APPENDIX 1

Nutritional Assessment
Gina Hardiman, RD, LD
1018 Appendix

FIGURE A-1 Birth to 36 months: boys, length-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles. Developed by the National Center for Health
Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
<http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts>.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1019

FIGURE A-2 Birth to 36 months: boys, head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles. Developed by the National Cen-
ter for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
<http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts>.
1020 Appendix

FIGURE A-3 Birth to 36 months: girls, length-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles. Developed by the National Center for Health
Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
<http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts>.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1021

FIGURE A-4 Birth to 36 months: girls, head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles. Developed by the National Cen-
ter for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
<http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts>.
1022 Appendix

FIGURE A-5 Two to 20 years: boys, stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles. Developed by the National Center for Health Sta-
tistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1023

FIGURE A-6 Boys, weight-for-stature percentiles. Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
1024 Appendix

FIGURE A-7 Two to 20 years: boys, body mass index-for-age percentiles. Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in
collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1025

FIGURE A-8 Two to 20 years: girls, stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles. Developed by the National Center for Health Sta-
tistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
1026 Appendix

FIGURE A-9 Girls, weight-for-stature percentiles. Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1027

FIGURE A-10 Two to 20 years: girls, body mass index-for-age percentiles. Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in
collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).
1028 Appendix

TABLE A-1 Typical Progression of Female Pubertal Development

Pubertal development in size of female breasts
Stage 1: The breasts are preadolescent. There is elevation of the papilla only.
Stage 2: Breast bud stage. A small mound is formed by the elevation of the breast and papilla. The areolar diameter enlarges.
Stage 3: There is further enlargement of breasts and areola with no separation of their contours.
Stage 4: There is a projection of the areola and papilla to form a secondary mound above the level of the breast.
Stage 5: The breasts resemble those of a mature female as the areola has recessed to the general contour of the breast.

Pubertal development of female pubic hair

Stage 1: There is no pubic hair.
Stage 2: There is sparse growth of long, slightly pigmented, downy hair, straight or only slightly curled, primarily along the labia.
Stage 3: The hair is considerably darker, coarser, and more curled. The hair spreads sparsely over the junction of the pubes.
Stage 4: The hair, now adult in type, covers a smaller area than in the adult and does not extend onto the thighs.
Stage 5: The hair is adult in quantity and type, with extension onto the thighs.

Adapted from Tanner JM. Growth at adolescence. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publisher; 1962.

TABLE A–2 Typical Progression of Male Pubertal Development

Pubertal development in size of male genitalia
Stage 1: The penis, testes, and scrotum are of childhood size.
Stage 2: There is enlargement of the scrotum and testes, but the penis usually does not enlarge. The scrotal skin reddens.
Stage 3: There is further growth of the testes and scrotum and enlargement of the penis, mainly in length.
Stage 4: There is still further growth of the testes and scrotum and increased size of the penis, especially in breadth.
Stage 5: The genitalia are adult in size and shape.

Pubertal development of male pubic hair

Stage 1: There is no pubic hair.
Stage 2: There is sparse growth of long, slightly pigmented, downy hair, straight or only slightly curled, primarily at the base of the penis.
Stage 3: The hair is considerably darker, coarser, and more curled. The hair spreads sparsely over the junction of the pubes.
Stage 4: The hair, now adult in type, covers a smaller area than in the adult and does not extend onto the thighs.
Stage 5: The hair is adult in quantity and type, with extension onto the thighs.

Adapted from Tanner JM. Growth at adolescence. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishers; 1962.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1029

TABLE A-3 Thickness of Triceps and Subscapular Skinfolds

Triceps (mm) Subscapular (mm)
Age
(mo) Percentiles SD Males Females Males Females

1 –2 2.9 3.5 3.1 3.8

10 4.0 4.5 4.2 4.9
25 4.7 5.2 4.8 5.4
50 5.3 5.8 5.6 6.2
75 6.2 6.7 6.5 7.0
90 7.0 7.6 7.5 7.9
+2 8.1 8.3 8.3 9.0
3 –2 4.5 5.0 3.5 4.7
10 6.0 6.2 4.9 5.9
25 6.8 7.2 5.8 6.9
50 8.1 8.2 6.9 8.0
75 9.2 9.2 8.1 8.6
90 10.3 10.5 9.0 9.4
+2 11.7 11.8 10.7 11.1
6 –2 6.3 6.7 3.8 4.0
10 7.8 8.2 5.5 5.9
25 8.6 9.0 6.2 6.9
50 9.7 10.4 7.1 8.1
75 11.1 11.3 8.4 8.9
90 11.8 12.7 10.1 10.3
+2 13.5 13.9 11.0 12.4
9 –2 6.0 6.7 3.4 4.7
10 7.5 7.9 5.3 6.0
25 8.7 8.8 6.0 6.7
50 9.9 10.1 7.1 7.6
75 11.2 11.3 8.5 8.8
90 12.5 12.5 9.7 10.1
+2 14.0 13.5 11.4 11.1
12 –2 6.2 6.4 3.8 4.5
10 7.8 7.6 5.3 6.0
25 8.6 8.7 6.0 6.5
50 9.8 9.8 7.2 7.5
75 11.1 11.2 8.6 8.7
90 12.2 12.2 9.6 9.8
+2 13.8 13.6 11.0 10.9
18 –2 6.4 6.8 3.9 4.2
10 7.7 7.9 5.3 5.7
25 8.6 8.9 6.0 6.2
50 9.9 10.3 6.8 7.1
75 11.4 11.3 7.9 8.0
90 12.2 12.3 9.3 9.0
+2 13.6 13.6 10.3 10.2
24 –2 5.8 6.5 3.0 3.9
10 7.4 8.3 4.6 5.3
25 8.5 8.9 5.4 5.6
50 9.8 10.1 6.5 6.5
75 11.6 11.6 7.4 7.3
90 13.1 12.8 8.3 8.4
+2 14.2 14.1 10.2 9.5
36 –2 6.6 6.4 2.9 2.6
10 7.8 8.2 4.5 4.7
25 9.0 9.4 5.0 5.2
50 9.8 10.3 5.5 6.1
75 11.0 11.5 6.4 7.2
90 12.2 12.5 7.1 8.6
+2 13.4 14.4 8.9 10.6

Adapted from Karlberg P, Engstrom I, Lichtenstein H, Svennberg I. The develop-

ment of children in a Swedish urban community: a prospective longitudinal study.
III. Physical growth during the first three years of life. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl
1968;187:48.
1030 Appendix

TABLE A-4 Percentiles of Upper Arm Circumference and Estimated Upper Arm Muscle Circumference*
Arm Circumference (mm) Arm Muscle Circumference (mm)

Age Group 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th

Males
1–1.9 142 146 150 159 170 176 183 110 113 119 127 135 144 147
2–2.9 141 145 153 162 170 178 185 111 114 122 130 140 146 150
3–3.9 150 153 160 167 175 184 190 117 123 131 137 143 148 153
4–4.9 149 154 162 171 180 186 192 123 126 133 141 148 156 159
5–5.9 153 160 167 175 185 195 204 128 133 140 147 154 162 169
6–6.9 155 159 167 179 188 209 228 131 135 142 151 161 170 177
7–7.9 162 167 177 187 201 223 230 137 139 151 160 168 177 190
8–8.9 162 170 177 190 202 220 245 140 145 154 162 170 182 187
9–9.9 175 178 187 200 217 249 257 151 154 161 170 183 196 202
10–10.9 181 184 196 210 231 262 274 156 160 166 180 191 209 221
11–11.9 186 190 202 223 244 261 280 159 165 173 183 195 205 230
12–12.9 193 200 214 232 254 282 303 167 171 182 195 210 223 241
13–13.9 194 211 228 247 263 286 301 172 179 196 211 226 238 245
14–14.9 220 226 237 253 283 303 322 189 199 212 223 240 260 264
15–15.9 222 229 244 264 284 311 320 199 204 218 237 254 266 272
16–16.9 244 248 262 278 303 324 343 213 225 234 249 269 287 296
17–17.9 246 253 267 285 308 336 347 224 231 245 258 273 294 312
18–18.9 245 260 276 297 321 353 379 226 237 252 264 283 298 324
19–24.9 262 272 288 308 331 355 372 238 245 257 273 289 309 321
25–34.9 271 282 300 319 342 362 375 243 250 264 279 298 314 326
35–44.9 278 287 305 326 345 363 374 247 255 269 286 302 318 327
45–54.9 267 281 301 322 342 362 376 239 249 265 281 300 315 326
55–64.9 258 273 296 317 336 355 369 236 245 260 278 295 310 320
65–74.9 248 263 285 307 325 344 355 223 235 251 268 284 298 306

Females
1–1.9 138 142 148 156 164 172 177 105 111 117 124 132 139 143
2–2.9 142 145 152 160 167 176 184 111 114 119 126 133 142 147
3–3.9 143 150 158 167 175 183 189 113 119 124 132 140 146 152
4–4.9 149 154 160 169 177 184 191 115 121 128 136 144 152 157
5–5.9 153 157 165 175 185 203 211 125 128 134 142 151 159 165
6–6.9 156 162 170 176 187 204 211 130 133 138 145 154 166 171
7–7.9 164 167 174 183 199 216 231 129 135 142 151 160 171 176
8–8.9 168 172 183 195 214 247 261 138 140 151 160 171 183 194
9–9.9 178 182 194 211 224 251 260 147 150 158 167 180 194 198
10–10.9 174 182 193 210 228 251 265 148 150 159 170 180 190 197
11–11.9 185 194 208 224 248 276 303 150 158 171 181 196 217 223
12–12.9 194 203 216 237 256 282 294 162 166 180 191 201 214 220
13–13.9 202 211 223 243 271 301 338 169 175 183 198 211 226 240
14–14.9 214 223 237 252 272 304 322 174 179 190 201 216 232 247
15–15.9 208 221 239 254 279 300 322 175 178 189 202 215 228 244
16–16.9 218 224 241 258 283 318 334 170 180 190 202 216 234 249
17–17.9 220 227 241 264 295 324 350 175 183 194 205 221 239 257
18–18.9 222 227 241 258 281 312 325 174 179 191 202 215 237 245
19–24.9 221 230 247 265 290 319 345 179 185 195 207 221 236 249
25–34.9 233 240 256 277 304 342 368 183 188 199 212 228 246 264
35–44.9 241 251 267 290 317 356 378 186 192 205 218 236 257 272
45–54.9 242 256 274 299 328 362 384 187 193 206 220 238 260 274
55–64.9 243 257 280 303 335 367 385 187 196 209 225 244 266 280
65–74.9 240 252 274 299 326 356 373 185 195 208 225 244 264 279

*Data collected from whites in the United States Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1 (1971–1974).
Adapted from Frisancho AR. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:2540.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1031

Table A-5 Percentiles for Estimates of Upper Arm Muscle

Area*
Arm Muscle Area Percentiles (mm2)

Age Group 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th

Males
1–1.9 956 1014 1133 1278 1447 1644 1720
2–2.9 973 1040 1190 1345 1557 1690 1787
3–3.9 1095 1201 1357 1484 1618 1750 1853
4–4.9 1207 1264 1408 1579 1747 1926 2008
5–5.9 1298 1411 1550 1720 1884 2089 2285
6–6.9 1360 1447 1605 1815 2056 2297 2493
7–7.9 1497 1548 1808 2027 2246 2494 2886
8–8.9 1550 1664 1895 2089 2296 2628 2788
9–9.9 1181 1884 2067 2288 2657 3053 3257
10–10.9 1930 2027 2182 2575 2903 3486 3882
11–11.9 2016 2156 2382 2670 3022 3359 4226
12–12.9 2216 2339 2649 3022 3496 3968 4640
13–13.9 2363 2546 3044 3553 4081 4502 4794
14–14.9 2830 3147 3586 3963 4575 5368 5530
15–15.9 3138 3317 3788 4481 5134 5631 5900
16–16.9 3625 4044 4352 4951 5753 6576 6980
17–17.9 3998 4252 4777 5286 5950 6886 7726
18–18.9 4070 4481 5066 5552 6374 7067 8355
19–24.9 4508 4777 5274 5913 6660 7606 8200
25–34.9 4694 4963 5541 6214 7067 7847 8436
35–44.9 4844 5181 5740 6490 7265 8034 8488
45–54.9 4546 4946 5589 6297 7142 7918 8458
55–64.9 4422 4783 5381 6144 6919 7670 8149
65–74.9 3973 4411 5031 5716 6432 7074 7453
Females
1–1.9 885 973 1084 1221 1378 1535 1621
2–2.9 973 1029 1119 1269 1405 1595 1727
3–3.9 1014 1133 1227 1396 1563 1690 1846
4–4.9 1058 1171 1313 1475 1644 1832 1958
5–5.9 1238 1301 1423 1598 1825 2012 2159
6–6.9 1354 1414 1513 1683 1877 2182 2323
7–7.9 1330 1441 1602 1815 2045 2332 2469
8–8.9 1513 1566 1808 2034 2327 2657 2996
9–9.9 1723 1788 1976 2227 2571 2987 3112
10–10.9 1740 1784 2019 2296 2583 2873 3093
11–11.9 1784 1987 2316 2612 3071 3739 3953
12–12.9 2092 2182 2579 2904 3225 3655 3847
13–13.9 2269 2426 2657 3130 3529 4081 4568
14–14.9 2418 2562 2874 3220 3704 4294 4850
15–15.9 2426 2518 2847 3248 3689 4123 4756
16–16.9 2308 2567 2865 3248 3718 4353 4946
17–17.9 2442 2674 2996 3336 3883 4552 5251
18–18.9 2398 2538 2917 3243 3694 4461 4767
19–24.9 2538 2728 3026 3406 3877 4439 4940
25–34.9 2661 2826 3148 3573 4138 4806 5541
35–44.9 2750 2948 3359 3783 4428 5240 5877
45–54.9 2784 2956 3378 3858 4520 5375 5974
55–64.9 2784 3063 3477 4045 4750 5632 6247
65–74.9 2737 3018 3444 4019 4739 5566 6214

*Data collected from whites in the United States Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey 1 (1971–1974).
Adapted from Frisancho AR. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for
assessment of nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:2540.
1032 Appendix

TABLE A-6 Selected Percentiles for 1-Month Increments in Weight from Birth to 6 Months
Percentile (g/d)

Age (mo) Infants (n) Mean (g/d) SD (g/d) 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th

Males
Birth to 1 580 30 9.4 15 18 24 30 36 42 45
1–2 580 35 8.5 22 25 29 35 40 46 50
2–3 580 27 7.9 15 18 22 26 31 36 41
3–4 298 20 3.6 15 16 18 20 22 24 26
4–5 298 17 3.4 12 14 15 17 19 21 23
5–6 298 16 3.5 11 12 14 15 17 19 21

Females
Birth to 1 562 26 8.4 11 16 20 26 32 36 39
1–2 562 29 7.7 18 20 24 29 34 39 42
2–3 562 23 7.2 12 14 19 23 28 32 35
3–4 298 19 5.3 13 15 17 19 21 23 26
4–5 298 16 5.0 11 13 14 16 18 20 22
5–6 298 15 4.7 10 11 13 14 16 18 18

Adapted from Guo S, Roche AF, Fomon SJ, et al. Reference data for gains in weight and length during the first two years of life. J Pediatr 1991;119:355–62.

TABLE A-7 Selected Percentiles for 2-Month Increments in Weight from Birth to 12 Months
Percentiles (g/d)

Age (mo) Infants (n) Mean (g/d) SD (g/d) 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th

Males
Birth to 2 580 33 7.0 21 24 28 32 38 42 44
1–3 580 31 6.9 20 22 27 31 35 39 43
2–4 65 23 4.7 — 17 19 23 26 29 —
3–5 298 19 3.2 14 15 17 18 20 22 24
4–6 298 16 2.9 12 13 14 16 18 20 21
5–7 233 15 2.4 11 12 13 15 16 18 18
6–8 233 13 2.4 10 11 12 13 15 16 17
7–9 233 12 2.4 9 10 11 12 14 15 16
8–10 233 12 2.4 9 9 10 11 13 15 15
9–11 233 11 2.3 8 8 9 11 12 14 14
10–12 233 10 2.3 7 8 9 10 12 13 14

Females
Birth to 2 562 28 6.5 17 20 23 28 32 36 38
1–3 562 26 6.3 16 19 22 26 30 34 37
2–4 72 22 5.4 — 16 19 21 24 27 —
3–5 298 18 4.7 13 14 16 17 19 21 22
4–6 298 15 4.6 11 12 14 15 17 18 19
5–7 224 14 4.7 11 11 13 14 15 17 17
6–8 224 13 4.6 10 10 12 13 14 16 16
7–9 224 12 4.5 9 10 11 12 13 15 15
8–10 224 12 4.5 8 9 10 11 13 14 14
9–11 224 11 4.4 8 8 9 10 12 13 14
10–12 224 10 4.3 7 8 9 10 11 13 13

Adapted from Guo S, Roche AF, Fomon SJ, et al. Reference data for weight, length, and gains in weight and length during the first two years of life. J Pediatr
1991;119:355–62.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1033

TABLE A-8 Selected Percentiles for 3-Month Increments in Weight from Birth to 14 Months
Percentile (g/d)

Age (mo) Infants (n) Mean (g/d) SD (g/d) 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th

Males
Birth to 3 580 31 5.9 21 23 27 31 34 38 41
1–4 65 27 5.1 — 21 23 27 30 34 —
2–5 65 21 4.3 — 15 17 21 23 27 —
3–6 298 18 2.9 13 14 16 18 19 21 23
4–7 233 16 2.4 12 13 14 15 17 18 19
5–8 233 14 2.4 11 11 13 14 15 17 18
6–9 233 13 2.4 10 10 11 13 14 16 17
7–10 233 12 2.4 9 9 10 12 13 15 16
8–11 233 11 2.4 8 9 10 11 12 14 15
9–12 233 11 2.3 8 8 9 10 12 14 14
10–13 233 10 2.3 7 8 9 10 11 13 14
11–14 233 10 2.3 7 7 8 9 11 12 13

Females
Birth to 3 562 26 5.5 17 20 23 26 30 33 36
1–4 74 24 5.1 — 19 21 24 27 30 —
2–5 74 20 3.9 — 16 17 19 21 25 —
3–6 298 17 4.6 12 13 15 17 18 20 21
4–7 224 15 4.8 11 12 13 15 16 17 18
5–8 224 14 4.7 10 11 12 13 15 16 17
6–9 224 13 4.6 10 10 11 12 14 15 16
7–10 224 12 4.5 9 9 10 12 13 14 15
8–11 224 11 4.4 8 9 10 11 12 14 14
9–12 224 11 4.3 8 8 9 10 12 13 14
10–13 224 10 4.2 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
11–14 224 10 4.2 7 7 8 9 11 12 13

Adapted from Guo S, Roche AF, Fomon SJ, et al. Reference data for weight, length, and gains in weight and length during the first two years of life. J Pediatr
1991;119:355–62.

TABLE A-9 Selected Percentiles for 2-Month Increments in Length from Birth to 6 Months
Percentiles (mm/d)

Age (mo) Infants (n) Mean (mm/d) SD (mm/d) 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th
Males
Birth to 2 580 1.10 0.15 0.87 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.18 1.28 1.34
1–3 580 1.08 0.14 0.85 0.90 0.98 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.31
2–4 65 0.93 0.75 — 0.75 0.82 0.95 1.02 1.07 —
3 to 5 255 0.73 0.09 0.60 0.63 0.68 0.73 0.79 0.86 0.90
4 to 6 255 0.64 0.08 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.78

Females
Birth to 2 562 1.03 0.13 0.80 0.87 0.93 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.25
1–3 562 0.99 0.13 0.79 0.84 0.92 0.98 1.07 1.15 1.18
2–4 74 0.89 0.13 — 0.72 0.80 0.90 0.97 1.05 —
3–5 241 0.71 0.10 0.57 0.60 0.66 0.71 0.77 0.82 0.87
4–6 241 0.62 0.08 0.48 0.52 0.57 0.63 0.67 0.70 0.73

Adapted from Guo S, Roche AF, Fomon SJ, et al. Reference data for weight, length, and gains in weight and length during the first two years of life. J Pediatr
1991;119:355–62.
1034 Appendix

TABLE A-10 Selected Percentiles for 3-Month Increments in Length from Birth to 14 Months
Percentile

Age (mo) Infants (n) Mean (mm/d) SD (mm/d) 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th

Males
Birth to 3 580 1.07 0.11 0.89 0.92 0.99 1.06 1.14 1.21 1.26
1–4 65 1.00 0.08 — 0.94 1.01 1.06 1.09 —
2–5 65 0.84 0.09 — 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.91 0.95 —
3–6 255 0.69 0.08 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.73 0.79 0.82
4–7 190 0.62 0.06 0.54 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.73 0.72
5–8 190 0.56 0.05 0.49 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.69 0.65
6–9 190 0.52 0.05 0.46 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.58 0.60
7–10 190 0.48 0.05 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.57
8–11 190 0.45 0.04 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.53
9–12 190 0.43 0.04 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.51
10–13 190 0.41 0.04 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.49
11–14 190 0.39 0.04 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.44 0.47

Females
Birth to 3 562 0.99 0.10 0.82 0.86 0.93 0.99 1.06 1.11 1.15
1–4 74 0.95 0.10 — 0.84 0.87 0.95 1.02 1.07 —
2–5 74 0.80 0.10 — 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.87 0.92 —
3–6 241 0.67 0.08 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.77 0.79
4–7 167 0.60 0.06 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.69
5–8 167 0.56 0.05 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.56 0.59 0.62 0.63
6–9 167 0.52 0.05 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.57 0.58
7–10 167 0.48 0.04 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.55
8–11 167 0.46 0.04 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.52
9–12 167 0.44 0.04 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.49
10–13 167 0.42 0.04 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48
11–14 167 0.40 0.04 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.44 0.46

Adapted from Guo S, Roche AF, Fomon SJ, et al. Reference data for weight, length, and gains in weight and length during the first two years of life. J Pediatr
1991;119:355–62.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1035

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
23
21 22

BOYS Height velocity

19 20

Centiles for boys 97

maturing
at average time 50
3
17 18

97 and 3 centiles at peak

height velocity for
Early (+2 SD)
maturers
16

Late (–2 SD)

maturers
11 12 13 14 15
Cm/Yr
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

97
90
1

75
3 10 25 50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Age (Yr)

FIGURE A-11 Height velocity for American boys. Reproduced with permission from Tan-
ner JM, Davis PSW. Clinical longitudinal standards for height and weight velocity for North
American children. J Pediatr 1985;107:317–29.
1036 Appendix

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
23
21 22

GIRLS Height velocity

19 20

Centiles for girls 97

maturing
at average time 50
3
17 18

97 and 3 centiles at peak

height velocity for
Early (+2 SD)
maturers
16

Late (–2 SD)

maturers
11 12 13 14 15
Cm/Yr
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

97
90
75
1

50
25
3 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Age (Yr)

FIGURE A-12 Height velocity for American girls. Reproduced with permission from Tan-
ner JM, Davis PSW. Clinical longitudinal standards for height and weight velocity for North
American children. J Pediatr 1985;107:317–29.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1037

FIGURE A-13 Growth rate for infants, birth to 1 year, sexes combined. Adapted from Babson SG, Benda GI. Growth graphs for the
clinical assessment of infants of varying gestational age. J Pediatr 1976;89:813–20.
1038 Appendix

FIGURE A-14 Classification of newborns, based on maturity and intrauterine growth. Adapted from Lubchenco LO, Hansman C,
Boyd E. Pediatrics 1966;37:403; and Battaglia FC, Lubchenco LC. J Pediatr 1967;71:159.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1039

FIGURE A-15 Average daily body weight versus postnatal age in days for infants stratified by 100 g
birth weight intervals. Reproduced with permission from Ehrenkranz R, et al. Longitudinal growth of
hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1999;104:280–9.

FIGURE A-16 Average weekly length versus postnatal age in weeks for infants stratified by 100 g
birth weight intervals. Reproduced with permission from Ehrenkranz R, et al. Longitudinal growth of
hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1999;104:280–9.
1040 Appendix

FIGURE A-17 Average weekly head circumference versus postnatal age in weeks for infants strati-
fied by 100 g birth weight intervals. Reproduced with permission from Ehrenkranz R, et al. Longitu-
dinal growth of hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1999;104:280–9.

TABLE A-11 Most Common Classification of Protein-Energy

Malnutrition
Normal Mild Moderate Severe

Weight for height* 110–90 90–85 85–75 < 75

Weight for age† 110–90 90–81 80–61 < 60
Weight for age‡ > 90 90–75 75–61 < 60
Height for age§ > 95 98–87 87–80 < 80
§
Weight for height > 90 90–80 80–70 < 70

Presence of edema indicates kwashiorkor; no edema indicates marasmus.

*Adapted from McLean DS, Read WWC. Weight/length classification of nutrition
status. Lancet 1975;2:219.
†
Adapted from Jelliffe D. The assessment of the nutritional status of the
community. World Health Organization Monograph 53. Geneva: WHO; 1966.
‡
Adapted from Gomez F, et al. Malnutrition in infancy and childhood with special
reference to kwashiorkor. Adv Pediatr 1955;7:131.
§
Adapted from Waterlow JC. Classification and definition of protein calorie
malnutrition. BMJ 1972;3:565.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1041

TABLE A-12 Clinical Examination in Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses

Potential Causes
Important Food of Deficiency or
Major Physiologic Functions Deficiency Signs Excess Signs Sources Excess
Nutrient
Carbohydrate Supplies energy at an average of Ketosis May cause diarrhea, Bread, cereals, Malabsorption
4 cal/g of glucose (sparing protein) obesity crackers, potatoes,
and is the major energy source for corn, simple sugar
CNS function; unrefined, complex (sugar, honey), fruits
carbohydrates supply fiber that aids and vegetables, milk,
in normal bowel function breast milk, infant
formula
Fat Concentrated calorie source at an Essential fatty acid Atherosclerosis may be Shortening, oil, butter, Cystic fibrosis,
average of 9 cal/g; constitutes part deficiency; dry, scaly affected by excessive margarine, protein- biliary disease,
of the membrane structure of every skin, poor weight gain, intakes of certain rich foods (meat, short bowel
cell; supplies essential fatty acids hair loss. Require- dietary fats; altered dairy, nuts), breast
and provides and carries fat-soluble ments are increased blood lipid levels milk, infant formula
vitamins (A, D, E, K) by cell turnover
Protein Constitutes part of the structure of Dry, depigmented, Azotemia, acidosis, Meat, poultry, fish, Protein-losing
every cell; regulates body processes easily pluckable hair; hyperammonemia legumes, eggs, cheese, enteropathy, liver
as part of enzymes, some hormones, bilateral, dependent milk, and other dairy disease, gastro-
body fluids, and antibodies that edema, cirrhosis, fatty products, nuts, breast intestinal disease,
increase resistance to infection; liver, decreased visceral milk, infant formula renal disease
provides nitrogen and has a caloric proteins; skin is dry
density of 4 cal/g with pellagroid derma-
toses in severe cases
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A Formation and maintenance of skin Night blindness, de- Fatigue, malaise, Carrots, liver, green Liver disease, cystic
and mucous membranes; necessary generation of the retina, lethargy, abdominal vegetables, sweet fibrosis, short
for the formation of rhodopsin (the xerophthalmia, folli- pain, hepatomegaly, potatoes, butter, bowel, protein
photosensitive pigment of the rods cular hyperkeratosis, alopecia, headache margarine, apricots, deficiency (alters
governing vision in dim light) and poor growth, kerato- with increased intra- melons, peaches, transport)
regulation of membrane structure malacia, Bitot’s spots cranial pressure, broccoli, cod liver oil,
and function. Necessary for growth vomiting breast milk, infant
and normal immune function formula
Vitamin D Promotes intestinal absorption of Rickets, osteomalacia, Hypercalcemia, vomit- Cod liver oil, fish, eggs, Liver disease, cystic
calcium and phosphate, renal con- costochondral beading, ing, anorexia, diarrhea, liver, butter, fortified fibrosis, short-
servation of calcium and epiphyseal enlargement, convulsions milk, sunlight (activa- bowel disease,
phosphorus cranial bossing, bowed tion of 7-dehydro- renal disease
legs, persistently open cholesterol in the skin)
anterior fontanelle infant formula
Vitamin E Acts as an antioxidant and free Hemolytic anemia in In anemia suppresses Oils high in poly- Cystic fibrosis,
radical scavenger to prevent per- the premature and the normal hemato- unsaturated fatty short bowel, liver
oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty newborn, enhanced logic response to acids, milk, eggs, disease
acids in the body; neuromuscular fragility of red blood iron breast milk, infant
function cells, increased per- formula
oxidative hemolysis
Vitamin K Necessary for prothrombin and the Hemorrhagic mani- Hemolytic anemia, Green leafy vegetables, Liver disease,
three blood-clotting factors VII, IX, festations (especially nerve palsy fruits, cereals, dairy antibiotic
and X; half of the vitamin K in humans in newborns), products, soybeans, therapy
is of intestinal origin, synthesized cirrhosis, prolonged breast milk, infant
by gut flora; necessary for bone clotting formula
mineralization

Water-soluble vitamins
Ascorbic acid Forms collagen cross-linkage of pro- Joint tenderness, scurvy Increased incidence of Heat labile; broccoli, Stress
(vitamin C) line hydroxylase, thus strengthening (capillary hemorrhag- renal stones, gastro- papaya, orange,
tissue and improving wound healing ing), impaired wound intestinal distress. mango, grapefruit,
and resistance to infection; aids healing, acute peri- Documentation of a strawberries, tomatoes,
absorption of iron; is a water-soluble odontal gingivitis, chronic high intake potatoes, leafy vege-
antioxidant and thus protects other petechiae, purpura, may result in “rebound” tables, breast milk,
lipid-soluble vitamins anemia deficiency symptoms infant formula
Biotin Component of several carboxylating Anorexia, nausea; None known Liver, kidney, egg yolk, Certain inborn
enzymes; plays an important role vomiting; glossitis; breast milk, infant errors of
in the metabolism of fat and depression; dry, scaly formula metabolism
carbohydrate dermatitis; thin hair;
loss of eyebrows
Cobalamin Cobalamin-containing coenzymes Megaloblastic anemia, None known Animal products, Ileal disease, strict
(B12 intrinsic function in the degradation of certain neurologic breast milk, infant vegetarian
factor odd-chain fatty acids and in the deterioration formula
required) recycling of tetrahydrofolate

Continues
1042 Appendix

TABLE A-12 Clinical Examination in Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses (Continued)

Potential Causes
Important Food of Deficiency or
Major Physiologic Functions Deficiency Signs Excess Signs Sources Excess
Folacin Used in methyl transfer and Megaloblastic anemia, None known Liver, leafy vegetables, Liver disease,
nucleotide synthesis stomatitis, glossitis fruit, yeast, breast alcoholism, celiac
milk, infant formula disease, inflamma-
tory bowel disease
Niacin Aids in energy use as part of a Pellagra (dermatitis, Dilation of the capil- Liver, meat, fish, B6 deficiency
coenzyme (NAD+ and NADP+) in diarrhea, dementia, laries, vasomotor insta- poultry, peanuts, (impairs conver-
fat synthesis tissue respiration and death), cheilosis, bility, “flushing” (use fortified cereal sion of tryptophan
carbohydrate use; aids digestion angular stomatic of muscle glycogen products, yeast, breast to niacin)
and fosters normal appetite; inflammation of serum lipids, milk, infant formula
synthesized from the amino acid mucous membranes, mobilization of fatty
tryptophan weakness acids during exercise)
Pantothenic Component of coenzyme A; plays a Infertility, abortion, Diarrhea, water Meat, fish, poultry, Severe
acid role in release of energy from carbo- slow growth, depres- retention whole grains, malnutrition
hydrates and in synthesis and degrada- sion, vomiting, malaise, legumes, breast milk,
tion of fatty acids abdominal stress infant formula
Pyridoxine (B6) Coenzyme component for many of Convulsions, loss of Neuropathy Fish, poultry, meat, Elderly, high-
the enzymes of amino acid meta- weight, abdominal wheat, breast milk, protein intake
bolism. All compounds implicated distress, vomiting, infant formula
as neurotransmitters are synthesized hyperirritability,
and/or metabolized in the B 6- depression, confusion,
dependent reactions hypochromic and
macrocytic anemia
Riboflavin (B12) Functions primarily as the reactive Cheilosis, glossitis, None known Dairy products, liver, Alcoholism,
portion of flavoproteins concerned photophobia, angular almonds, lamb, pork, starvation, chronic
with biologic oxidations (cellular stomatitis, corneal breast milk, infant diarrhea,
metabolism) vasculation, scrotal formula malabsorption
skin changes, seborrhea,
magenta tongue
Thiamin (B1) Aids in energy use as part of Beriberi, neuritis, None known Pork (lean), nuts, Alcoholism,
coenzyme component to promote edema, cardiac failure, whole grain and refeeding after
the use of carbohydrate; anorexia, restlessness, fortified cereal starvation,
promotes normal functioning of the confusion, loss of products, breast milk, prolonged dialysis
nervous system; coenzyme for vibration sense and infant formula
oxidative carboxylation of 2-keto deep tendon reflexes,
acids calf tenderness

Minerals
Calcium Essential for calcification of bone Osteomalacia, Hypercalcemia Dairy products (milk, Renal disease,
(matrix formation); assists in blood osteoporosis vomiting, anorexia, cheese), sardines, liver disease
clotting; functions in normal muscle lethargy oysters, salmon,
contraction and relaxation and in herring, greens, breast
normal nerve transmission milk, infant formula
Magnesium Essential part of many enzyme Tremor, convulsions, Diarrhea sedation, Widely distributed, PEM, refeeding
systems; important for maintaining hyperexcitability transient especially in food of
electrical potential in nerves and (hypocalcemia tetany) hypocalcemia vegetable origin;
muscle membranes and for energy breast milk, infant
turnover formula
Phosphorus Important intracellular anion; involved Weakness, anorexia, Hypocalcemia (when Dairy products, fish, Renal disease, liver
in many chemical reactions within malaise, bone pain, parathyroid gland not legumes, pork, breast disease, refeeding
the body; necessary for energy growth arrest fully functioning) milk, infant formula syndrome
turnover (ATP)

Trace elements
Chromium Maintenance of normal glucose Disturbed glucose None known Brewer’s yeast, meat PEM, elderly
metabolism, cofactor for insulin metabolism (lower products, cheeses
glucose tolerance
caused by insulin
resistance)
Copper Constituent of proteins and enzymes, Anemia (hemolytic), Excess accumulation Oysters, nuts, liver, Menke’s kinky hair
some of which are essential for the neutropenia, bone of the liver, brain, kidney, corn oil syndrome, excess:
proper utilization of iron, immunity, disease kidney, cornea, margarine, dried Wilson’s disease
skeletal development anemia, diarrhea legumes
Fluoride The main target organs of fluoride in Poor dentition, Mottling, brown stain- Fluoridated water, Unfluoridated water,
humans are the enamel of teeth and caries, osteoporosis ing of teeth (in excess depends on the geo- bottled water
bones, where fluoride is incorporated of 4 ppm); fluorosis chemical environment
into the crystalline structure of hy- occurs after pro- and therefore amount
droxyapatite and produces increased longed (10–20 yr) in- in food varies widely
caries resistance gestion of 20–80 mg/d

Continues
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1043

TABLE A-12 Clinical Examination in Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses (Continued)

Potential Causes
Important Food of Deficiency or
Major Physiologic Functions Deficiency Signs Excess Signs Sources Excess
Iodine Component of thyroid hormones Goiter, depression Thyroid suppression Iodized table salt, salt Endemic goiter in
triiodothyronine and thyroxine, thyroid function, (thyrotoxicosis) water, fish, shellfish low-iodine areas
important in regulation of cellular cretinism (content of most other
oxidation and growth foods geographically
dependent), breast
milk, infant formula
Iron Part of hemoglobin molecule; prevents Anemia, malabsorption, Hemosiderosis, Red meats, liver, dried Protein-losing
nutritional anemia and fatigue; irritability, anorexia, hemochromatosis beans and peas, enteropathy,
increases resistance to infection; pallor, lethargy enriched farina, breast malabsorption,
functions as part of enzymes milk, infant formula, excess:
involved in tissue respiration infant cereal hemochromatosis
Manganese Essential part of several enzyme Impaired growth, In extremely high Nuts, whole grains,
systems involved in protein and skeletal abnormalities, exposure of contami- dried fruits, fruits,
energy metabolism and in the lowered reproductive nation: severe psychia- vegetables (leafy)
formation of mucopolysaccharide function, neonatal tric and neurologic
ataxia disorders
Molybdenum Essential for the function of flavin- Not described in man Acts as an antagonist Varies considerably,
dependent enzymes involved in the to the essential element depending on growing
production of uric acid and in the copper; gout like syn- environment; main
oxidation of aldehydes and sulfites drome associated with contributions come
elevated blood levels of from meat, grains,
molybdenum, uric acid, and legumes
and xanthin oxidase
Selenium Functions as a part of the enzyme Cardiomyopathy, prob- In animals, blindness, Seafoods, kidney, Cystic fibrosis
glutathione peroxidase, which ably secondary to abdominal pain liver, meat, grains
protects cellular component from oxidative damage (depending on
oxidative damage growing area)
Zinc Constituent of enzymes involved in Growth failure, skin Acute gastrointestinal Whole grains, legumes, Malabsorption,
most major metabolic pathways changes, delayed upset, vomiting, beef, lamb, pork, chronic diarrhea,
(specifically nucleic acid synthesis wound healing, hypo- sweating, dizziness, poultry, nuts, seeds, liver disease, sickle
for cellular growth and repair) geusia, sexual im- copper deficiency shellfish, eggs, some cell disease
maturity, hair loss, cheeses, breast milk,
diarrhea infant formula

Adapted from Hendricks KM, Walker WA. Manual of Pediatric Nutrition. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1990.
ATP = adenosien triphosphate; CNS = central nervous system; NAD = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate PEM =
protein-energy malnutrition.

See Chapter 34 for growth charts for assessing children with developmental disabilities.
1044 Appendix

43
42 B 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
41 105
40
39 100
38
37 95
36 95
90
35 75 41
34 50 40
85 18
33 39
25
32 38
80 17
31 5 37
30 36
75 16
Length

29 35
28 34
70 15 33
27
32
26 65 31
14
25 30
95
24 29
60 13
23 28
22 75 27
55 12
21 50 26
20 25
50 11 24
19 25
23
18 45 22
10
17 5 21
16 40 9 20
15 19
8 18
in cm W 17
E 16
15 7 I 7 15
14 G 14
13 6 H 6 13
12 T 12
11 5 5 11
10 10
9 4 4 9
8 8
7 3 3 7
6 6
5 5
2 2
4 4
lb kg kg lb
B 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Age (mo)
FIGURE A-18 Physical growth of females with Down syndrome (1 to 36 months). Reproduced with per-
mission from Cronk et al.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1045

74 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
73 185
72
71 180
70
69 175
68
67 170
66
65 165
64
63 160
62 95
61 155
250
60
59 150 75 110 240
58 50
Length

57 145 105 230

56 25
55 140 100 220
54 5
53 135 95 210
52
51 130 90 200
50 190
125 85
49
48 180
47 120 80
46 170
115 75
45
160
44
43 110 95 70
150
42
105 65
41 140
40 75 60 130
100
39
38 50 55 120
37 95
36 25 50 110
90
35
34
85 45 100
33
32 5 90
80 40
31
30 80
75 35
29
70
in cm 30
60
W 25
E 50
I 20
40 G 40
15 H 15
30
30
T kg lb
20 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
lb kg

Age (yr)
FIGURE A-19 Physical growth of females with Down syndrome (2 to 18 years). Reproduced with
permission from Cronk et al.
1046 Appendix

Females
50
drome (+2SD
) 98th
49
Down Syn %ile
48
47
ndrome
46 Down Sy 50th
%ile
45
44
Head Circumference (cm)

43 2nd
42 drome (-2SD) %ile
Down Syn
41

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Age (mo)
FIGURE A-20 Head circumference of females with Down syndrome (0 to 36 months). Reproduced with
permission from Cronk et al.

Males 98th
50
%ile
49
)
drome (+2SD
48
Down Syn
47 50th
46 %ile
ndrome
45 Down Sy
44
Head Circumference (cm)

43 2nd
42 drome (-2SD) %ile
Down Syn
41

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Age (mo)
FIGURE A-21 Head circumference of males with Down syndrome (0 to 36 months). Reproduced with per-
mission from Cronk et al.
 Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1047

43
42 B 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
41 105
40
39 100
38
37 95
95
36
90
35 75 41
34 50
85 18 40
33 25 39
32 38
80 5 17
31 37
30 36
Length

75 16 35
29
28 34
70 15 33
27
95 32
26 65 14 31
25 30
24 29
60 75 13
23 28
22 55 12 27
21 50 26
20 25
50
19 25 11 24
23
18 45 10 22
17 21
16 5
40 9 20
15 19
8 18
in cm W 17
E 16
15 7 I 7 15
14 G 14
13 6 H 6 13
12 T 12
11 5 5 11
10 10
9 4 4 9
8 8
7 3 3 7
6 6
5 5
2 2
4 4
lb kg kg lb
B 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Age (mo)
FIGURE A-22 Physical growth of males with Down syndrome (1 to 36 months). Reproduced with per-
mission from Cronk et al.
1048 Appendix

74 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
73 185
72
71 180
70
69 175
68
67 170
66
65 165
64 95
63 160
62 75
61 155
250
60 50
59 150 110 240
Length

58 25
57 145 105 230
56
140 5 100 220
55
54
53 135 95 95 210
52
51 130 90 200
50 190
125 85
49
48 180
47 120 80
46 170
115 75
45
160
44
43 110 75 70
150
42
105 65
41 140
40
100 60 130
39
38
50
95 55 120
37
36 50 110
90
35 25
34
85 45 100
33
32 90
80 40
31 5
30 80
75 35
29
70
in cm 30
60
W 25
E 50
I 20
40 G 40
15 H 15
30
30
T kg lb
20 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
lb kg
Age (yr)

FIGURE A-23 Physical growth of males with Down syndrome (2 to 18 years).


TABLE A-13 Growth Charts for Specific Syndromes*
Condition
Achondroplasia
Brachmann-de Lange
syndrome
Cerebral palsy
(quadriplegia)
Down syndrome
Marfan’s syndrome
Myelomeningocele
Noonan’s syndrome*
Prader-Willi syndrome
Sickle cell disease
Silver-Russell syndrome
Turner’s syndrome*
Williams syndrome*
Anthropometric assessment of the nutritional status of patients with genetic and other medical conditions can be difficult using the National Center for Health Statistics
data. To help evaluate the growth patterns of these patients, special weight and height curves for several syndromes have been published.
*Unless otherwise specified, charts are available for both girls and boys.
Appendix 1: Nutritional Assessment 1049
Reference(s)
Horton WA, et al. J Pediatr 1978;93:435.
Stature, growth velocity, head circumference, upper and lower segments
Kline AD, et al. Am J Med Genet 1993;47:1042.
Length and weight for age, birth to 36 mo; height and weight for age, 2–18 yr; head circumference for age, birth to 18 yr
Krick J, et al. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96:680.
Stature and weight for age and weight for stature, age birth to 10 yr
Cronk CE, et al. Pediatrics 1978;61:564; Pediatrics 1988;81:102.
Length for age and weight for age, birth to 36 mo; stature for age and weight for age, 2–18 yr
Pyeritz RE. In: Emery AH, Rimoirn DL, editors. Principles and practice of medical genetics. New York: Churchill
Livingstone; 1983; Pyeritz RE, Papadatas CJ, Bartsocas CD, editors. In: Endocrine genetics and genetics of growth
(Prog Clin Biol Res v200). Alan R. Liss; 1985.
Stature and weight for age, 2–18 yr, 20–24 yr, and > 24 yr
Upper and lower segment ratios 2–20 yr and adult
Appendix 2. In: Ekvall S, editor. Pediatric nutrition in chronic disease and development disorders: prevention,
assessment, and treatment. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.
Preliminary charts, height and weight for age, 2–18 yr
Ranke MB, Heidemann P, Knupfer C, et al. Eur J Pediatr 1988;148:220–7
Height for age
Witt DR, et al. Clin Genet 1985;30:150.
Stature for age, birth to 18
Holm VA, Appendix A. In: Greeway LR, Alexander PC, editors. Management of Prader-Willi syndrome. New York:
Springer Verlag; 1988. p. 317.
Height for age, 3–25 yr
Butler MG, et al. Pediatrics 1991;88:853.
Weight, height, sitting height, head circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfold (plus other measure) for age 2–22 yr
Phebus CK, et al. J Pediatr 1984;105:28.
Height and weight for age, birth to 18 yr
Tanner JM, et al. J Pediatr 1985;107:317–29.
Height velocity (cm/yr), age 21⁄2 –19 yr
Tanner JM, et al. Pediatr Res 1975;9:611.
Height and height velocity for age, 2–19 years (includes periods of treatment with human growth hormone)
Lyon AJ, et al. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:932.
Height for age, birth to 18 yr (girls)
Ranke MB, Pfluger H, Rosendahl W, et al. Eur J Pediatr 1983;141:81–8.
Height for age, height velocity
Morris CA, et al. J Pediatr 1988;113:318.
Stature for age, birth to 24 mo and birth to 18 yr; weight for age, birth to 18 yr; head circumference for age,
birth to 36 mo and 2–18 yr
Pankau R, Tartsch CJ, Gosch A, et al. Eur J Pediatr 1992;151:751–5.
Height for age, head circumference