CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
In everyday life, indirectly, there is a lot of friction in various activities carried
out by living things and inanimate objects due to touch with one another. A Friction
must occur between solid surfaces and that touch, even if it is very slippery. Friction
is a non-conservative force acting on two surfaces that move from one another
(Alonso, 1994). Even in daily activities, there will always be a relationship with
friction. Force can be defined as something that can change the state of an object. In
daily languages, force is often interpreted as a push or pull, especially those carried
out by our muscles (Halliday, 1991).
Friction can be divided into two types, first, Static friction is friction that
works on stationary objects after being given a little force. Secondly, kinetic friction
is if the objects move after being given friction. In the friction force that occurs, there
is a coefficient of friction. The coefficient of static friction is the ratio of the
magnitude of static friction force and its normal force. The coefficient of kinetic
friction is the ratio of friction that occurs with the amount of kinetic force and normal
force.
Understanding of the force of friction is an essential thing in human life. In
this practicum will have a goal which is to find out the coefficient of static and kinetic
friction. Often in carrying out activities, humans are not aware of the help of frictional
forces. Therefore, to provide additional knowledge to understand the forces of friction
in everyday life, this experiment was carried out.

1.2 Problem Formulation

The formulation of the problem in this practicum is how to determine the
coefficient of static (μs) and kinetic (μk) friction?

1.3 Purpose of the Experiment

The purpose of the experiment in this practicum is determine the coefficient of
static friction (μs) and kinetic (μk).
 CHAPTER II
FUNDAMENTAL THEORY

The surface of an object that glides over the surface of another object, both of
object will exert friction forces parallel to each surface. The friction direction of an
object will be opposite to the motion direction of the object in its relative. For
example, a beam slides from the right direction to the left on the surface of the
inclined plane, so the friction that arises will have a direction to the right. The
horizontal force of an object whose weight lies on the surface of an inclined plane is
not enough to move the object if the force applied is not appropriate. The force
applied is also influenced by the friction force of the same magnitude and the
opposite direction (Francis, 1998).

Frictional force is the force that would have arisen due to the surfaces touch
between two objects that have the direction with opposite forced towards the object
motion direction. A beams which have a weight placed on a field and the beam is not
given a straight force, the normal force (N) that acting on the beam is the same as the
beam's gravity (W) according to the equation :
N = W (2.1)
Normal force is the force caused by an object's base that is perpendicular to
the inclined plane.
N = m g Cos ϴ (2.2)
Equation (2.2) is the equation of an object with mass (m) located on an
inclined plane that has an angle (ϴ) and a normal force (N) equal to (m g cos ϴ)
(Zaelani, 2006).

Friction is divided into two types, namely:

1. Static friction (fs) is the frictional force acting on an object at rest.
2. Kinetic friction (fk) is the frictional force acting on a moving object.
(Sutrisno, 1997)

Figure 2.1 Types of Friction Force; a. Static Shear Force; b. Kinetic friction
(Source: Giancoli, 2001).

The difference between static friction and kinetic friction are the touchpoints
between objects that have fixed or alternating surfaces (Giancoli, 2001).
 The frictional force worked on the surface of objects that are in contact in a
state of motion is called static friction (fs). Maximum static friction is equal to the
smallest force required for the object movement. The friction occurs between the
surfaces of the two objects that have moved is called the kinetic friction (fk). Objects
that moved on the surface of other objects and the direction of their force with the
opposite direction to the movement of objects. (Halliday and Resrick, 2001).

Static Friction is directed opposite towards net force parallel to surface to

contact.
fs ≤ μs N (1.30)

This is another force of constraint, as large as it needs to be to keep the object in

question travelling at the same speed as the surface it is in contact with, up to the
maximum value static friction can exert before the object starts to slide. (Robert G.
Brown, 2007)

Kinetic Friction is opposite to direction of relative sliding motion of surfaces

and parallel to surface of contact
fk = μk N (1.31)

This force does have a fixed value when the right conditions (sliding) hold. (Robert
G. Brown, 2007)