"Networking is a lot like nutrition and

fitness: we know what to do, the hard

part is making it a top priority." ...

Networks

- JESLIN JOJU
 NETWORKING
 Computer network A collection of computing devices that are
connected in various ways in order to communicate and share
resources

 Usually, the connection between computers in network are made

using physical wires or cables

 Examples
• An example of networking is exchanging contact information with
people who have interests in similar areas.
• An example of networking is sharing and acquiring information
between different divisions of the same company to share
information and solve business problems.
• An example of networking is linking the entire network of computers
to a print server to allow each workstation to have the ability to print
documents
What does Optical
Communication mean?
 Optical communication is any type of communication in which light is used to carry the signal
to the remote end, instead of electrical current. Optical communication relies on optical
fibres to carry signals to their destinations. A modulator/demodulator, a transmitter/receiver,
a light signal and a transparent channel are the building blocks of the optical communications
system.

• Optical communication systems consist of the

following components:

 Transmitter: Converts and transmits an electronic signal into a light signal. The most
commonly used transmitters are semiconductor devices, such as light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) and laser diodes.

 Receivers: Typically consist of a photo-detector, which converts light into electricity using
the photoelectric effect. The photo detector is typically a semiconductor-based
photodiode.

 Optical Fiber: Consists of a core, cladding and a buffer through which the cladding guides
DIFFERENT TYPE OF OPTICAL
COMMUNICATION METHODS
1. Infrared communication (IR)
 Infrared, communication is a common, inexpensive, and easy to use
wireless communication technology.
Advantages IR light is very similar to visible light, except that it has
Disadvantages
a slightly longer wavelength. This means IR is undetectable to the human eye - perfect for
Inexpensive compared to
wireless communication. Only works line-of-sight
other technologies
 Infrared Digital Association and it allows wire-less communication between Mouse,
keyboard, joysticks,
Works gamepads etc and receiving equipment such as PC, Laptop, game
over a moderate
console. Short range - a few metres
bandwidth 115 kbps

 AdvantageWorks well over a short Low bandwidth

distance
 Inexpensive compared to other technologies
 Works over a moderate bandwidth 115 kbps
 Works well over a short distance

 Disadvantages
 Only works line-of-sight
 Short range - a few metres
2.Fiber optic communication

 This offers the widest bandwidth of all optical technologies. The technology is based
around highly transparent glass fibre. Light is launched at one end and a photo-diode
translates the light back into digital data at the other end. This type of communication can
•
transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks, computer networks, or
across long distances
 It is also used in a multitude of other industries, including medical, defence/government,
for data storage, and industrial/commercial. In addition to serving the purposes of
telecommunications, it is used as light guides, for imaging tools, lasers, hydrophones for
seismic waves, SONAR, and as sensors to measure pressure and temperature.

 Advantages
o Can carry signals over a much longer distance without a repeater compared to copper. The
more repeaters used the more expensive it is to set up.
o Extremely large data capacity.
o Immune to electrical interference.

 Disadvantages
 Fibre is more expensive than copper cable.
 Connecting fibres together is more difficult.
 The complex electronics at both ends of the line tends to be more expensive.
3.Laser communication

 Lasers can be used as a communication system. Unlike the tiny LEDs used in fibre-optic
communication, this method uses high power laser beams to transmit light signals.
 It is sometimes called a 'free-space' laser system because the beams travel directly
through the air. For example, setting up a high bandwidth data link between two line-of-
sight buildings can make use of a free-space laser system.
 Laser communication is also used to exchange data between satellites
 Used in campus wide communication, Emergency data links (disaster relief ) etc.

o Advantages
• Wide bandwidth compared to infrared.
• Can be set up quickly (compared to laying cable).
• Increased security when working with narrow beams.

 Disadvantages
• Affected by weather
• Requires line-of-sight to work
• It’s highly expensive
DIFFERENT TYPE OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION METHODS
1.Bluetooth

 Bluetooth is a type of short range radio communication and networking protocol

combined.
 It was developed so devices close to one another could exchange data.
 By close, we mean within about 10 metres of one another even if there is a wall in-
between.

 Advantages
 Excellent for short range communication.
 World-wide standard so all Bluetooth certified devices are compatible.
 Fully automatic - can auto-sense other Bluetooth devices nearby.

 Disadvantages
 It is a short range technology.
 Not particularly high bandwidth.
2.WIFI

 Wi-Fi is widely used for LANs and WANs as it does not need any cabling to be laid down. It
does need a device called a Wireless Access Point or WAP to be present on the network to
handle the radio traffic. WAPs are commonly called 'hotspots' and can be found in airports,
stations, cafes, library and other public spaces.
 Most laptops are WiFi enabled along with other devices such as PDAs, netbooks,
smartphones, e-book readers, game consoles and music player
 Used in connecting to an organisation's Local Area Network , connecting to the Internet
through a hotspot.

 Advantages
o No need for physical cables.
o The laptop or device can work anywhere within range of a WAP.
o Can work through walls and on different floors as long as the radio signal is not too weak.

 Disadvantages
o Slower than cabled networks e.g. 54 Mbps compared to the 1000 Gbps that Gigabit
Ethernet offers.
o Requires a Wireless Access Point (WAP) to be present.
o Requires encryption to ensure data privacy.
3. Radio

 Radio Communication. telecommunication by means of radio waves. Radio

communication requires the use of both transmitting and receiving equipment. The
transmitting equipment, which includes a radio transmitter and a transmitting antenna, is
installed at the point from which messages are transmitted
 The prime purpose of radio is to convey information from one place to another
through the intervening media (i.e., air, space, no conducting materials) without wires.
Besides being used for transmitting sound and television signals, radio is used
for the transmission of data in coded form.

 Advantages
 Low start-up costs.
 Automation has made running a radio simpler.
 Access to an international audience

 Disadvantages
 The struggle of getting listeners
 Depended on the availability of the internet
 Tough to land advertisers
Why optical fibres used in medical industry?

• Fiber optics have been used in the medical industry for years. The physical
characteristics of fibre make it a natural choice for many different applications.

• Fiber optics provide a very compact, flexible conduit for light or data delivery in
equipment, surgical, and instrumentation applications

 Traditional medical fibre optic applications include:

• Light therapy
• Ophthalmic lasers
• Lab and clinical diagnostics
• Endoscopy
• surgical microscopy
• Dental hand pieces
Why vehicles are using wireless communication?
• Many wireless communication systems and mobility aware applications are used for
following purpose:
• Vehicles .
• Transmission of music,• news, road conditions, weather reports, and other broadcast
information are received via digital audio broadcasting (DAB) with 1.5Mbit/s.
• For personal communication, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS)
phone might be available offering voice and data connectivity with 384kbit/s.
• For remote areas, satellite communication can be used, while the current position of the
car is determined via the GPS (Global Positioning System).
• A local ad-hoc network for the fast exchange of information (information such as distance
between two vehicles, traffic information, road conditions) in emergency situations or to
help each other keep a safe distance. Local ad-hoc network with vehicles close by to
prevent guidance system, accidents, redundancy.
• Vehicle data from buses, trucks, trains and high speed train can be transmitted in advance
for maintenance.