Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BIOCHEM LAB MIDTERM REVIEWER - do not give (+) result in Tollen’s, Benedict’s, and
Fehling’s tests
Carbohydrates - plants
functional groups:
- TYPES:
- Aldehydes
1. AMYLOSE
- Ketones
- straight chain glucose polymer
- Alcohols
- 15% to 20%
- Monosaccharide
2. AMYLOPECTIN
- Disaccharide
- branched glucose polymer
- Polysaccharide
- 80% to 85%
- simplest carbohydrate
- GLUCOSE
- test for presence of starch
- Function as STRUCTURAL
- Cellulose
Starch Test
- STARCH
- a blue-black color results to starch is present
energy in plants
- W/O HYDROLYSIS: Dark Blue
- GLYCOGEN
Carbohydrate Test
- serves as a long-term storage medium for food - IODINE TEST - presence of starch
energy in animals
- COOKED STARCH = Dark blue color (presence of
- found in liver and muscle tissues
starch)
- CELLULOSE
- RAW STARCH = Very small amount of change in
- a linear polysaccharide of B-D-glucopyranose color (Light blue)
- it is the principal component of the rigid cell wall Fehling’s Test + Starch
of plants
- no reaction at all
- Termites and Ruminant Animals (cattle, sheep, - starch will be hydrolyzed to glucose = brick red
digestive tracts contain enzymes that can break - acid and enzymatic hyrdolysis
Cellulose
- not sweet
- linear polymer, no branching, similar to cellulose
ACM
Iodine Test w/ Cellulose
- solubility in non-polar solvents like chloroform,
- no reaction
carbon tetrachloride
- filter paper
- insolubility in water
- important roles:
Solubility of Cellulose
- major sources of energy in animals and plants
- most indegistible
- Schweitzer’s reagent
Major Roles of Lipids in the Body
- Storage Lipids
- positive results
- oils
Glycogen
- significant components of fat storage cells
- highly branched
- Membrane Component Lipids
- homopolymer of alpha-D-gluccose
- usually amphipathic and complex
YELLOWISH BROWN
- glycolipids
Glycogen Brown/Orange-Brown
- Cholesterol: serves as a starting material for the
Heated Starch Solution Colorless formation of HORMONES AND BILE SALTS
- Sodium Hydroxide: Reagent used for neutralization Fatty Acids (building blocks of lipids)
of sulphuric acid
- SATURATED
- UNSATURATED
Lipids
- naturally occuring substances
Simple Triacylglycerol
- grouped together on the basis of their:
- single bond
ACM
Solubility of Fats & Oils
Mixed Triacylglycerol - sparingly soluble in water but are solube in non-
- double bond
polar organic solvent
- predominantly saturated
6N Acid imissicible insoluble
- solids/semisolids @ room temp.
- OILS
- predominantly unsaturated
Test for Chemical Properties
- liquids @ room temp.
- reaction w/ alcoholic iodine: HALOGENATION
- obtained from plants & fishoils (omega)
REACTION
- odorless, colorless
- determine unsaturated glyceride
- when applied to unglazed paper, it leaves a - these two undergone heat to be converted into oil
- due to the fact that they evaporate much - Coconut Oil: 92% saturated
paper and do not leave the paper - current recommended amounts are = total
permanently translucent
fat intake in calories:
- SPOT: disappear
- studies also indicate that:
ACM
- Trans- mono- unsaturated Fats: bad
- organic molecules - building blocks/monomers of
- Polyunsaturated Fats: good/bad
PROTEINS
salmon
- acidic functional grp: Carboxyl Group (-
COOH)
- hardness of water is often indicated by the non- - except for GLYCINE; all amino acids are optically
formation of froth when SOAP/TOOTHPASTE is active due to the presence of an ASYMMETRIC
agitated in the water sample
a-Carbon atom.
- SALKOWSKI TEST
- D-amino acids: present in bacterial cell wall &
- when conc. sulfuric acid is added to a antibiotics.
- LIBERMANN-BURCHARD TEST
- storage & transport of nutrients
- pink, lilac
- serves as the building block or the
- upper layer become RED
monomers of proteins
Arginine Miscible L
Immisicible
O
Proline Miscible F
Immisicible
I. Introduction (BOOK) O
ACM
SUMMARY
Qualitative Test
1. Ninhydrin Test TEST RESULT INTERPRETATION
- a-amino acid typically give a BLUE OR PURPLE
Ninhydrin Blue/Yellow Alpha Amino Acid
COLOR
(Blue)
guanidine/amino
- a REDDISH-BROWN coloration or precipitation
acid
indicates the presence of TYROSINE residue
which occur in nearly all proteins
Hopkins Cole Purple Ring (+) Tryptophan
5. Sakaguchi Test
- under alkaline, a-naphthol (1-hydroxy
naphthalene) reacts with a mono-substituted
guanidine compound like arginine which upon
treatment with hypobromite or hypochlorite
produces a RED COLOR
- PRESENCE OF MONO-SUBSTITUTED
GUANIDINE CONTAINING AMINO ACID