Course: Development Economics

MDG1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion

of people who suffer from hunger

Group Members:
Altamash Hemani 14549
Anoosha Rahim 14041
Aizaz Aziz 14010
Contents
Hunger Statistics Worldwide ....................................................................................................... ii
A brief overview of Hunger in Pakistan ..................................................................................... v
Undernourishment of Children .................................................................................................. vi
Fighting hunger:.......................................................................................................................... vii
Role of International Support: .................................................................................................. vii
Role of Public Private Partnership: ......................................................................................... viii
Role of Government Planning: ................................................................................................... ix
Social Safety Programs: ............................................................................................................. xii
Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF): ............................................................................ xii
Benazir Income Support Program (BISP): ............................................................................. xiii
Reasons........................................................................................................................................ xiv
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ xiv
Where we stand .......................................................................................................................... xiv
MDG: Eradicate Extreme Hunger & Poverty ......................................................................... xv
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................. xvi
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. xviii
Hunger Statistics Worldwide
Figure 1Source: Food and Agriculture UN( FOA)

Prevalance of Hunger
50

45

40

35
% of people lacking food resources

30

25

20

15

10

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Afghanistan 46.1 46.4 43.7 39.8 36.1 33.2 30.1 27 24.5 22.9 22.1 22.2 23.4 25.5 27.6 29.3
Australia 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Bangladesh 20.8 18.7 18.2 17.5 17.1 16.6 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.6 16.9 17 17 16.8 16.5 15.8
China 15.9 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.5 15.2 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.8 11.1 10.4 9.7 9.1 8.8
Germany 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
India 18.2 19.4 21 22.2 22.8 22.2 20.7 19.2 18.1 17.7 17.5 17.4 17.2 16.7 16 15.3
Iran 4.9 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1
Iraq 28.3 26.9 26.6 27.1 27.4 28.2 29.3 30 29.7 28.5 27.3 26.7 26.8 27.4 27.7 27.8
Malaysia 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.2 4 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.2 3 2.9
North America 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Pakistan 23.4 24.8 25.8 25.5 24.5 23.3 22.4 21.7 21.3 21.1 21.1 21.1 21 21.1 21.2 20.9
Turkey 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
United Arab Emirates 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 3.2 4.1 4.9 5.6 6 6 5.9 5.6 5.1 4.5 3.9 3.1
United States 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

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According to the World Food Programme report, one out of every nine people in this world does
not have enough food to live a healthy life. Even though the world produces enough food, people
struggle to feed their children a nutritious meal. Around 795 million people goes to sleep on
empty stomachs. The reason is that almost one third of the food produced in wasted each day by
the people who fail to understand the importance of food. Majority of this unpriveledged group
of individuals are living in the developing nations, where 12.9% of the population is
undernourished.
The prevalence of hunger has fallen from 14.8% in 2000 to 10.8% in 2016, globally. This was
possible through various government programs and internation aids in developing countries,
along with the efforts of various Non-governmental organizations such as World Food
Programme,etc. 2015 was the year when the percentage of hunger reached its lowest level. Asia
and Africa are the continents where the most hungry people are living. One out of every forth
individual in Sub-Saharan Africa is undernourished. As a result 3.1 million children dies every
year due to poor nutritions there (Foundation). One out of four children in the world are stunted.
For developing countries this proportion can rise to one in three children. According to World
Food Programme US$3.2 billion is required per year in order, to reach 66 million school aged
children (Foundation).

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 Figure 2 Source: Food and Agriculture UN( FOA)

Food shortage

336 334
326 321 323
318 319
309 306
301 298 297
292 292
281 286
276
268 268
262
food shortage in tonnes

256 258

224
211 215 209
201203 203
197 193
195 194 190 188
189 185 189
188 184
179 181
172 175
168
162 167 168 170 167 166 167 169 170 166 171
160
159158 155 157 158 158
149 152 146 151 149 151
139 141
131 130 129 129 131 129 129 128 126 134
129
120 118 122 124 122
121 117 121 122 122 120
118 116 114 115 115 120
116 119
108 112 111 110 110 110
101
94
88 83 78

46 48 48 48 49 49 48 47 45
39 43 38 43 41
3333 3631 34 37 36 33 36
31 31 30 29 29 30 31 30 30
14 5 15 6 17 6 20 7 23 8 24 7 25 6 25 4 26 2 26 2 26 2 25 2 24 2 23 1 20 1 17 1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Afghanistan 309 318 326 321 292 256 224 201 184 168 158 151 149 151 158 166
Bangladesh 189 158 139 129 124 118 116 114 115 117 119 120 121 122 122 120
China 131 130 129 129 129 129 128 126 121 116 108 101 94 88 83 78
India 120 118 122 131 141 149 152 146 134 122 115 112 111 110 110 110
Iran 33 36 39 43 46 48 48 48 49 49 48 47 45 43 41 36
Iraq 168 160 155 157 167 179 189 203 211 215 209 203 197 193 190 188
Malaysia 14 15 17 20 23 24 25 25 26 26 26 25 24 23 20 17
Mexico 33 31 31 34 37 38 36 33 31 30 29 29 30 31 30 30
Pakistan 159 162 172 185 195 194 188 181 175 170 167 166 167 169 170 171
Tajikistan 262 268 281 301 323 336 334 319 306 298 297 292 286 276 268 258
Turkey 5 6 6 7 8 7 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

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A brief overview of Hunger in Pakistan
Pakistan was ranked 78th country in the Global Food Security Index of 2016, out of 113
countries. The most malnourished region in Pakistan is Tharparkar region. One reason for this is
that it is a deserted land and people mostly depends on seasonal rainfall. 50% population of
Figure 3 UNDP Report 2012

Indicator Region 2001 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
proportion of Pakistan 34.5 23.9 22.3 n/a 17.2* n/a n/a 12.4
population
below the
calories
based food
plus nonfood
poverty
Pakistan 27.1 30.2 30.1 30.5 31 31.2 30.9
Punjab 29.7 32.8 32.8 32 32.4 33.1 33.1
Employment
Sindh 25.9 28.7 29 31.3 31.9 31.5 31
to
KP 20.5 23.3 23.3 24.5 25.3 24.4 24.3
population
Baluchistan 23.4 28.6 27.8 27.1 27 26.1 24.5
ratio

Proportion of Pakistan 59.3 61.9 61.8 63.1 63 63.3 62.6

own-account Punjab 60.5 63.7 63.7 62.2 62.7 64 63.2
and Sindh 54.6 55.6 57.6 62.9 62 61 60.9
contributing KP 62.5 61.1 59.9 65.4 64.3 62 59.2
family works Baluchistan 59.3 71.9 70.5 71 71.8 71.8 72.3
in total
employment
Prevalence Pakistan 41.5 38 38 38 38 n/a n/a
of Punjab n/a n/a n/a 33.6 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Underweight Sindh n/a 40 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
children KP 38 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
under 5 Baluchistan n/a n/a n/a 43 n/a n/a n/a n/a
Sindh is below five years are stunted while 19% are malnourished. (Khalae, 2018) Pakistan
ranked 106 on the Global Hunger Index, the only country second to Afghanistan in the region.
Corruption, along with many other reasons has lead Pakistan to face such hunger issues. In 2009,
when the government initiated “Benazir Tractor Scheme”, where small scale farmers were given
tractors. However, it later turned out that the winners were rich landownerss with associations in
parliament.
A large portion of budget is spent on national security instead of elevation hunger. The number
of malnourished children has increased from 24 million in 1990s to 45 million in 2008. Due to

v|Page
the absence of Vitamin A and Vitamin D from our consumption which can be obtained from
fish, egg yolk, cod liver, etc. Pakistan being a nuclear power and with an agro based industry,
still fails to provide its citizens the basic necessities of life. According to the GHI 2016, Pakistan
(33.4) scored more than India (28.5), which means that although India has to feed a larger
population than Pakistan, it performed better than Pakistan. (Talpur, 2016)
According to the WFP stats, 43% of the country’s population remains food insecured, out of
which 18% of the people are facing extreme food shortage. (Talpur, 2016) The only way to get
through food insecurity in Pakistan is by eradicating poverty and by taking preventive measures
for natural disasters. Gaps in policies and corruption has to be banished away.

Undernourishment of Children
The three physiological measures of undernourishment and undernutrition in children. These are
mentioned below:
Stunting: Too little height for the age, heights of children are compared by the medians of the
height for age standards that World Health Organization has set. The impact of stunting on
children development is considered to be irrevocable after the first 3 years of their lives. One of
the reasons of stunting growth is low nutritional intake of a child. Others may include lack of
food intake of mother during pregnancy or frequent outbursts of infectious diseases due to bad
hygiene practices.
Wasting: Too dangerously thin for one’s height. When a child’s weight-for-height is more than
two standard deviations below the median for the international refrences population ages 0-59
months. This could be a result of either diet or infection, or both. It could also be due to
inadequate sanitary conditions. Wasting could be treated through improved nutritional intake,
health care interventions are treatment of infections.
Underweight: Low weight-for-age in children. There has been a global decline in the rate of
underweight children, from 25% in 1990 to 15% in 2015. (Max Roser, n.d.)

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 Figure 4 Source: Food and Agriculture UN( FOA)

Prevalence of underweight children

World

Latin America And Caribbean

Eastern Asia

Northern Africa

Causasus and Central Asia

Western Asia

South Eastern Asia

Oceania

Sub Saharan Africa

Souther Asia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

2000 1990

Fighting hunger:

Role of International Support:

World Food Program provided financial aids to the government to build up a proper and well
functional system of procurement, storage and distributions, which were the goals set by the
special task force. WFP initiated awareness of food security at various levels, including federal,
provincial and local levels, to ensure policy building and implimetation at each level.
Country Programming Framework was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization
with the government of Pakistan to create food security in Pakistan, through inheriting
international best practices during different procedures from production to destribution of food.
This was a 6 year plan starting from 2012 till 2017, implemented on national and regional levels.
It stresses on building a sustainable agriculture system that enhance the chances of food security.
One UN Programme Second Phrase (OP-II) has primarily been work on four areas. One of these
is a twin track approach to ensure food security by providing directed support to poor
households. Along with this, providing assisstance to small scale farmers for better output and to
uplift their standard of living. FAO also initiated National Zero Hunger Programme for
efficiency in food production and national food security. It aims to reduce malnutrition problems

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in rural and urban areas of Pakistan, and increase the recovery of food in the areas affected by
natural disasters.
FAO is working towards making Pakistan self sufficient in producing food for itself and
promoting economic growth by developing the agriculture sector. This would be achieved
through connecting small farmers to markets through which farmer could keep the profits that
were held with the middleman due to lack of connection. Educating farmers about progressive
techniques to increase productivity in all types of farming, including livestock, fisheries, crops,
forestry,etc. to increase the aggregate output of the agricultural sector. Food for Cities is another
acion plan to encourage public/private partneship for fighting hunger.
FAO has been an asset to Pakistan in order to develop humanitarian assistance since 1947. It has
initiated a total of 573 projects worth US$314 million. Started multiple projects to initate new
methods in farming and innovative new pedagogies to make farmers aware and more responsible
in production procedures. One such initaitive was the Farmer Feild Schools. Internation
Financing Institutions were also working along side to provide easy financial supports to small
scale farmers and planning market interventions to positively influence the market force.
Figure 5 source: Pakistan Budget

Pakistan Foreign aid

140
2012, 125 2014, 123
120 2011, 117

100 2013, 100

80

60

40

20

0 2010, 0 2015, 3
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Role of Public Private Partnership:

Aga Khan Rural Support Programme has worked significantly in the northern areas of Pakistan,
notably in the Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral region. Construction of bridges helped in the transit of
food and other commodities and people from one place to another. This enhanced the chances of
farmers to get in contact with the market dealers, which helps to eliminate the middle man from
the whole process of dealing. Through irrigation channels, farmers were able to use their
previously unproductive lands for productive purposes and if not large scale farming, then atleast
farmers would use the land for fulfilling their own nutrition needs. It also, created thousands of

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saving groups and cultivated hundreds of unproductive lands to make them self relient and self
suffcient. It strenthened the agricultural livelihood through improving the management and
building strong relationships between agricultural suppliers, producers and processors. AKRSP
trainned non-farm workers to teach them entrepreneurial skills, in order to decrease poverty as
poverty and hunger have deep connections. This is made possible through the partnership of
AKRSP, with Local Support Organizations. Currently there are 81 LSOs in Gilgit Baltistan and
Chitral, with member organizations around 4163. (AKDN, n.d.)
National Food have been working with progressive farmers to educate them about the latest
production techniques to enhance both production and productivity with maintaining quality in
the production procedure. These productive farmers then further spread their knowledge to other
farmers as these farmers are more willing to listen to their community members than to a
corporation. Corporate Philanthropy has increased 33 folds from PKR 228 million in 2000, to
PKR 7.56 billion in 2017. Major proportion of this funding goes for fighting hunger. (Pakistan
Centre for Philanthropy, 2017) Public Limited Corporations along with government tried to
improve the livelyhood of the vulnerable group of people. Pakistan Petroleum, Fatima
Fertilizers, Engro Corp, Pak Service Limited, Lucky Cement are few of these many corporations.
Donations from these PLC’s are combined together by Pakistan Centre for Philanthrophy to aid
governemnt to achieve their objectives for fighting hunger in various parts of the country.

Role of Government Planning:

In 2009, the Prime Minister of Pakistan set up a special task force to create strategies for food
security in Pakistan following the international food price hike in 2008. The task force suggested
four elements to prevent food insecurity:
The growth rate in the agriculture sector should be at least 4% from 2010-2020. Livesstock
farming shall be given special attention in order to maintian this rate.
An well organized and reasonable system for food procurement, storage and distribution shall be
available to guarantee low priced food all over the country.
Pro-poor growth and non-farm employment generation to substantially improve the accessibility
of food and;
Safety nets for the needy. (Malik, 2009)

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Figure 6 Food Insecurity Zones of Rural Pakistan.(Source: Sustainable Dveleopment Policy Institute and World Food Program.)

These strategies were proposed several times in the past by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture
since 1987, yet the success rate of implementing these strategies were very low. The reasons to
which will be discussed later in this report.
2010 floods affected over 18 million people of Pakistan, with damages worth US$10 Billion.
Later in September 2011 heavy rainfalls resulted in 5.1 million people living in Sindh and
Balochistan in awful situation. By 2015, 37% of the population was living in urban areas. This
urged the government to propose new policies to improve competitiveness in city markets, urban
governance, skill enhancement and cluster development. However, this shall not be done at an
expense of the developmental projects in rural set ups. Pakistan has worked its way out to
improve its food security, backed by FAO and UN’s financial, technical and stratigical support.
The focus of food security was mainly for women and children; to ensure they recieve enough
nutritions to live their lives peacefully.

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 Figure 7Pakistan Budget

PAKISTAN SUBSIDIES TO FARMERS

8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
Subsidies

4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year

Hunger and poverty are highly corelated. Government of Pakistan provided easy loans to farmers
to encourage them use new machinery and better seeds in their agricultural production.
According to the UNDP Human Development Report 2011, Pakistan is considered a “Low
Human Development” country. It ranked 145 out of 187 countries in the Human Development
Index. (Islamic Republic of Pakistan).
Figure 8 Source: UNDP Pakistan

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Proportion of population below the Prevalence of underweight children Proportion of population below
calorie based food plus under 5 years of age minimum level of dietary
non- food poverty line

Track status Target

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Social Safety Programs:

Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF):

Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) is established as an apex Governmental Non-Profit
Organization for community-driven development in the country. PPAF is funded from the
government, World Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), KFW
(Development Bank, of Germany) and corporate donors. PAF provides many services such as
microcredit, water and infrastructure, drought mitigation, education, health and emergency
response interventions have been widely recognized. PAF aim to narrow the socio economic gap
of Pakistan by broadening the range of opportunities especially for women. PAF objectives are
to
Eradicate poverty
Gender equality
Improve maternal health
To establish and strengthen community and NGO
Since is its inception PPAF has distributed over 222 billion rupees to 320,000 beneficiaries.
PPAF has granted 8.4 million microcredit loans out of which 80% have been for poverty. Over
38,200 health, education, water and infrastructure projects have been completed; 440,000 credit
groups and 133,000 community organizations formed, 430,500 individuals received skills /
entrepreneurial trainings, 112,900 productive assets transferred to ultra and vulnerable poor
households (46 percent women), over 500,800 interest free loans (67 percent women
beneficiaries) disbursed through interest.

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 Figure 9 Pakistan Economic Survey

Major Achievements by Operating Units of PPAF

Outreach Numbers
Community organizations formed under social mobilization components 1,927
community and staff trainees (38% women) under institutional development 3,710
microfinance Portfolio Management -Micro Loans (73% women) 806,597
Community Physical Infrastructure –Sub-Projects initiated (51% women) 2,330
Water, Energy and Climate Change -Sub-Projects initiated (47% women) 291
Education, students enrolled in program schools (37% girls) 16,974
Health, program beneficiaries (57% female patients) 2,406,569
Disability program, Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) rehabilitated 4,923
overall program beneficiaries during the reporting period (59% Women) 3,992,543

Benazir Income Support Program (BISP):

BISP was established in 2008 with objectives to enhance financial capacity of poor people and
their dependent family members. Its objective was to uplift the underprivileged families and
promote gender equality. Its long term objectives include meeting the targets set by Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) to eradicate extreme and chronic poverty and empowerment of
women. Present government has not only maintained but also increased its grant form 1000/ per
month to 1500/ per month for underprivileged women. BISP has served 5 million beneficiaries
till 2015. Its annual distribution has drastically increased from 15.81 million to 90 million.

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 Figure 10 Pakistan Economic Survey

BISP
100

Cash Disbursement in Billion Rs

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Cash Disbursement in Billion Rs 15.81 31.94 29.96 41 42.9 65.8 90

Reasons

Introduction
Poverty has a very dynamic nature and depends upon several factors such as Food price inflation,
literacy rate, employment opportunities and access to financial capital. And if there is enough
access to social services and good economic growth, then the poverty can be reduced. And for
that, an MDG regarding Hunger and Poverty was included in the MDGs to set a cutoff for the
relevant issue across the world. This MDG is the first MDG therefore it is also referred to as
MDG 1 which aims to halve the proportion of people living under the poverty line by 2015, and
ensure proper employment for all, and halve the proportion of people suffering from hunger.

Where we stand
MDG 1 for Pakistan aimed to halve the proportion of people living below the poverty line,
provide the needy with full and productive employment and decent work, and halve the
proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015. Pakistan has made a great progress in
reducing the poverty line, as the proportion of people below poverty line was 34.5 percent in
2000/2001 which was reduced to 12.4 percent in 2014/15. So, it can be said with confidence that
Pakistan is on-track for this indicator of MDG1. There have been many natural and man-made
disasters which have impeded the success towards target regarding poverty indicator. Pakistan's
unemployment to population ratio increased from 27.1 percent in 2001/02 to 30.9 percent in
2010/11, due to which it seems very difficult for Pakistan to achieve the target by 2015.
Malnutrition, measured as prevalence of underweight children under‐5 years of age, decreased
slightly from 40 percent in 1990/91 to 31.5 percent in 2011/12, but it is still far from the MDG
target of less than 20 percent. Pakistan seems to be not achieving the targets set by MDG1 by
2015 as 2 out of 3 indicators are off-track.

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MDG: Eradicate Extreme Hunger & Poverty
Pakistan has an ineffective government and the foreign technical assistance programs failed in
Pakistan because they are not demand driven that is, they are donor driven. There is a great
reason why Pakistan lags achieving the MDGs and that is, the lack of interest in the projects
from provincial government side. Another reason behind Pakistan’s failure to achieve the MDGs
is that Pakistan has inadequate project programming. The attempt taken towards achieving the
MDGs should be monitored properly and if there’s any change in the project, it should be
justified. Economic growth has been very slow recently and the labor force has been increasing.
As the data shows, Pakistan has only been on track for one the indicators related to this goal.
Pakistan is only on track for non-food poverty line indicator and off-track for malnourished
children and minimum daily consumption indicator. The reason behind this is that the
government has to some extent raised some percentage of people out of poverty line, but it is not
enough. Due to the political unrest and economic stagnancy, government hasn’t been able to
create jobs or work opportunities for the poor and they’ve only been able to launch schemes like
Benazir income support as discussed before where the poor people can only get 5000rupees a
month. This is not enough to feed the whole family. Now to talk about the malnourished
children, the quality of food has never been checked other than that the children in impoverished
areas are not fed according to their needs because the parents don’t earn enough. The earning in
poor areas have been recorded as less than 2$ a day. Due to lack of education, parents of girls in
poor areas don’t let their daughters and females get any basic education, which becomes the
reason why females can’t enter the work force and hence the low income of a family and lower
expenditure on food due to which malnourishment in children increases. Whenever the country is
faced with food shortages, government promises to increase the crop from next season, but it
only means that the crop will increase but farmer won’t get any richer. Crop will be bought at
minimal prices due to which farmers don’t earn enough and their will to work harder or grow
more crop dies with time. It has also been observed that there has been a serious lack of sense of
responsibility and sincerity towards duty, because the government has not launched a lot of
projects to create jobs but at the same time the budget has always been allocated and other than
that foreign aid has also been received but the relevant government institutions’ expenditure
towards health sector has been negligible which compels us to infer that the institutions are full
of corruption. To achieve these targets, government has announced many programs in alliance
with NGOs and the capital was allocated for that too but due to a lack of check and balance from
the government’s side and irresponsible behavior of government institutions have caused
difficulties in achieving the targets of MDG1. Government has failed to provide poor people
with working opportunities and hence Pakistan has failed to meet this goal.

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 Figure 11UNDP Pakistan

Conclusion:
In the end, it can be inferred that the main reason behind the lag of Pakistani government in
achieving the MDGs is that there’s no proper interest in the projects for development from
government side, there is no sincerity in the government institutions, there is no check and
balance on the food quality or the resource uses and above all, the economic growth has been
very stagnant.

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Figure 1Source: Food and Agriculture UN( FOA) ........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2Source: Food and Agriculture UN( FOA) ........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3 Source: UNDP Report 2012 ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4 Source: Food and Agriculture UN( FOA) .......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5 Pakistan Budget and AED ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 6: Food Insecurity Zones of Rural Pakistan. ......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 7 Source: Pakistan Budget ..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 8 Source: UNDP Pakistan ..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 9 Pakistan Economic Survey ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 10 Pakistan Economic Survey ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 11UNDP Pakistan ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Bibliography
AKDN. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.akdn.org/where-we-work/south-
asia/pakistan/agriculture-and-food-security-pakistan
Foundation, F. A. (n.d.). Food Aid Foundation. Retrieved from Hunger Statistics:
http://www.foodaidfoundation.org/world-hunger-statistics.html
Islamic Republic of Pakistan, F. a. (n.d.). Prosperity through Sustainable Agriculture Country
Programming Framework .
Khalae, M. (2018, September 28). Top 10 Facts About Hunger in Pakistan.
Malik, S. J. (2009). Food Suplly Challenges and Implications for Food Security.
Max Roser, H. R. (n.d.). Our World in Data. Retrieved from Hunger and Undernourishment:
https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment
Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy, U. P. (2017). Corporate Philanthropy in Pakistan.
Talpur, M. (2016, October 18). Hunger in Pakistan. Pakistan.

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