General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)

School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences

Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines

Water Analysis: Solids

Submitted by: Maria Aira L. Calma
Submitted to: Prof. Adonis P. Adornado

Abstract

The quality of water is determined in many ways. Sources of contaminants may be natural or
industrial wastes. This experiment uses the determination of total dissolved solids (TDS), total
suspended solids (TSS), and total solids (TS) in a water sample to verify the quality of the water
through heating and measuring the mass. The samples were also tested for the presence of anions
and cations by reacting the samples with HNO3, AgNO3 and K2C2O4. The measured TDS is 1.679
ppt which is too high to consider the sample for drinking. This can also be said for the measure
TSS of the sample which is 9.491 ppt. It was also discovered that the water sample contains
carbonate, halide and calcium ions. These findings are indication on the safeness of the water. It
does not pass for human consumption due to impurities determined as dissolved and suspended
solids.

Keywords: water quality, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids
(TS)
 General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences
Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines

Water Analysis: Solids

CALMA, Maria Aira L.

ABSTRACT

Information The quality of water is determined in many ways.

Performed: 28 September 2018 Sources of contaminants may be natural or industrial
wastes. This experiment uses the determination of
Submitted: 12 October 2018 total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids
(TSS), and total solids (TS) in a water sample to verify
the quality of the water through heating and measuring
Keywords:
the mass. The samples were also tested for the
water quality
presence of anions and cations by reacting the samples
total dissolved solids (TDS)
with HNO3, AgNO3 and K2C2O4. The measured
total suspended solids (TSS)
TDS is 1.679 ppt which is too high to consider the
total solids (TS)
sample for drinking. This can also be said for the
measure TSS of the sample which is 9.491 ppt. It was
also discovered that the water sample contains
carbonate, halide and calcium ions. These findings are
indication on the safeness of the water. It does not pass
for human consumption due to impurities determined
as dissolved and suspended solids.

1. INTRODUCTION (Equation 1). It also intends on analyzing the water

sample through chemical tests. These tests involve
The composition of Earth is dominated by bodies other chemical reagents to indicate the presence of
of water up to 70.9% (Pettit, 2018). Only 3% of this carbonate or bicarbonate, chloride, and calcium ions.
can be utilized for human consumption, such as
drinking, irrigation, and sanitation. The unreliability of
2. METHODOLOGY
water quality can cause health issues, such as different
types of cardiovascular diseases (World Health
Organization, 2003). Total dissolved solids (TDS) and 2.1) Chemical Reagents and Apparatuses
total suspended solids (TSS) are used to test the quality
of water. The following materials were used during this
experiment: Bunsen burner, iron stand, iron ring,
TDS are impurities present in water solution as funnel support, 50-mL graduated cylinder,
define by Oram (2014). It can either be inorganic salts evaporating dish, filter paper watch glass, 200-mL
or organic matter mostly comprised of calcium cations beaker, spatula, and match (Figure 1). The reagents
and carbonate or chloride anions. These are primarily used were the water sample, 6 M HNO3, distilled
caused by natural and industrial sources. On the other water, 0.01 M AgNO3, and 1 M K2C2O4 (Figures 2, 3
hand, TSS are insoluble in water and are easily visible & 4).
than TDS. Sediments, silt, clay, and other organic
wastes are the constituents of TSS (Perlman, 2014).
These two properties of water are related as seen in
Equation 1, where TS is the total solids present in an
analyzed water sample.

TSS = TS − TDS (1)

This experiment aims to determine the amount of

Figure 1. Apparatus
TDS and TS present in a water sample. With these two
the TDS in the water sample can be calculated

1|WATER ANALYSIS: SOLID

 General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences
Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines

Figure 2. Water sample

Figure 5. Water sample

Figure 3. 1 M K2C2O4 and 6 M HNO3

Figure 6. Filter the water

sample
Figure 4. 0.01 M AgNO3

2.2) Procedure

2.2.1) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

A 50 mL water sample was obtained (Figure 5).

The 50 mL water sample was filtered using the funnel
and funnel support in an iron stand (Figure 6). A 25
mL of the of the filtered water sample was measured
using a graduated cylinder (Figure 7). The mass of the
evaporating dish was scaled in an electronic balance.
The mass of the evaporating dish with the water
sample was measured (Figure 8). The weighed water
sample was heated to dryness (Figure 9). When the
sample was near to dryness, the evaporating dish was
covered with a watch glass. The dried sample with the
evaporating dish was weighed in the same electronic
balance after it cooled to room temperature (Figure Figure 7. Volume of the sample
10). Figure 11 presents the summary for this
methodology. The necessary values were recorded.

2|WATER ANALYSIS: SOLID

 General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences
Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines

The 25 mL water sample was obtained and filtered.

The filtered water sample was transferred to an

evaporating dish with known mass. The evaporating
dish was weighed with the water sample.

The mixture was heated to dryness.

Figure 8. Mass of the The mass of the evaporating dish with the dried
sample was measured.
evaporating dish with water
sample Figure 11. Methodology flow chart for
determining the total dissolved solids in a water
sample

2.2.2) Total Solids (TS) and Total Suspended Solids

(TSS)

The remaining unfiltered water sample was

placed in an evaporating dish. The mass of the dish
was already weighed in 2.2.1, so the mass of the dish
plus water sample was weighed (Figure 12). After that,
Figure 9. Heating water the sample was heated to dryness in similar way as that
sample in 2.2.1 (Figure 13). The mass of the dried sample in
the evaporating dish was measured (Figure 14). The
flow chart for determining total solids and total
suspended solids is shown in Figure 15. The necessary
data was gathered and recorded.

Figure 10. Mass of the

evaporating dish dissolved Figure 12. Mass of evaporating dish plus
solids unfiltered water sample

3|WATER ANALYSIS: SOLID

 General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences
Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
The dried sample from 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 was
observed for the presence of bicarbonates and
carbonates, chlorides, and calcium ion. Using the
spatula, the dried sample from 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 was
separated in three each. Both dried samples were tested
for the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates
through the addition of 1 drop of 6 M HNO3 (Figures
16 & 17)
Both samples were tested for chlorides by 1 drop
of water and 2 drops of 0.01 M AgNO3 (Figures 18 &
19). Figures 20 and 21 shows the test for calcium ion
by addition of 1 drop of water and 1 drop of 1 M
K2C2O4. Figure 22 shows the chart for the process of
the chemical tests. The observation was made and
recorder for every test.
Figure 13. Unfiltered water sample was heated

Figure 16. Filtered water sample - carbonates and

bicarbonates test

Figure 14. Mass of evaporating dish with dried

sample

25 mL of Unfiltered water sample was obtained.

The unfiltered water sample was transferred to an

evaporating dish with known mass. The evaporating
dish was weighed with the water sample.
Figure 17. Unfiltered water sample - carbonates
and bicarbonates test

The mixture was heated to dryness.

The mass of the evaporating dish with the dried

sample was measured.
Figure 18. Filtered water sample - chlorides test
Figure 15. Methodology flow chart for
determining the total solids and total suspended
solids in an unfiltered water sample

2.2.3) Chemical Tests

4|WATER ANALYSIS: SOLID

 General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences
Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1) Data and Calculations

3.1.1) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

The necessary values for determining the amount

Figure 19. Unfiltered water sample - chlorides test
Figure 20. Filtered water sample – calcium ion
test
of TDS in the water sample are presented in Table 1.
The mass of the evaporating dish was obtained from
the electronic balance. The water sample transferred in
the dish was also weighed in the same balance to avoid
inaccuracy of the data. The mass of the water sample
was calculated using Equation 2. After heating the
sample to dryness, the mass of the evaporating dish
with water sample was measured. This was used in
Equation 3 to obtain the mass of the dried sample or
the dissolved solids in 25-mL filtered water sample.
The mass of the dissolved solids per total mass of
sample was calculated (Equation 4). The TDS in the
water sample was computed to be 1.679 ppt (Equation
5). The specific calculations are presented in Appendix
A.

mwater = mwater+ evaporating dish − mevaporating dish (2)

mdried sample+dish = mdried sample − mdish (3)

msolid
mg/g = (4)
msample

msolid
TDS = (5)
msample (kg)

Table 1. Data for Total Dissolved Solids

Figure 21. Unfiltered water sample – calcium ion
test Trial 1
Mass of evaporating dish (g) 49.55
Mass of water sample +
73.37
Each water sample was separated into three parts. evaporating dish (g)
Mass of water sample (g) 23.82
Mass of dried sample +
49.59
evaporating dish (g)
Mass of dissolved solids in 25-mL
The addition of 6 M HNO3 was done to test for 0.04
carbonates and bicarbonates aliquot of filtered sample (g)
Mass of dissolved solids per total
mass of sample (
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
) 1.679 × 10−3
𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
1 drop of water was added to the samples. After that, TDS or salinity ( , 𝑝𝑝𝑡) 1.679
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
2 drops of 0.01M AgNO3 to test for chlorides

3.1.2) Total Solids (TS) and Total Suspended Solids

1 drop of water was added to the samples. 1 drop of
K2C2O4 was added to each sample to test for calcium
ion.
Figure 22. Methodology flow chart for the
chemical tests of water sample
(TSS)
Table 2 shows the data for determining the
amount of TS in the water sample. Similar to 3.1.1, the
mass of evaporating dish and the mass of water sample
plus evaporating dish was obtained. The mass of the
unfiltered water sample was calculated using Equation

5|WATER ANALYSIS: SOLID

 General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences
Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
2. After the unfiltered sample was heated to dryness, Table 3. Chemical Tests
its mass together with the evaporating dish was Test Observation Conclusions
measured. The mass of the total solids in a 25 mL CO32-, HCO3- formation of CO2 gas was
water sample was calculated (Equation 3). The mass (TDS) bubbles released
of the total solids per total mass of unfiltered sample CO32-, HCO3- formation of CO2 gas was
was calculated (Equation 4). The TS in the water (TS) bubbles released
sample was computed to be 11.17 ppt (Equation 5). In Cl-, Br-, I- light brown Formation of
Equation 1, the difference between TS and TDS was (TDS) precipitate AgBr(s)
calculated to acquire TSS. The TSS of the water - - - gray/silver Formation of
sample is 9.491 ppt. The necessary calculations are Cl , Br , I (TS)
precipitate AgCl(s)
presented in Appendix A. white denotes
Ca2+ (TDS) precipitate presence of
Table 2. Data for Total Solids formation calcium
Trial 1 white denotes
Mass of evaporating dish (g) 49.55 Ca2+ (TS) precipitate presence of
Mass of water sample + formation calcium
73.72
evaporating dish (g)
Mass of water sample (g) 24.17 CO3 2− (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + NO−3 (aq)
Mass of dried sample + → CO2 (g) + H2 O(l) + NO−3 (aq)
(6)
49.82
evaporating dish (g)
Mass of total solids in 25-mL Ag + (aq) + Cl− , Br − , I − (aq)
0.27
aliquot of unfiltered sample (g) → AgCl(s, white) + AgBr(s, lightbrown) (7)
Mass of total solids per total mass + AgI(s, darkbrown)
of sample (
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
) 1.117 × 10−2
𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
TS or salinity (
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
, 𝑝𝑝𝑡) Ca2+ (aq) + C2 O4 2− (aq) → CaC2 O4 (s) (8)
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
11.17
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
TSS ( , 𝑝𝑝𝑡) 9.491
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
3.2) Discussion
3.1.3) Chemical Tests 3.2.1) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

In Table 3, the observation and conclusion for
each chemical test on both TDS and TSS is projected.
A drop of 6 M HNO3 reacted with the carbonate ion in
the TDS and TS dried samples releasing CO2 gas
(Equation 6). This was noted due to the formation of
bubbles in the dried sample when HNO3 was added in
both TDS and TS samples.
The AgNO3 added to the dried samples of TDS
and TS reacted with the halides in the sample. The
formation of light brown precipitate in the TDS sample
implies that the reaction produced silver bromide. The
TS sample, on the other hand, produced silver chloride
noted by the formation of grayish precipitate. Equation
7 is the reaction of the halides to silver.
In both TDS and TS dried samples, calcium ions
were observed with the formation of white precipitates
reacting with the drop of 1 M of K2C2O4. This reaction
is presented in Equation 8 with CaC2O4 as the product.
The dissolved solid in a 25- mL aliquot of filtered
water sample was discovered to be 1.679 ppt. This
relatively higher than the average 0.5 ppt TDS of
freshwater (Beran, 2014). This is an indication that the
water sample tested have a high salinity than
freshwater. However, Beran (2014) also mentioned the
average salinity of ocean to be 35 ppt. The water
sample have lower TDS than that or ocean. The World
mg
Health Organization (2003) stated that over 1,200
L
TDS content, water is unacceptable for human
consumption as it poses health threats due to
mg
impurities. In Equation 9, we obtain 1,600 TDS
L
content for the water sample. This high value of TDS
level implies that the water sample used in this
experiment is unfit for drinking water.
msolid (mg)
TDS = (9)
Vsample (L)

3.2.2) Total Solids (TS) and Total Suspended Solids

(TSS)

The TS of the water sample was obtained to be

11.17 ppt. We can get this in parts per million (ppm) if

6|WATER ANALYSIS: SOLID

 General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences
Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
with the application of Equation 10. 11,170 ppm was
measured to be the TS of the water sample making it
unsafe as drinking water for the acceptable TS level,
for drinking water must not exceed 500 ppm (Beran,
2014). The clarity of the water sample itself already
denotes that it is not safe for consumption (Figure 2).
TSS of the water sample was found to be 9.941 ppt or
9,941 ppm. This is the measurement of the total
suspended solids obtained from the water sample. It
indicates that there is a large amount of TSS in the
water sample meaning contaminants are visible due to
unfiltered sample.
msolid (mg)
TS = (10)
msample (kg)
3.2.3) Chemical Tests
The dried samples were tested for the presence of
carbonate, halide, and calcium ions to determine the
quality of the water. In both TDS and TS, HNO3
reacted with the sample producing CO2 in the form of
bubbles. In the addition of the AgNO3, both samples
also reacted to form silver halide. TDS sample reacted
with AgNO3 produced light brown precipitate, while
the TS produced gray precipitate reacting with
AgNO3. With K2C2O4, both TDS and TS samples
reacted to produce CaC2O4 in the form of white
precipitates. The presence of these ions is an indication
that the water sample is unhealthy for consumption.
3.3) Laboratory Questions
3.3.1. The collected water sample is not filtered.
Will this oversight result in the TDS value being
reported too high or too low? Explain.
This will result in a too high TDS since all the
solids, including the TSS, are part of the unfiltered
water. In measuring for the TDS, the water must be
filtered to remove the TSS and only the dissolved
solids will be involved. If the water is unfiltered, TS is
measured.
3.3.2. The evaporating dish was not properly
cleaned of a volatile material before its mass was
determined. When the sample is heated to dryness the
volatile material is removed. As a result of this
technique error, will the reported TDS be too high, too
low, or unaffected? Explain.
The TDS will be too low because the mass of the
evaporating dish being too high than it really is. The
measurement of TDS will be affected by this because
7|WATER ANALYSIS: SOLID
the mass of the evaporating dish is used in calculating
the mass of the dried sample of TDS (Equation 3).
3.3.3. Some spattering of the sample onto the watch
glass does occur near dryness. In a hurry to complete
the analysis, the chemist chooses not to return the
spattered solids to the original sample and skips the
first part of Part A.3. will the reported TDS for the
water sample be too high or too low? Explain.
The reported TDS will be too low in this case
since not all of the sample is accounted for because
some of it was not transferred back to the dish.
3.3.4. The sample in the evaporating dish is not
heated to total dryness. How will this error in
technique affect the reported value for TDS-too high,
too low, or unaffected? Explain. TSS-too high, too low,
or unaffected? Explain.
The TDS will be too high because some of the
water molecules will be weighed to the mass of the
dried sample. The TSS, on the other hand, will be too
low because the TDS is subtracted from the TS to
obtain the TSS (Equation 1).
3.3.5. As the sample cools, moisture from the
atmosphere condenses on the outside of the
evaporating dish (beaker) before the mass is
measured. Will the presence of the condensed moisture
increase or decrease the reported TDS in the water
sample? Explain.
This will increase the reported TDS because the
mass of the moisture will also be included in the
measurement of the mass of the dried sample.
3.3.6. The sample in the evaporating dish (beaker)
is not heated to total dryness. As a result of this
technique error, will the reported value for TS be to
high, too low, or unaffected? Explain.
This will result in a too high value for TS because
some of the water molecules will be included to the
mass of the dried sample
3.3.7. Suppose the water sample has a relatively
high percent of volatile solid material. How would this
have affected the reported mass of:
3.3.7.1. dissolved solids - too high, too low, or
unaffected? Explain.
This will not affect the dissolved solids because
volatile materials are easily evaporated, so when the
sample was heated it evaporated just as water did.
 General Chemistry for Engineers (Laboratory)
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences
Mapúa University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
3.3.7.2. total solids - too high, too low, or unaffected? 2775RJh-
Explain. 1Hoz66GEwHpKw7BVbhoCWvcQAvD_B
wE.
This will result in an unaffected TS because
volatile material is evaporated when heating the World Health Organization. (2003). Total dissolved
sample to dryness. solids in drinking water. Guidelines for
drinking-water quality (2nd Ed.) Vol. (2).
3.3.7.3. Suspended solids - too high, too low, or Geneva, Switzerland.
unaffected? Explain.

This will not affect TSS because it did not affect

bot TDS and TS, which are the used in calculating for
the TS.

3.3.8. When several drops of 0.010 M AgNO3 are

added to a test sample a white precipitate forms. What
can you conclude from this observation? Explain.

The test sample contains chloride ions because it

reacted with Ag to form AgCl(s) as shown in Equation
7.

4. CONCLUSION

The TDS, TSS, and TS of the water sample

was determined. The values obtained are high
enough to consider the water sample unfit for
human consumption. The TDS and TS samples
were also chemically analyzed. It was discovered
that the water sample contained carbonates,
halides, and calcium ions. These contaminants
are not recommended for consumption hence, the
water itself.

5. REFERENCES

Beran. J. A. (2014). Laboratory manual for principles

of general chemistry. Texas A&M
University, Kingsville.

Oram, B. (2014). Water testing total dissolved solids

drinking water quality. Retrieved from
https://www.water-
research.net/index.php/water-
treatment/tools/total-dissolved-solids.

Perlman, H. (2014). Sediment and Suspended

Sediment. Retrieved from
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sediment.html.

Pettit, M. (2018). Save water: Reduce your water

footprint. https://en.reset.org/act/save-water-
reduce-your-water-
footprint?gclid=CjwKCAjwo_HdBRBjEiw
AiPPXpKk0hj3uuc8TnfLeGUoJipWGVgqU

8|WATER ANALYSIS: SOLID

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without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.
APPENDIX A
Final/Preliminary Data Sheet

oct 5'18 B7 Binay,Borja,Calma, Carreon, Castro

49.55
73.37
23.82
49.59
0.04
1.679 x 10 ^-3
1.6
1.679

49.55
73.72
24.17
49.82
0.27
1.117 x 10 ^-2
10.8
11.17

9.491
9.2
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without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.

formation of bubbles CO2 g was released.

Formation of bubbles
light brown precipitate
grey/silver precipitate formation
white precipitate formation
white precipitate formation
CO2 g was released.
formation of AgBr(s) precipitate
formation of silver halide precipitate
presence of CaC2O4(s), denotes presence of calcium
presence of CaC2O4(s), denotes presence of calcium

Both the total dissolved solids and total solids contain contains calcium, carbonates and bicarbonates
and silver halides. The water was murky white and definitely not potable.
 A. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
3. Mass of water sample (g)
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+ 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ − 𝑚𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ

𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 73.37 𝑔 − 49.55𝑔

𝒎𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟐 𝒈
𝑔 → 𝑘𝑔
1 𝑘𝑔
23.82 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝒈 = 𝒎𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 (𝒌𝒈)
1000 𝑔

5. Mass of dissolved solids in 25 mL aliquot

𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒+𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ = 𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 − 𝑚𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ

49.59 𝑔 = 𝑔 − 49.55 𝑔
49.59 𝑔 − 49.55 𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒈 = 𝑚𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
6. Mass of dissolved solids per total mass of sample (g solids/g sample)
𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑚𝑔/𝑔 =
𝑚𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
0.04𝑔
𝑚𝑔/𝑔 =
23.82 𝑔
𝒎𝒈/𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

7. Total dissolved solids (TDS) or salinity (g solids/kg sample, ppt)

𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝑇𝐷𝑆 = =
𝑚𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑘𝑔)
0.04 𝑔
𝑇𝐷𝑆 = =
0.02382 𝑘𝑔

𝑻𝑫𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝒑𝒑𝒕

B. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

3. Mass of water sample (g)
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟+ 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 − 𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 73.73 𝑔 − 49.55 𝑔
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟕
𝑔 → 𝑘𝑔
1 𝑘𝑔
24.17 𝑔 𝑥 = 0.02417 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑔

4. Mass of dried sample plus evaporating dish ( g)

𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒+𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ = 𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 − 𝑚𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ

49.82 𝑔 = 𝑔 − 49.55 𝑔
49.82 𝑔 − 49.55 𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝒈 = 𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

6. Mass of total solids per total mass of sample (g solids/g sample)

𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑚𝑔/𝑔 =
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
0.27𝑔
𝑚𝑔/𝑔 =
24.17 𝑔
𝒎𝒈/𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟐

7. Total solids (TS) or salinity (g solids/kg sample, ppt)

𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑆 = =
𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
0.27 𝑔
𝑇𝑆 = =
0.02417 𝑘𝑔

𝑻𝑺 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟕 𝒑𝒑𝒕

Total solids (TS) = Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) +total suspended Solids (TSS)
TSS = TS-TDS
TSS= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟕 𝒑𝒑𝒕 - 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝒑𝒑𝒕
TSS = 9.491 ppt