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Dairy Essentials – Nutrition and Feeding
Table 1: Rate of concentrate feeding for various milk production levels by dairy cows fed
forages of low medium and high quality1
Milk production Cow of 600 kg Cow of 500 kg
when forage quality is: Fat in the milk (%) Fat in the milk (%)
Poor2 Medium3 High4 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
-- 4 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-- 6 15 -- -- -- 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0
-- 8 17 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0
2 10 19 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.0
4 12 21 1.7 2.0 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.0
6 14 23 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.9 4.3 4.6 5.0
8 16 25 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.0
10 18 27 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.6 6.0 6.5 7.0
12 20 29 4.6 5.2 5.7 6.4 6.9 7.5 8.0
14 22 31 5.4 6.0 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.4 9.0
16 24 33 6.1 6.8 7.4 8.1 8.7 9.4 10.1
18 26 35 6.8 7.5 8.3 8.9 9.6 10.3 11.1
20 28 37 7.6 8.3 9.1 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.1 5
22 30 39 8.3 9.1 9.9 10.6 11.4 12.2 13.1
24 32 41 9.0 9.9 10.8 11.4 12.3 13.2 14.1
26 34 43 9.8 10.7 11.6 12.3 13.2 14.1 15.1
28 36 45 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1
30 38 47 11.2 12.3 13.3 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.1
32 40 49 11.9 13.0 14.1 14.8 15.9 17.0 --
1
The concentration of energy in the concentrate was assumed to be 1.75 Mcal NE l /kg dry matter (DM). The
energy content of the concentrate mix can be as low as 1.5 Mcal NEl /kg DM if it contains significant amounts
of low energy feeds, such as oat hulls, rice hulls or sugarcane bagasse. In this case, the rate of concentrate
feeding needs to be increased by 15%. However, the energy content of the concentrate mix can also be as high
as 1.9 Mcal NEl/kg DM when it includes primarily high energy feed such as cereal grain, corn, or seeds. In
this case, the rate of concentrate feeding can be decreased by 8%.
2
Poor: Cows eating 1.5% of body weight (e.g., 9 kg DM for a cow of 600 kg) of poor quality forage (e.g. straw,
stover) containing 0.9 Mcal NEl/kg DM.
3
Medium: Cows eating 2.0% of body weight (e.g., 12 kg forage DM for a cow of 600 kg) of medium quality forage
(e.g. grass at medium stage of maturity) containing 1.2 Mcal NEl /kg DM.
4
High: Cows eating 2.5% of body weight (e.g., 15 kg forage DM for a cow of 600 kg) of high quality forage (e.g.,
legumes at early stage of maturity) containing 1.45 Mcal NE l /kg DM.
5
Amounts of concentrate in the shaded area should be fed with caution because of the possible health problems
such as intake upset, rumen acidosis, low milk fat percentage, etc.
supplemented in the range of 50 to 200 one concentrate ingredient is necessary in
g/cow/day. the ration. Concentrates can be offered as
Depending on the composition of the separate ingredients or mixed together.
trace minerals and vitamins mix available, As indicated above, the amount of
The amount of supplementation varies concentrate necessary for any particular
from 10 to 25 g/cow/day. cow depends on milk production and the
quality of forage. Table 1 gives the amount
AMOUNT OF CONCENTRATE TO FEED of concentrate to feed according to milk
Table 1 presents a guide for the amount of production of the cow and the quality of
concentrates that should be fed to dairy the forage they eat. Calculations assumed
cows. Concentrates are feeds in the ration that the forage is fed liberally and that the
that supplement the energy and protein of amount of forage fed is not restricted.
pasture, hay or silage. Usually more than
26 The Babcock Institute
Table 2: Example of concentrate mix of proper crude protein content when fed in combination with different forages
.................................................................... PROTEIN (CP) CONTENT IN CONCENTRATE FEED ....................................................................
Low Low-Medium Medium-High High Animal by-products
(Under 12%) (12-18%) (19-28%) (32- 50%) (above 50%)
Molasses.........................3.2 16% dairy feed....... 16.0 24% dairy feed..........24.0 34% dairy feed............. 34.0 Meat & bone & blood.. 50.2
Corn and cob meal ... 8.1 Wheat bran............. 16.0 Coconut meal.......... 21.3 Linseed meal................ 35.9 Meat & bone meal....... 54.1
Corn............................. 8.9 Wheat middlings.. 17.2 Peas........................... 23.4 Cottonseed meal.......... 41.0 Meat meal rendered.... 54.1
Dried beet pulp......... 9.1 Sunflower seed...... 17.0 Corn gluten feed......25.8 Corn gluten meal......... 42.9 Meat & blood............... 64.5
Hominy feed............. 10.8 Linseed....................18.0 Brewers’ dried Soybean meal............... 45.8 Fish (Manhaden)......... 66.7
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Sorghum (milo)..........11.0 grains.........................25.9 Peanut meal.................. 47.4 Fish (Anchovy)............ 71.2
Barley........................ 11.6 Malt sprouts............. 26.4 Soybean seed................ 42.0 Blood meal.................... 87.2
Oats ............................ 11.7 Distillers’ dried
grains......................... 27.3 Crude
Rye...............................11.9 protein
12% dairy feed........... 12.0 Cotton seed............... 24.0 in the
Wheat..........................12.7 mix
................................. AMOUNT OF CONCENTRATE OF EACH CP CATEGORY FOR A 1000 KG CONCENTRATE MIX ......................... ....%....
High Protein Forages (CP > 16%; legumes at early stage of maturity; fertilized grasses at early stage of maturity or a mix of both)
800 100 100 0 0 – 12.0
500 500 0 0 0 – 13.0
700 100 200 0 0 – 13.4
800 100 0 100 0 – 13.8
600 200 200 0 0 – 14.0
700 0 300 0 0 – 14.2
Medium Protein Forages (11% < CP < 15%; legumes at mid stage of maturity or grasses at early stage of maturity or a mix of both)
600 300 0 100 0 – 15.0
700 100 100 100 0 – 15.2
550 400 0 0 50 – 15.9
800 0 0 200 0 – 16.4
850 0 0 100 50 – 16.7
750 0 50 200 0 – 17.1
600 0 300 100 0 – 17.4
600 200 0 200 0 – 17.6
Low Protein Forages (CP < 10%; mature grasses or crop residues or corn silage)
750 0 100 100 50 – 18.1
600 300 0 0 100 – 18.8
700 0 0 300 0 – 19.6
500 0 300 200 0 – 20.6
600 0 300 0 100 – 21.2
500 0 200 300 0 – 22.4
600 0 0 400 0 – 22.8
27
7 - Concentrate Feeding Guide
Dairy Essentials – Nutrition and Feeding
To use Table 1, first estimate which of the desired protein percentage in the
three columns with the title "Milk concentrate mix when cows are fed
production when forage quality is" (First different type of forage. The top part of
three columns on the left side of the Table) Table 2 gives examples of concentrates
most nearly fits the quality of the forage categorized in five groups depending on
available. Go down this column to the crude protein concentration1.
amount of milk produced by the cow. When the forage is a legume at an early
Then, follow the horizontal row of numbers stage of maturity, a well fertilized grass at
across the table to the right until you reach an early stage of maturity or a mixture of
the column with the proper body weight both, a crude protein in the concentrate mix
and milk fat percentage. The number may vary from 12 to 14%. However, as the
found at this intersection is the amount of stage of maturity of the forage advances
concentrate to feed per day. For example, a and crude protein declines, the crude
600 kg cow fed a high quality forage and protein of the concentrate mix needs to be
producing 23 kg of milk with 4% fat should increased between 15 to 18%. Finally, for
receive 3.2 kg of concentrate per day. Table diets based on low quality forage, crop
1 also indicates that if forage changes from residues and corn [maize] silage, the crude
a high to a medium quality and the amount protein of the concentrate mix should be in
of concentrate fed is not changed, milk the range of 18 to 23% (see the shaded
production would drop to 14 kg/day. column to the right of the Table). The
However, milk production of 23 kg/day, bottom half of Table 2 presents examples of
can be obtained with a medium quality the amounts of ingredient from the five
forage if the amount of concentrate fed is categories to mix to obtain 1,000 kg of
increased from 3.2 kg to 7.0 kg. concentrate mix with the desired crude
protein concentration. For example, a 14%
INGREDIENTS AND PERCENTAGES OF crude protein mix can be prepared by
PROTEIN IN THE CONCENTRATE MIX mixing 600, 200 and 200 kg of a concentrate
Knowing how to determine the amount of from the low, low-medium, and medium-
concentrate to feed is important. However, high categories, respectively (Table 2).
determining the percentage of crude 1
For a list of additional concentrates grouped in the same
protein in the concentrate mix is equally way, see the Babcock Institute publication: "Nutrition and
important. Table 2 is a guide for the Feeding” Technical Dairy Guide.