The cost of the hub and the longer cables makes it
expensive over others.
▪ In case hub fails, the entire network fails.
 Computer Network
Ring Topology
In ring topology every computer is connected to the next
computer in the ring and each transmit the signal ,what it
receives from the previous computer. The messages flow around
the ring in one direction.
node
Advantages of a Ring topology node

• Easy to install
• Easy to reconfigure
•Easy to detect a problem node

Disadvantages of a Ring topology node

• Break means the whole system is dead

node
 Network topologies and types
Ring Topology:- A ring topology is
a network configuration in which device connections
create a circular data path. Each networked device is
connected to two others, like points on a circle.
Together, devices in a ring topology are referred to as
a ring network.
Advantages of ring topology
 All data flows in one direction, reducing the chance of
packet collisions.
 A network server is not needed to
control network connectivity between each workstation.
 Data can transfer between workstations at high speeds.
◦ Easy to install
◦ Easy to reconfigure
 Easy to detect a problem
Disadvantages of ring topology
 All data being transferred over the network must pass
through each workstation on the network, which can
make it slower than a star topology.
 The entire network will be impacted if one workstation
shuts down.
The Tree Topology: - The tree topology combines
the characteristics of the linear bus and the star
topologies. It consists of groups of star –
configured workstations connected to a bus
backbone cable.
Advantages:
 Eliminates network congestion.
 The network can be easily extended.
 Faulty nodes can easily be isolated from the rest
of the network.
Disadvantages:
 Uses large cable length.
 Requires a large amount of hardware
components and hence is expensive.
 Installation and reconfiguration is very
difficult.
 Network topologies and types
 Mesh topology is a type of networking where all nodes cooperate to
distribute data amongst each other. This topology was originally
developed 30 years ago for military applications, but today, they are
typically used for things like home automation, smart HVAC(Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning) control, and smart buildings
 Advantages of mesh topology
 Manages high amounts of traffic, because multiple devices can
transmit data simultaneously.
 A failure of one device does not cause a break in the network or
transmission of data.
 Adding additional devices does not disrupt data transmission
between other devices.
 Disadvantages of mesh topology
 The cost to implement is higher than other network topologies.
 Building and maintaining the topology is difficult and time
consuming.
 The chance of redundant connections is high, which adds to the high
costs and potential for reduced efficiency.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
LAN (Local Area Network): A Local Area Network
(LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small
area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as
writing lab, school or building. It is generally privately
owned networks over a distance not more than 5 Km.
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): MAN is the
networks cover a group of nearby corporate offices or a
city and might be either private or public.
 WAN (Wide Area Network): These are the
networks spread over large distances, say across MAN
countries or even continents through cabling or
satellite uplinks are called WAN
 PAN (Personal Area Network): A Personal Area
WAN
Network is computer network organized around an
individual person. It generally covers a range of less
than 10 meters. Personal Area Networks can be
constructed with cables or wirelessly.
Computer Network
Network Layout –
The plan or design or arrangement of network wings and nodes
to be laid out is known as network layout.

A good network layout provides the following features

❖ Communication speed
❖ File sharing
❖ Back up and Roll back is easy
❖ Software and Hardware sharing
❖ Security
❖ Reliability
Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout –

The network layout can be best which provide

less installation and maintenance cost as well as
easy installation and maintenance. It is only
possible when it is properly designed, design
with shortest cable length and fulfill our
network requirements.
 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example
Freya Tech Corporation (FTC) is a professional consultancy company. The
company is planning to set up their new offices in India with its hub at
Udaipur. As a network adviser, you have to understand their requirement and
suggest them the best network layout.
 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example

-> Possible bus topologies

a) Human Resource -> Conference -> Finance = 110+80 =190m

b) Conference -> Finance -> Human Resource = 80+40 =120m

c) Finance -> Human Resource -> Conference = 40+110=150m

Ring topology will be discarded as it will increase the cable length

 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example

-> Possible Star topologies

❖ Here best layout is
a) Human Resource = 110+40 =150m b) finance to
conferece and
Conference Finance finance to Human
resourse as it
b) = 80+40 =120m require minimum
Finance
cable length
Conference Human Resource ❖Tree topology will
be also same due to
Conference only three blocks
c) = 80+110=190 m are here
Finance Human Resource
Computer Network
How to decide Server location– Example

Server location can be decided by seeing the number of

computers/nodes required in each block of network.
Server must be installed at the wing/block with Maximum
number of Computers due to maximum load/requirement
of services in that block in whole network .So in above
example Server can be installed at Finance block.
 Computer Network
How to decide Repeater location
❖ We need a repeater when the total length of a single span of
network cable(Twisted pair) exceeds 100 meters (328 feet).
❖ We need a repeater when the total length of a single span of
network cable(Coaxial cable) exceeds 500 meters.
❖ maximum distance of a fiber optic link can be 80-100 km but it
depends on varying factors like the bit rate and the quality of the
splices and the total attenuation of distance. It also depends on
the power of the transmitter and receiver quality.
Satellite link is required when network blocks/wings are too much
far from each other or where installation of cable is hard.
For data security firewall can be installed in network.
For economic internet connection – dialup internet connection
would be preferred but for faster internet broadband internet
connection would be preferred.
Computer Network
How to decide hub/switch location
The answer is always switch when we can afford it. A Hub
is always half-duplex, and simply acts as a repeater. The
resulting packet collisions, even with only 2 devices, will
make it slower than simply using a cable, whereas a switch
intelligently directs traffic based on the Ethernet
address(MAC address), and is full duplex, resulting in full
speed between any devices on the network at the same
time.
In general sense Hub or switch any device can be installed
when there are more than one computer in a wing/block.
TYPES OF NETWORK BY COMPONENTS

Another parameter based on which you can

classify networks is the role played by network
computers in the network operations on basis
, there are 2 types of networks:

(I) PEER TO PEER NETWORKS

II) CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS

TYPES OF NETWORK BY COMPONENTS

PEER TO PEER (P2P) NETWORKS

PEER TO PEER (P2P) NETWORKS
 PEER TO PEER (P2P) NETWORKS

P2P network literally implements the

meaning word Peer (ex : Each computer on
P2P network is equal) , that is each
computer can play a role of a client or a
server.

The computer that serve on P2P

computers are often termed as non-
dedicated servers
Contd….
 PEER TO PEER (P2P) NETWORKS

▪ (P2P) networks are popular as home networks

and for use in small companies as they are
inexpensive and easy to install ,but they are
limited scope and are difficult to secure.
▪ On small networks , workstation that can double
up as a server is known as
NON-DEDICATED SERVER .
▪ Non–Dedicated Server can shuttle b\w client as
well as server role.
▪ Small networks that are using such a servers are
known as P2P networks.
TYPES OF NETWORK BY COMPONENTS

CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS

CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS
 CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS

▪ Unlike P2P networks , bigger networks prefer to

have centralised control .
▪ They do this by clearing designations servers and
clients such networks are called
CLIENT-SERVER NETWORKS (or)
MASTER-SLAVE NETWORKS.
▪ On bigger network installation , there is a
computer reserved for the server’s job and its only
job is to help workstations access the data,
software , hardware resources .
CONTD…
 CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKS

▪ It does not double up as workstation and such

servers is known as dedicated servers.
▪ Dedicated servers operates solely as a server on a
network.
▪ For ex : There may be a server exclusively for
serving files – related requests like storing files
deciding about their access privileges &
regulating the amount of space allowed for each
server.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT SERVER
AND P2P
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT SERVER
AND P2P

SERVICE CLIENT SERVER P2P

SECURIT The server controls No central control

Y security of network over security
MANAGE The server manages No central control
MENT the network . over the network .
Needs a dedicated Any one can set up.
team of people to
manage the server .
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT SERVER
AND P2P

SERVICE CLIENT P2P

SERVER
DEPENDENCY Clients are Clients are not
depend on the depend on central
servers. servers.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIENT SERVER
AND P2P
SERVICE CLIENT SERVER P2P

PERFORMANC The server can be If machines on the

E upgraded to be network are slow
made more they will slow
powerful to cope down other
with high machines.
demand.
BACKUPS Data is all backed Each computer
up on the main has to be backed
server . up Data can easily
be deleted by
users .
 NETWORK PROTOCOL
▪ A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a
network.
▪ It defines the standardized format for data packets,
techniques for detecting and correcting errors and soon.
▪ A protocol is a formal description of message formats
and the rules that two or more machines must follow to
exchange those messages.
▪ Types of protocols are:
 HTTP
 FTP
 TCP/IP
 SLIP/PPP
 NETWORK PROTOCOL
◦ SLIP(Serial Line Internet Protocol)

◦ It was the first protocol for relaying IP packets over

dial up lines

◦ PPP(Point to point Protocol)

◦ It is the internet standard for transmission of IP
packets over serial lines. It is currently the best
solution for dial up internet connections

◦ SLIP is for delivering IP packets over dial up

lines and PPP is for transmitting IP packets
over serial lines
 Electronic Mail Protocols
Email is a method of exchanging digital messages from an an
author to one or more recipients. Email systems are based on store
and forward model, email servers accept, forward and store
messages.
The two most common email protocols are
 Post Office Protocol(POP)
It is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote
server to a local email client. It allows you to download email
messages on your local computer and read tem even when you are
offline POP3 is the most recent version of POP for receiving email
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP)
SMTP is an Internal Protocol for email. Most email systems tha
send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server
another, the messages can then retrieved with an email client using
either POP or IMAP
 Electronic Mail Protocols
 IMAP- Internet Mail Access Protocol
IMAP and POP3 are the two most commonly used
internet mail protocols for retrieving emails.

 VoIP- Voice over IP

 Itrefers to a way to carry telephone calls over an IP
data network. It offers a set of facilities to manage
the delivery of voice information over Internet in
digital form.
 NETWORK PROTOCOL
◦ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications
protocol for the transfer of information on the intranet and the
World Wide Web. HTTP is a request/response standard
between a client and a server. A client is the end-user; the
server is the website.
◦ FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the simplest and most
secure way to exchange files over the Internet. The objectives of
FTP are:
◦ To promote sharing of files (computer programs and/data).
◦ To encourage indirect or implicit use of remote computers.
◦ To shield a user from variations in file storage systems among
different hosts.
◦ To transfer data reliably, and efficiently.
 NETWORK PROTOCOL
◦ TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol)
◦ TCP - is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data
from client to server. Data can be lost in the intermediate
network. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to
trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and completely
received.
◦ IP - is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node.
IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination
address (the IP number). The Internet authorities assign ranges
of numbers to different organizations. The organizations assign
groups of their numbers to departments. IP operates on
gateway machines that move data from department to
organization to region and then around the world.
IP Address:
An Ip address is a numerical label assigned to
each device participating in a computer
network. The unique identifying number
allotted to the machine on a TCP/IP network is
known as IP address. IP address is a group of
four bytes each of which can be a number from
0 to 255 expressed in dotted decimal
representation

Eg: 216.27.61.137
 WEB SERVICES

 WWW: The World Wide Web or W3 or simply the

Web is a collection of linked documents or pages,
stored on millions of computers and distributed across
the Internet.
 HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language):- HTML
is a computer language that describes the structure
and behaviour of a web page. This language is used to
create web pages.
 XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Extensible
Markup Language (XML) is a meta language that
helps to describe the markup language.
 WEB SERVICES
 Domain Names: A domain name is a unique name
that identifies a particular website and represents the
name of the server where the web pages reside.
 Every time we enter domain name, it will be
converted into IP address and the website will be
opened.
 A domain generally following parts
(1)WWW
(2)Name describing the website purpose
(3) TLD(Top Level Domain) such as .com, .net,.org etc
 WEB SERVICES
Eg: www. cbse.nic.in
www.indianrailway.gov.in

In domain name cbse.nic.in , in is the primary domain

name(top level domain name) and nic is the sub
domain of in ; cbse is the sub domain of nic.
There are only limited number of top level domains and
these are divided into two categories. Generic Domain
Names and Country –Specific Domain Names
 WEB SERVICES
Generic Domain Names:

.com- commercial business

.edu- Educational Institutions
.gov-Government agencies
.mil –military
.net-Network Organizations
.org-Organizations(nonprofit)
 WEB SERVICES
Country Specific Domain Names:

.in –India
.au-Australia
.ca-Canada
.ch-China
.pk-Pakistan
.jp-Japan
.us-United States
 WEB SERVICES
 URL:- The Uniform Resource Locator is a means to
locate resources such as web pages on the Internet.
URL is also a method to address the web pages on the
Internet.
eg: http://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.htm

 Website: A collection of related web pages stored on

a web server is known as a website.
 WEB SERVICES
• Web browser: A software
application that enables to
browse, search and collect
information from the Web is
known as Web browser.
• Eg: Google Chrome, Opera,
Firefox, Microsoft Internet
Explorer
• .
 WEB SERVICES
• Web Servers: The web pages on the
Internet are stored on the computers
that are connected to the Internet.
These computers are known as web
servers.
• Eg: Apache Tomcat, IISIMicrosoft
Internet Information Services, Jigsaw,
Zeus Web server
• Web Hosting: - Web Hosting or
website hosting is the service to host,
store and maintain the websites on the
World Wide Web.
 WEB SERVICES
• Web Scripting: - The process of
creating and embedding scripts in a
web page is known as Web Scripting.
Types of Scripts:-
• Client Side Scripts: - Client side
scripts supports interaction within a
webpage. E.g. VB Script, Java Script.
• Server Side Scripts: - Server side
scripting supports execution at server
– end. E.g. ASP, JSP,PHP

 WIRELESS
Wireless OR isMOBILE
communication simply dataCOMPUTING
communication without the
use of landlines. Mobile computing means that the computing device
is not continuously connected to the base or central network.
 GSM(Global System for Mobile communication): it is a
leading digital cellular system. In covered areas, cell phone users can
buy one phone that will work any where the standard is supported. It
uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the
same radiofrequency.
 CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access): it is a digital cellular
technology that uses spread- spectrum techniques. CDMA does not
assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead ,every channel uses
the full available spectrum.
 WLL(Wireless in Local Loop) : WLL is a system that connects
subscribers to the public switched telephone network using radio
signals as a substitute for other connecting media.
 Email(Electronic Mail): Email is sending and receiving messages
by computer.
 WIRELESS OR MOBILE
COMPUTING
 Chat: Online textual talk in real time , is called Chatting.
 Video Conferencing: a two way videophone conversation
among multiple participants is called videoconferencing.
 SMS(Short Message Service): SMS is the transmission of
short text messages to and from a mobile pone, fax
machine and or IP address.
 3G and EDGE: 3G is a specification for the third
generation of mobile communication of mobile
communication technology. 3G promises increased
bandwidth, up to 384 Kbps when a device is stationary.
 EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ) is a
radio based high speed mobile data standard.
NETWORK SECURITY CONCEPTS
 Viruses: Viruses are programs which replicate and
attach to other programs in order to corrupt the
executable codes. Virus enters the computer system
through an external source and become destructive.
 Worms: Worms are also self- replicating programs
that do not create multiple copies of itself on one
computer but propagate through the computer
network. Worms log on to computer systems using the
username and passwords and exploit the system.
 Trojan horse: - Though it is a useful program,
however, a cracker can use it to intrude the computer
system in order to exploit the resources. Such a
program can also enter into the computer through an
e- mail or free programs downloaded through the
Internet.
 Spams: Unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial
nature sent out in bulk) are called spams.
 NETWORK SECURITY CONCEPTS
 Cookies: Cookies are the text messages sent by a
web server to the web browser primarily for
identifying the user.
 Firewall: A firewall is used to control the traffic
between computer networks. It intercepts the
packets between the computer networks and
allows only authorized packets to pass.
 Cyber Law: Cyber law refers to all the legal and
regulatory aspects of Internet and the World Wide
Web.
 Cyber Crimes: Cyber crime involves the usage of
the computer system and the computer network
for criminal activity.
 NETWORK SECURITY CONCEPTS
 Hacking: Hacking is an unauthorized
access to computer in order to exploit the
resources.
 Hackers:they are more interested in gaining
knowledge about computer systems and
possibly using this knowledge for playful
pranks
 Crackers: They are malicious programmers
who break into secure systems
THREATS TO NETWORK
SECURITY
 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS(IPR)
 Intellectual
property rights refers to the
general term for the assignment of
property rights through patents,
copyrights and trademarks. These
property rights allow the holder to
exercise a monopoly on the use of the
item for a specified period.
OPEN SOURCE TERMINOLOGIES
 Free Software: These type of softwares are freely
accessible and can be freely used, changed, improved and
copied and distributed by all
 Open Source Software: The sotwares whose source code
is available to the customer and can be modified and
redistributed without any limitation are called open source
sotwares.OSS may come free of cost but the customer has to
pay nominal charges (Support of S/W and development of
S/W).
 FLOSS (Free Libre and Open Source Software) :S/w
which is free as well as open source S/W. ( Free S/W + Open
Source S/W).
 GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) :GNU project emphasize on the
freedom and its objective is to create a system compatible to
UNIX but not identical with it.
OPEN SOURCE TERMINOLOGIES

 FSF (Free Software Foundation) :FSF is a non–

profit organization created for the purpose of the
free s/w movement. Organization funded many
s/w developers to write free software.

 OSI (Open Source Initiative) : Open source

software organization is dedicated to cause of
promoting open source software . it specified the
criteria of OSS and its source code is not freely
available.
 OPEN SOURCE TERMINOLOGIES

 W3C(World Wide Web Consortium) : W3C is responsible for

producing the software standards for World Wide Web.
 Proprietary Software: Proprietary Software is the s/w that is
neither open nor freely available, normally the source code of
the Proprietary Software is not available but further
distribution and modification is possible by special
permission by the supplier.
 Freeware: Freeware are the software freely available , which
permit redistribution but not modification (and their source
code is not available). Freeware is distributed in Binary Form
(ready to run) without any licensing fees.
 Shareware: For these softwares, the license fee is payable
after some time limit. Its source code is not available and
modification to the softwares are not allowed.
 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARES
Linux: Linux is a famous computer operating system.
Popular Linux server set of program–
LAMP(Linux, Apache, My SQL, PHP)
Mozilla :Mozilla is a free internet software that
includes-
• a web browser
• an email client
• an HTML editor
TERMINOLOGIES
▪ Wifi- Wireless Fidelity
 It is the name of a wireless networking technology tat uses
radio waves to provide wireless high-speed internet and
network connections.
▪ WiMax- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
 It is a technology for point to multipoint wireless
networking

 Range of Wifi is about 30 m But Range of WiMax is about

50km
▪ GPRS- General Packet Radio Service
 GSM is a circuit switching system and GPRS is a packet
switching system
▪ Web 2.0- It refers to added features and applications to that
make the web more interactive, support easy online-
information exchange etc. Some noticeable features of Web
2.0 are blogs, video-sharing websites, social networking
websites etc
TELNET

▪ It is an older Internet utility that lets you log

on to remote computer systems. Using telnet
a student in Delhi can access a server at
America. A major chunk of scientists on the
Internet are accessing and utilizing the power
of super computers by telneting.
▪ Teamviewer –Software used to access remote
systems
 TIPS TO SOLVE QUESTIONS BASED ON
NETWORKING
 Where Server should be placed: Server should be placed in the
building where the number of computers is maximum.
 Suggest a suitable cable layout of connection: A suitable cable layout
can be suggested in the following two ways:-
 On the Basis of Server: First the location of the Server is found out.
Server is placed in that building where the number of computers are
maximum (According to 80 – 20 rule). After finding the server
position, each building distance is compared with the Server building
directly or indirectly (taking other building in between). The shortest
distance is counted whether it is through directly or indirectly.
 On the Basis of Distance from each building: The distance between
the each building is compared to all other buildings either directly or
indirectly. The shortest distance is counted whether it is
directly or through some other building.
 TIPS TO SOLVE QUESTIONS BASED ON
NETWORKING
▪ Where should the following devices be placed:
▪ MODEM
▪ HUB / SWITCH
▪ BRIDGE
▪ REPEATER
▪ ROUTER

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