CHAPTER

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 Data communication And Networking
 Data
◦ Raw facts presented in different forms
◦ Text, numbers, images, audio, video
 Data communication
◦ Exchange of data between two devices
◦ Via some form of transmission medium

Communication
 It is a process of transferring ideas, information and message b/n
entities.
 We do have three kinds of communication

These are: 1. Human to human

2. Human to computer
3. computer to computer

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There are three basic elements of communication
1. source(Sender):a device to send data.
2. Media(channel): a communication medium over
which data is sent. e.g. telephone lines, satellite links
3. Destination(receiver): a device to receive the sent
data.
sender Encoder Transmission Decoder Destination
/channel

There are two types of transmission

Analog Transmission:- are continuous sine wave. ex. sound
Digital transmission:- are discrete , on=1 & off=0 electronic
pulses.

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Data Transmission
It is digital computer communication with digital
signal.(the “on” pulse is represented as 1 bit and
the “off” pulse is represented as o bit)
Data is transmitted as a series of character or block
of character.
Modes of Data Transmission
There are three types of communication channels/
modes of communication.
a. Simplex
b. Half-duplex
c. full-duplex

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A. Simplex: It is takes place in only one direction.
E.g. Radio, TV broadcasting.
 The device at either end is ether send only or

receive only. Sender Receiver

B. Half-Duplex: it is a transmission of data in both

direction but only in one direction at a time.
This is a good for transmissions in which case
the receiver has to acknowledge that it has
received the message back to the sender.
E.g. A talk-back radio Sender Receiver

C. Full-Duplex: it allow transmission of data both

direction simultaneously. E.g. Mobile, telephone
Sender Receiver

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Speed of Data Transmission
 Bits per second (band) is the standard measure
used to express the speed of transmission in a
given medium.
Bandwidth:- is the difference b/n the highest and
the lowest frequencies that can be transmitted
down a single line.
Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry
data.
 Various media of communication can be described

in terms of bandwidth.
 The greater the bandwidth the higher the capacity

of the medium expressed in bits per second. 7

Transmission Media
 It is the physical pathway of data b/n sender and

receiver.
Cable Transmission
1. Twisted pair cable:
 Two wires are twisted together to form the wire type
known as twisted pair.
There are two types of twisted pair cables.
A. Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP)
 It has low cable cost.
 It has low installation cost
 it is high sensitivity to EMI(electro

magnetic interference)
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B. Shielded Twisted Pair(STP)
 It has medium cable cost.
 It has moderate installation cost.
 It low EMI sensitivity.
 It has high band width than UTP.

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2. Coaxial cable
 It has a single copper conductor at its
center. A plastic layer provides insulation
b/n the copper & the braided metal shield.
 It has a medium cable cost.
 It has a moderate installation cost.
 It has low EMI sensitivity.
 It has high bandwidth than twisted pair.

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3.Fiber optics cable
 It transmit in the form light wave instead of
electrical signals through a thin glass.
 It offer very high bandwidth.
 It has high cable cost.
 It has high installation cost.
 It has no EMI sensitivity.
 Fiber optic transmissions are extremely

secure.

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 Summary of Cable Characteristics

Installation EMI Data

Cable Type Cable Cost Cost Sensitivity Bandwidth

UTP Lowest Lowest Highest Lowest

STP Medium Moderate Low Moderate

Coax Medium Moderate Low High

Fiber Optic Highest Highest None Very high

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 Wireless Transmission
I. MICROWAVE SYSEMS
 Use of a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to

transmit information.
 Fixed rigidly with a focused beam along line of sight

to receiving antenna.
 It uses repeaters at interval of about 25 to 30kms to

overcome problem of line-of-site & for power

amplification of weak signal.
 Electromagnetic wave can not bend or pass obstacles.
 They are used for the transmission of TV, and telephone
signals.

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II. COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE
 Communication satellite is a micro wave relay station b/n

two or more ground Stations(earth stations)

 Transmit and receive b/n two randomly chosen points with

in a very large area.

 Data transmission costs an independent of the distance b/n

two points within the covered area.

 It has enormous data communication capacity.

 It has Good error detection mechanism.

 Special security measures required to prevent unauthorized

tampering during broadcast.

 It needs high initial cost.

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Fundamentals of Computer Networking

What is networking?
 A computer network is a collection of computers

and other devices that communicate to share data,

hardware, software, and other resources.
Benefits of Network Computing
 Sharing Information (Or Data)
 Sharing Hardware(Peripheral Devices)
 Sharing Programs/Software
 Centralizing Administration & Support

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Based on geographical area we will classify the Network in
to three:
1. Local Area Network(LAN):
 Limited geographical area less than two kilometers.

 Inexpensive transition media(coaxial or twisted pairs)

 Good for resource sharing.

E.g. University campus, office, school or a building.

2. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN):
 It covers larger geographical areas such as cities or school districts.

 Multi-campuses of the university can link their LAN in the various campuses

together to form MAN..

3. Wide Area Network(WAN):
 It covers wider geographical area

 Communication is established through telephone lines, microwave links, fiber

optics or satellite links.

 Interconnection b/n one country to other country.

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Network Topology

 Topology is the physical arrangements of

computers in a network.
 Frequently used topologies are:

1. Bus Topology
2. Star Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Hybrid Topology
1. Bus Topology: is a simplest of all Topology.
 All
device on the network are connected to
each other though a central cable called
BUS.
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Advantages of Bus topology

 It is easy to implement.
 Use small amount of cabling.
 It is easy to connect a computer or

peripheral to the BUS.

Disadvantages of Bus topology
A fault on the main highway stops the whole
network.

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2. Star Topology
 All
the network device are connected each
other through a central concentrator called
HUB.

Advantages of Star Topology

 Easy to add new work stations.
 Centralized management.
 Adding new nodes doesn’t increase
transmissions delay.
 Failure of one computer does not
affect the entire network. 20
Disadvantages of Star Topology

 Hub failure affects the whole work station.

 Require more cabling length to connect to

the central HUB from each office.

3. Ring Topology:
 The ring topology is a physically closed
loop consisting of point-to-point links.

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Advantages of Ring Topology

 Simple design requires less cable.

 More reliable than star because
communication is not depend on a single
host computer.
 Each computer act as a Repeater.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

 A break in the ring can disable the entire
network.
 Failure on one computer impact the rest of
the network.
 Difficult to trouble shoot.
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 Mesh Topology

 Dedicated point-to-
point link to every
other nodes
 Advantages: No
traffic problems,
robust, security, easy
fault identification &
isolation
 Disadvantages:
Difficult
installation/reconfigu
ration, space, cost
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4. Hybrid Topology
 Hybrid topology scheme combines multiple
topologies into one large topology.
 The hybrid network is common in large

wide-area networks.
 Because each topology has its own

strengths and weaknesses, several

different types can be combined for
maximum efficiency.

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Advantages of Hybrid Topology
 One company can combine the
benefits of several different types of
topologies.
 Workgroup efficiency and traffic can be
customized.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
 Devices on one topology cannot be

placed into another topology without

some hardware changes.

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Common uses of the Internet
E-mail
 The concept of sending electronic text
messages between parties.
World wide web (WWW)
 Usually called Web.
 Globally connected network contains a number
of interactive web pages.
 Through keyword-driven Internet search using
search engines, like Google, millions of web
pages have easy & instant access to a vast and
diverse amount of online information.
USENET
 It is an electronic discussion forum. 28
Remote access
 The Internet allows computer users to connect
to other computers and information stores
easily, wherever they may be across the world.
 They may do this with or without the use of
security, authentication and encryption
technologies, depending on the requirements.
File transfer protocol (FTP)
 It
helps to transfer files and programs from
one system to another.
 Using FTP programs we can upload or
download files. But to do this there should
be an admission from the remote computer.
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File sharing
A computer file can be E-mailed to customers,
colleagues and friends as an attachment.
 It can be uploaded to a Web site, FTP server or
Shared location for easily download by the
others.
Video Conferencing
 Video conferencing means making a
conference on the Internet by individuals who
live in different locations.
 This takes place at the same time in different
location.
 It is similar to conference in a hall except they
are at distant.
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Search Engine (E.g. Yahoo, Google… )
It is an information retrieval system designed
to help find information stored on different
computer through the World Wide Web.
 The search engine allows one to ask for

content meeting specific criteria.

E-commerce
 It is a large Internet marketing.
 some of the biggest companies today have

grown by taking advantage of the efficient

nature of low-cost advertising and commerce
through the Internet.

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Thank you !

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