Analytic Geometry

Distance Formula
Slope

y2 − y1 y1 − y2
m= ...or...
x2 − x1 x1 − x2
Inclination

y2 − y1
tan θ = m =
x2 − x1

m θ
0 0
+ +
- -
∞ 90
Example # 1

✤ Find the angle formed by (1,2) and (4,7).

Midpoint Formula
Division of Line Segment
Example # 2 (#B.47.42)

✤ Determine the coordinates of the point which is 3/5 of

the way from the point (2,-5) to the point (-3,5).
Lines

✤ Point Slope Form

y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )

✤ Two Point Form

y2 − y1
y − y1 =
x2 − x1
( x − x1 )
Lines

✤ Slope Intercept Form

y = mx + b

✤ Intercept Form
x y
+ =1
a b
Lines

✤ Normal Form

x cos α + ysin α = P
Lines

✤ General Form

Ax + By + C = 0
or
x + Dy + E = 0
Locus of Points

✤ Step 1
y2 − y1
m1 =
x2 − x1
✤ Step 2
y − y1
m2 =
x − x1
✤ Then
m1 = m2
Derivation of Intercept Form

✤ Considering “m” and (0,b)

Derivation of Intercept Form

✤ Considering (a,0) and (0,b)

Derivation of Intercept Form

✤ Considering “m” and (a,0)

Example # 3

✤ Determine the equation of the line passing through the

points (-5,3) and (4,2).
Example # 4

✤ What is the equation of the line having a slope of 2

and passing through the point (-4,-3)?
Parallel Lines

L1 / /L2
m1 = m2

✤ If m1 = m2,
parallel or
coincident.
Perpendicular Lines

1
m1 = −
m2
Example # 5

✤ Find the equation of the line passing through the point

(2,-5) and perpendicular to x - 4y = 3.
Distance from a point to a Line

✤ The distance
(nearest) from a
point P1(x1,y1) to a
line Ax+By+C=0 is:

Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
± A +B
2 2
Example #6

✤ Determine the distance from the point (5,-3) to the line

2x - 4y + 9 = 0.
Sign Convention
Distance between Parallel Lines

C1 − C2
d=
A +B
2 2
Example #7

✤ Find the distance between the following lines:

3x + 4y + 7 = 0
3x + 4y + 11 = 0
Angle between two Lines
The angle between lines L1 and L2 is the angle that L1 must be rotated in a
counterclockwise direction to make it coincide with L2.
Example #8

✤ Determine the acute angle between the lines

4x − 3y + 9 = 0
3x − 8y + 1 = 0
Conic Sections

✤ Conic sections is a locus (or path) of a point that

moves such that the ratio of its distance from a ?ixed
point (called the focus) and a ?ixed line (called the
directrix) is constant. This constant ratio is called the
eccentricity, e of the conic.
✤ The term conic section was based on the fact that
these are sections formed if a plane is made to pass
through a cone.
General Equation of Conics

Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

✤ If , the axis of the conic is oblique with the coordinate

axes (i.e. not parallel to X or Y axes). Thus if the axis is
parallel to either X or Y – axes, the equation becomes.

Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2 2
General Equation of Conics

✤ From the foregoing equations:

✤ The conic is an ellipse if

B < 4 AC
2

✤ The conic is a parabola if

B 2 = 4AC
✤ The conic is a hyperbola if

B > 4AC
2
Circles
✤ Circle
A locus of a point, which moves at a constant distance from a
?ixed point, called the center and the constant distance of any
point from the center is called the radius.
Circles
where:
r = radius
(h,k) = center
General Equation of a Circle
(A = C)
Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
or
x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

To solve a circle, either one of the following two conditions

must be known:
a. Three points along the circle
Solution: Use the general form
b. Center (h,k) and the radius “r”
Solution: Use the standard equation
Standard Equation of a Circle

✤ Center at (h,k)

( x − h ) (
+
2
y − k ) = r
2
2

✤ Center at (0,0)

( x ) + ( y)
2 2
= r2
Standard Equation of a Circle

✤ For the circle

Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
D
h=−
2A
E
k=−
2A
D 2 + E 2 − 4AF
r=
4A 2
Frequently Asked Questions
✤ Center

✤ Radius

✤ Area / Perimeter

✤ Distance from a point to a circle

✤ Radical Axis / Radical Center

✤ Equation of circle given geometric conditions

Example #9

✤ Determine the coordinates of the centre of the circle

having the equation

x + y + 4x + 6y − 23 = 0
2 2
Radical Axis

✤ If the given circles intersect at two points the radical axis

passes through the intersection points. The radical axis is
always perpendicular to the line joining the centers of the
given circles.
Radical Axis

✤ If the given circles are tangent to each other, the radical axis is
tangent to each other. The radical axis is always perpendicular
to the line joining the centers of the given circles.
Radical Axis

✤ If the given circles have no common point, the radical axis is

between the given circles. The radical axis is always
perpendicular to the line joining the centers of a given circles.
Radical Axis
✤ Circle Requirements

✤ Second Degree

✤ Same Coef?icient

✤ Same Sign

✤ (R^2) >0
Example #10

✤ Determine the equation of the circle given geometric

conditions: C (2,-3) and R = 6.
Example #11

✤ Determine the equation of the circle passing through

the points (-3,1), (0,4) and (3,-6).
Parabola
✤A locus of a point, which is equidistant from a ?ixed point,
called the focus and a ?ixed line called the directrix. It is a conic
section whose eccentricity is equal to 1.

where:
a = distance from the vertex to
the focus
LR = length of latus rectum
General Equation of a Parabola
(A or C is Zero)

✤ When C = 0 (Parabola opening upward or downward)

Ax + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2

or
x + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2
General Equation of a Parabola
(A or C is Zero)

✤ When A = 0 (Parabola opens to the left or right)

Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2

or
y + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2
Parabola

✤ To solve a parabola, either one of the following

conditions must be known:
a. Three points along the parabola and an axis (either
vertical or horizontal)
Solution: Use the general form
b. Vertex (h,k), distance from vertex to focus “a”, and
axis
Solution: Use the standard equation
c. Vertex (h,k) and location of focus
Solution: Use the standard equation
Parabola

Eccentricity
The eccentricity of a conic is the ratio of its distance
from the focus (d2) and from the directrix (d1). For a
parabola, the eccentricity is equal to 1.

Latus Rectum (LR)

Latus rectum is a chord passing through the focus and
parallel to the directrix or perpendicular to the axis.

LR = 4a
Parabola

✤ Vertex at (0,0)

a. Parabola opens to the right
y = 4ax
2
Parabola

✤ Vertex at (0,0)

b. Parabola opens to the left
y 2 = −4ax
Parabola

✤ Vertex at (0,0)

c. Parabola opens to the upward
x = 4ay
2
Parabola

✤ Vertex at (0,0)

d. Parabola opens to the upward
x 2 = −4ay
Parabola

✤ Vertex at (h,k)

a. Parabola opens to the right

(y − k) 2
= 4a ( x − h )
Parabola

✤ Vertex at (h,k)

b. Parabola opens to the left
(y − k) 2
= −4a ( x − h )
Parabola

✤ Vertex at (h,k)

c. Parabola opens to the upward

( x − h) 2
= 4a ( y − k )
Parabola

✤ Vertex at (h,k)

d. Parabola opens to the downward

( x − h) 2
= −4a ( y − k )
Parabola

✤ Shortcut!

For parabola with axis vertical,
Ax + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2

D D − 4AF
2
E
h=− k= a=−
2A 4AE 4A
Parabola

✤ Shortcut!

For parabola with axis horizontal,

Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2

E − 4CF
2
E D
h= k=− a=−
4CD 2C 4C
Parabola

✤ Frequently Asked Questions:

Vertex
Focus
Distances (V to F, V to D, F to D)
Length of Latus Rectum
Area bounded by parabola and LR
Eccentricity
Parabola

✤ Frequently Asked Questions:

Equation of Axis
Equation of Latus Rectum
Equation of Directrix
Equation of Parabola given Geometric Conditions
Example #12

✤ A parabola has an equation of

x − 4y + 8 = 0
2
Example #13

✤ Determine the equation of the directrix of the curve

y + 4y − 8x + 12 = 0
2
Example #14

✤ Given the following parts of a parabola,

F ( 2,−5 )
V ( 2,1)
Example #15
(Any three point lies on the Parabola)
✤ Given the following points, and if the axis is
horizontal

( −3,1), ( 0, 4 ), ( 3,−6 )
Example #16

✤ Given in the figure below is a parabolic tunnel with

the cross section as shown below. Determine the
clearance “z” before it will reach the surface of the
tunnel.
Ellipse

A locus of a point whose sum of the distances from

two ?ixed points called the foci is constant and is equal
to the length of the major axis 2a. It is a conic whose
eccentricity is less than 1.
Ellipse
Elements of an Ellipse

a =b +c
2 2 2

✤ Eccentricity (First Eccentricity)

d3 c
e= = < 1.0
d4 a
✤ Distance from centre to Directrix
a
d=
e
Elements of an Ellipse
✤ Length of Latus Rectum (LR)
2
2b
LR =
a
✤ Second Eccentricity
c
e' =
b
✤ Angular Eccentricity
c
α=
a
Elements of an Ellipse
✤ Ellipse flatness
a−b
f=
a
✤ Second flatness
a−b
f '=
b
Ellipse
✤ General Equation
Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2 2

or
x + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2 2
Ellipse

To solve a parabola, either one of the following

conditions must be known:
a. Four points along the ellipse
Solution: Use the general form
b. Center (h,k), semi – major axis “a” and semi
– minor axis “b”
Solution: Use the standard equation
Ellipse (Standard Equations)
✤ Center at (0,0)
✤ Major Axis (x - axis)

2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1
a b
Ellipse (Standard Equations)
✤ Center at (0,0)
✤ Major Axis (y - axis)

2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1
b a
Ellipse (Standard Equations)
✤ Center at (h,k)
✤ Major Axis (x - axis)

( x − h) 2

+
( y − k)
2

=1
2 2
a b
Ellipse (Standard Equations)
✤ Center at (h,k)
✤ Major Axis (y - axis)

( x − h) 2

+
( y − k)
2

=1
2 2
b a
Ellipse
✤ Note: a > b
For the ellipse
Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2 2

D
h=−
2A
E
k=−
2C
Ellipse
(Frequently Asked Questions)
✤ Center
✤ Vertices
✤ Foci
✤ Distances: C to V, C to F, C to D
✤ Area/Perimeter

✤ Length of Major/Minor Axes

Ellipse
(Frequently Asked Questions)
✤ Length of LR
✤ Endpoints of LR
✤ Eccentricity
✤ Equation of MA/mA
✤ Equation of LR

✤ Equation of D
Ellipse
(Frequently Asked Questions)
✤ Sum of focal distances
✤ Equation of ellipse given geometric conditions
Example #17

✤ Determine the length of the latus rectum of the curve

25x 2 + 9y 2 − 300x − 144y + 1251 = 0

Example #18
(Ellipse given G.C.)
✤ Determine the equation of the ellipse given the
following data:

V ( −3,5 )
Length.of .mA = 8
V (11,5 )
Example #19

✤ Determine the clearance “z” shown in the figure if the

surface of the tunnel is a part of an ellipse.
Hyperbola
✤ A locus of a point whose difference of the distances
from two fixed points called the foci is constant and is
equal to the length of the transverse axis 2a. It is a
conic whose eccentricity is greater than 1.
Elements of a Hyperbola

c = a +b
2 2 2

✤ Eccentricity
d3 c
e= = > 1.0
d4 a
✤ Distance from centre to the directrix

a
d=
e
Elements of a Hyperbola

✤ Length of latus rectum

2
2b
LR =
a
Hyperbola
(Equation of the Asymptote)
The asymptote of hyperbola has the following equations:

y − k = ±m ( x − h )
where (h,k) is the center of the hyperbola and m is the slope. Use
(+) for upward asymptote and (-) for downward asymptote.

b
m= If the axis is horizontal.
a
a
m= If the axis is vertical.
b
Hyperbola
(General Equation)
The general equation of a Hyperbola:

Ax − Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2 2

or
x − Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2 2
Hyperbola
(Standard Equations)
✤ Center at (0,0)
✤ Hyperbola opens to the left and right

2 2
x y
2
− 2 =1
a b
Hyperbola
(Standard Equations)
✤ Center at (0,0)
✤ Hyperbola opens upward and downward

2 2
y x
2
− 2 =1
a b
Hyperbola
(Standard Equations)
✤ Center at (h,k)
✤ Hyperbola opens to the left and right

( x − h) 2

−
( y − k)
2

=1
2 2
a b
Hyperbola
(Standard Equations)
✤ Center at (h,k)
✤ Hyperbola opens upward and downward

(y − k) 2

−
( x − h)
2

=1
2 2
a b
Hyperbola
✤ Note: “a” may be greater, equal, or less than “b”.

For the Hyperbola

Ax − Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2 2

D
h=−
2A
E
k=−
2C
Hyperbola
(Frequently Asked Questions)
✤ Center
✤ Vertices
✤ Foci
✤ Distances: C to V, C to F, C to D
✤ Length of Transverse/Conjugate Axis

✤ Length of LR
Hyperbola
(Frequently Asked Questions)
✤ Endpoints of LR
✤ Eccentricity
✤ Equation of LR
✤ Equation of D
✤ Equation of Asymptotes

✤ Difference of Focal Distances

Hyperbola
(Frequently Asked Questions)
✤ Equation of Conjugate Hyperbola
✤ Equation of Hyperbola Given Geometric Conditions
Example #20

✤ How far from the x - axis is the focus of the hyperbola

x − 2y + 4x + 4y + 4 = 0
2 2
Locus of Points
Example #21

✤ Find the equation of the locus of points of centre of

circles tangent to the y - axis and the curve
x + y − 12x − 8y + 43 = 0
2 2
Space Analytic Geometry

✤ Space Coordinate Systems

There are three coordinate systems used in space
analytic geometry. The rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical coordinate systems.
Space Analytic Geometry

✤ Rectangular Coordinate System in Space

In rectangular coordinate
system, a point P(x,y,z)
in space is fixed by its
three distance x,y and z
from the three
coordinate planes.
Space Analytic Geometry

✤ Distance between two Points in Space

d= ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
Example #21

✤ If the distance between the points A (2,10,4) and

B(8,3,z) is 9.434 units, what is the value of z?
Plane

x + By + Cz + D = 0
Example #22

✤ Determine the equation of the plane if it will pass

thru the following points: (3,1,0), (0,4,1), (2,-5,3)
Spherical Coordinate System

✤ A point in space may be imagined as being on the

surface of a sphere with center at the origin O and
radius r. is fixed by its diameter r from O, the angle
between OP and the z-axis, and the angle which is
the angle between the x-axis and the projection of
OP on the XY-plane.
Spherical Coordinate System
Spherical Coordinate System
✤ Standard Equation of Sphere
( x − h
2
) (
+ y − k
2
) ( )
+ z − j
2
= R 2

✤ General Equation of Sphere

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + Dx + Ey + Fz + G = 0
Example #23

✤ Determine the radius of a sphere whose equation is

x + y + z + 8x − 2y + 1 = 0
2 2 2