1.

Our Solar System (Space)

1. The Solar System: our corner of the Universe
2. 2. The Solar System For thousands of years ancient astronomers saw points of light that appeared to move among the stars. They called
these ‘planets’, meaning ‘wanderers’, and named them after the Roman gods. If you look up at a clear night sky, you too will be able to see
many of the planets that the ancient astronomers saw. You might also see an assortment of space junk and satellites that also move in the
night sky.
3. 3. Theories of the solar system Pythagoras a Greek scientist who lived in the sixth century BC suggested that the Earth was the centre of
the universe Aristotle (384–322 BC), Hipparchus (died after 127 BC) and Ptolemy (127–145 AD) proposed more detailed models in which
Earth was placed at the centre of the solar system This type of model is known as the geocentric (geo-earth) or Ptolemy model
4. 4. Geocentric Model http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png
5. 5. Geocentric Model Science Focus 1: Coursebook
6. 6. Theories of the solar system Another ancient Greek, Aristarchus (310–230 BC) questioned the geocentric model and proposed a model
where the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun This is known as a heliocentric model (helio = Sun) The geocentric model
continued to be favoured until the end of the fifteenth century In the 1530s, Polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicus (1473–1543) agreed with
Aristarchus
7. 7. Heliocentric Model
8. 8. Heliocentric Model Science Focus 1: Coursebook
9. 9. Theories of the solar system Galileo (1564–1642) was a strong supporter of Copernicus’s ideas, in 1609 he used a telescope for the first
time to make detailed observations of the Moon and planets; his observations exposed errors in the geocentric model Tycho Brahe (1546–
1601) didn’t support the heliocentric theory and took numerous detailed measurements of the positions of stars and planets in an attempt to
improve the geocentric model Using Brahe’s data, German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) finally showed the heliocentric model
was correct
10. 10. The solar systemThe term ‘solar system’ takes its name from the object at the centre of it all—the Sun, also known as Sol The nine
planets of the solar system, in order starting from closest to the Sun, are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
and Pluto* (*now known as a dwarf planet) A mnemonic device to remember the order could be: M y V ery E legant M other J ust S erved U
s N ine P izzas What is your mnemonic device?
11. 11. The solar system The planets each orbit the Sun, rotating on their axes as they do The time taken for a planet to spin once on its axis is
called its day, and the time taken to orbit the Sun once is called its year All the planets have days and years of different lengths 12. How the
planets move The four innermost planets are called terrestrial (meaning ‘Earth-like’) and orbit the Sun in almost circular orbits The larger
outer planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—are known as the gas giants (or Jovian planets), because their outer layers are
composed of gases such as hydrogen and helium, and they move in elliptical or oval orbits All planets move in the same plane (a large
imaginary flat surface) except for Pluto, whose orbit is tilted by about 17° compared to the other planets’
orbits13. http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/vis_orb.jpg
12. 14. http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/outer_orb.jpg
13. 15. Sun http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sun920607.jpg Mythology The Sun God. Greeks Called it Hellos Mass 333 400 times the mass
of the Earth Diameter 1 392 000 km (109 x Earth’s diameter) Gravity 28 times that on Earth Surface Temperature 6000°C (average). From
4500 to 2000000°C up to 15000000°C in the core. Period of rotation (day) Equator 26 Earth days, poles 37 Earth days Tilt of axis 122°
14. 16. Mercury http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Reprocessed_Mariner_10_image_of_Mercury.jpg Mythology God of travel, commerce and
thieves Mass 0.056 times that of Earth Moons None Diameter 4878 km ( = 0.38 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Similar to Earth’s moon Gravity
0.38 times that on Earth Surface Temperature – 170°C to 430°C Period of rotation (day) 59 Earth days Tilt of axis 0° Distance from Sun
0.39 AU (58 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 88 Earth days
15. 17. Venus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Venus-real.jpg Mythology Goddess of love and beauty Mass 0.815 times that of Earth Moons
None Diameter 12 103 km ( = 0.95 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Extensive cratering, volcanic activity. Gravity 0.9 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature 460°C Period of rotation (day) 243 Earth days Tilt of axis 30° Distance from Sun 0.72 AU (108 million kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun (year) 225 Earth days
16. 18. Earth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg Mythology Gaia—mother Earth Mass 1.0 times that of
Earth (5 980 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg) Moons One (‘the Moon’) Diameter 12 756 km Surface Two-thirds water, one-third land
Gravity 1.0 times that on Earth Surface Temperature average 22°C Period of rotation (day) 1 Earth day Tilt of axis 23.5° Distance from Sun
1 AU (150 million kilometres) Time for light to reach Earth 8 minutes Time to orbit Sun (year) 365.25 Earth days
17. 19. Mars http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2005-1103mars-full.jpg Mythology God of war Mass 0.107 times that of Earth Moons 2
(Phobos—diameter 23 km, Deimos—diameter 10 km) Diameter 6794 km ( = 0.53 xEarth’s diameter) Surface Soft red soil containing iron
oxide (rust). Cratered regions, large volcanoes, a large canyon and possible dried-up water channels. Gravity 0.376 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature – 120°C to 25°C Period of rotation (day) 1.03 Earth days Tilt of axis 25.2° Distance from Sun 1.52 AU (228 million
kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 687 Earth days Time to reach Mars 9 months
18. 20. The terrestrial planets http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/terr_sizes.jpg
19. 21. Jupiter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jupiter.jpg Mythology Ruler of the Gods Mass 318 times that of Earth Moons At least 28
moons and four rings, including the four largest moons: Io, Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. These are known as the ‘Galilean’ moons.
Diameter 142 984 km ( = 11.21 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Liquid hydrogen Gravity 2.525 times that on Earth Surface Temperature Cloud
top –150°C Period of rotation (day) 9 hours 55 minutes Tilt of axis 3.1° Distance from Sun 5.2 AU (778 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun
(year) 11.8 Earth years
20. 22. Saturn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01-19%29.jpg Mythology God of agriculture Mass
95.184 times that of Earth Moons At least 30 moons and rings in seven bands Diameter 120 536 km (= 9.45 x Earth’s diameter) Surface
Liquid hydrogen Gravity 1.064 times that on Earth Surface Temperature – 180°C Period of rotation (day) 10 hours 39 minutes Tilt of axis
26.7° Distance from Sun 9.6 AU (1400 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 29.5 Earth years
21. 23. Uranus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Uranusandrings.jpg Mythology Father of Saturn Mass 14.54 times that of Earth Moons At
least 21 moons and 11 rings Diameter 51 200 km (= 4.01 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Likely to be frozen hydrogen and helium Gravity
0.903 times that on Earth Surface Temperature – 220°C Period of rotation (day) 17 hours 14 minutes Tilt of axis 98° Distance from Sun
19.2 AU (2875 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 84 Earth years
22. 24. Neptune http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Neptune.jpg Mythology God of the sea Mass 17.15 times that of Earth Moons 8 moons and
5 rings Diameter 49 528 km ( = 3.88 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Frozen hydrogen and helium Gravity 1.135 times that on Earth Surface
Temperature – 220°C Period of rotation (day) 16 hours 7 minutes Tilt of axis 29.3° Distance from Sun 30.1 AU (4500 million kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun (year) 165 Earth years
23. 25. The gas giants http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/gas_sizes.jpg
24. 26. Pluto (dwarf planet) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pluto.jpg In July 2015 (10 years after launch) the New Horizons spacecraft will
capture the first up-close imagery of Pluto, its moons and a region of the outer solar system called the Kuiper Belt. Mythology God of the
underworld Mass 0.002 times that of Earth Moons 1 (Charon) Diameter 2300 km ( = 0.18 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Icy crust of methan
 Gravity 0.061 times that on Earth Surface Temperature – 223°C Period of rotation (day) 6 Earth days Tilt of axis 122° Distance from Sun
39.6 AU (5914 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 249 Earth years

Earth
1. 1. EARTH
2. 2. WHAT IS EARTH SCIENCE? The study of Earth’s interior, rocks and soil, atmosphere, oceans and outer space.
3. 3. S EARTH SCIENCE IS ABOUT CONNECTIONS Today scientists look more for the connections among the different parts of the Earth-
its oceans, atmosphere, living things and rocks and soil.
4. 4. HEAT ENERGY FROM INSIDE THE EARTH AND RADIATION FROM THE SUN PROVIDE ENERGY FOR EARTH’S PROCESSES.
EARTH SCIENCE VOCABULARY Energy- the ability to cause change. Evaporation- the process by which liquid changes into gas.
Convection- hot material rises, cools, then sinks until it is heated enough to rise again. Radiation- energy that moves in certain types of
waves.
5. 5. WHY IS EARTH SCIENCE IMPORTANT? < Understanding Earth’s processes makes it possible to: Know what types of crops to plant
and when to plant them Know when to watch for dangerous weather Predict a volcano’s eruption in time to save people
6. 6. CHAPTER 1: VIEWS OF EARTH TODAY BIG IDEA: Modern technology has changed the way we view and map the Earth. KEY
CONCEPT 1.1: Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
7. 7. Click on the above link to begin the journey courtesy of the Discovery Channel . Think about what may happen to the entire marine
community if any part were taken away. www.mrmartella.com
8. 8. THE EARTH SYSTEM Has four major parts: Biosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Atmosphere
9. 9. The Four Parts of the Earth System System- an organized group of parts that work together to form a whole ATMOSPHERE: THE
MIXTURE OF GASES THAT SURROUNDS AND PROTECTS THE EARTH COMPOSITION: NITROGEN (78%) OXYGEN (21%)
CARBON DIOXIDE WATER VAPOR li>OTHER GASES STUDIED WITH: WEATHER BALLONS PLANES SATELLITES
10. 10. The Four Parts of the Earth HYDROSPHERE: MADE UP OF ALL THE WATER ON THE EARTH (OCEANS, LAKES, GLACIERS,
RIVERS, UNDERGROUND) WATER COVERS ¾ OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE ONLY 3% IS FRESH WATER NEARLY 70% IS IN
GLACIERS AND POLAR ICE CAPS >STUDIED WITH: DEAP –SEA VEHICLES BUOYS SATELLITE IMAGES >DIVING SUITSAFFECTS
THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN WARM/COLD OCEAN CURRENTS INTERACT WITH WIND CURRENTS
11. 11. The Four Parts of the Earth System < BIOSPHERE: INCLUDES ALL LIFE ON EARTH (IN THE AIR, WATER, AND ON LAND)
>STUDIED WITH: SATELLITE PHOTOS TRACK YEARLY CHANGES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE SPECIAL EQUIPMENT ALLOWS
SCIENTISTS TO STUDY PLACES WITHOUT HARMING THEM WHEN TREES EXCHANGE GASES THE BIOSPHERE INTERACTS
WITH THE ATMOSPHERE
12. 12. The Four Parts of the Earth System < GEOSPHERE: ALL FEATURES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE (CRUST) ALONG WITH THE
MANTLE, INNER AND OUTER CORES. >STUDIED WITH: </li></ul><ul><li>SATELLITE IMAGES </li></ul><ul><li>SOUND WAVES
COMPUTER MODELING MATTER MOVES FROM THE GEOSPHERE TO THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN VOLCANOES EXPLODE
</li></ul>
13. 13. ALL FOUR PARTS OF THE SYSTEM SHAPE THE PLANET’S SURFACE <ul><li>Atmosphere and Hydrosphere- Not even the hardest
stone can withstand the forces of wind and water. Over millions of years rain, wind, and moving water carved the Grand Canyon. </li></ul>
14. 14. <ul><li>Geosphere: Landmasses pushing together have set off earthquakes and formed volcanoes and mountain ranges like the Andes
around the world. </li></ul>
15. 15. <ul><li>Biosphere: Plants, animals and humans have also changed the Earth. Walking or riding a bike over open land changes the
surface of the planet. </li></ul>How does this picture show all four parts of the Earth system working together?
16. 16. THE END

25. 27. Eris (dwarf planet) Eris (centre) and Dysnomia (left of centre). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg Discovered
January 5, 2005, from images taken on October 21, 2003 Mythology Greek goddess of strife Mass Moons 1 (Dysnomia) Diameter 2600 km
(± 400 km) Surface Gravity Surface Temperature − 243 and −217 degrees Celsius Period of rotation (day) > 8 h? Tilt of axis Distance from
Sun 37.78 AU to 97.56 AU Time to orbit Sun (year) 556.7 Earth years
26. 28. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/misc/obliquity.htm Comparing tilt of axis
27. 29. The planets to scale. The rings of the gas giants are not shown.
28. 30. http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/solarsys_scale.jpg (Distance between objects not to scale)
29. 31. How small are we? source: Celestia (application) (Distance between objects not to scale) Earth
30. 32. How small are we? source: Celestia (application) (Distance between objects not to scale) Earth
31. 33. Relative distance of planets Sun = 1300mm diameter (blown up garbage bag) Mercury = 4.5mm (coffee bean) 54m from Sun Venus =
11.3mm (small blueberry) 101m from Sun Earth = 11.9mm (small blueberry) 139m from Sun Mars = 6mm (pea) 213m from Sun image
source: Google Earth
32. 34. Relative distance of planets Jupiter = 133.5mm (large grapefruit) 727m from Sun Saturn = 112.5mm (large orange) 1332m from Sun
Uranus = 47.7mm (Kiwi) 2681m from the Neptune = 46.2mm (nectarine) 4200m from the Sun >Pluto = 2mm (grain of rice) 5522m from the
Sun image source: Google Earth
33. 35. Earth’s movement in space The ancient civilisations defined the days, seasons, months and years by following the movements of the
Sun and Moon. Babylonians, Mayans, indigenous Australians and many other cultures all developed complex ways to predict seasonal
changes. This enabled people to plan when to plant crops or move to a new location in search of seasonal foods. Survival depended on
this ancient scientific knowledge of the Earth’s movement in space
34. 36. Earth’s movement in space The earth spins on its axis, causing alternating day and night When Earth is in the position shown, days are
shorter in the southern hemisphere and longer in the northern hemisphere. Science Focus 1: Coursebook
35. 37. Earths movement in space: one year The time taken by a planet to orbit (travel around) the Sun is called a year. Earth spins on its axis
while it orbits the Sun The Earth spins once on its axis in a day, and takes a year to orbit the SunScience Focus 1: Coursebook
36. 38. Earths movement in space: seasons As the Earth orbits the Sun, the tilt causes different parts of the Earth to experience different
heating effects At the summer solstice, days are longest, and at the winter solstice, days are shortest. Between these two times, at the two
equinoxes, day and night are of equal length. Science Focus 1: Coursebook
37. 39. Aboriginal seasons Bininj/Mungguy (local Aboriginal people) recognise six seasons in the Kakadu region: Gunumeleng - Pre-Monsoon
Storm Season >Gudjewg - Monsoon Season Banggerreng - Knock 'em down storm Season Yegge - Cooler but still humid Season
<Wurrgeng - Cold Weather Season Gurrung - Hot Dry Weather
</li></ul>http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/kakadu/artculture/seasons.html
38. 40. <ul><li>We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy,
but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that
challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
</li></ul><ul><li>(John F. Kennedy -- September 12, 1962) </li></ul>The Moon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e08r5IRTbjE
39. 41. The Moon Notice that the time for the Moon to orbit the Earth is nearly the same as the time it takes to spin once on its axis—this
results in us only ever seeing the one side of the Moon from Earth. The other side is often called ‘the dark side of the Moon’ since it had
never been seen until the Apollo missions. Mythology God of the night Mass 0.012 times that of Earth Diameter 3476 km ( = 0.27 x Earth’s
diameter) Gravity 0.16 times that on Earth Surface Temperature – 230°C to 123°C Period of rotation (day) 27.3 days Tilt of axis 5° Distance
from Earth 384,403 kilometres Time to orbit Earth 29.5 days Time to reach Moon 3 days Date first visited July 20, 1969
40. 42. What does the Moon do? The Moon has a great impact on life on Earth It changes appearance over the course of one Earth month t is
responsible for the tides It is involved in solar and lunar eclipses
41. 43. Phases of the Moon The Moon takes about a month to orbit the Earth, and spins at a similar rate, and therefore we always see the
same face of the Moon. How much of the Moon’s face we see depends on where it is in its orbit around the Earth. We call these different
views phases . Imagine yourself on the Earth, under point A looking towards Moon A . Because the Sun is directly behind the Moon, you
see nothing of the Moon. Now imagine yourself on Earth under point C , looking directly towards Moon C . From here you would see only
half the Moon. Science Focus 1: Coursebook
42. 44. The Moon and the tides As early as the second century BC, the Chinese had recognised a connection between tides and the Moon’s
cycle. About twice a day the sea level rises to a high tide and falls to a low tide—the average time between two high tides is 12 hours 25
minutes. It was not until Newton proposed a theory of gravity in 1687 that tides were understood to be the result of the Moon’s gravitational
pull on the Earth.
43. 45. The Moon and the tides The gravitational force between two objects is only noticeable when one or both objects are very large, as is
the case with the Moon and the Earth. The Moon attracts the oceans towards it, enough to cause a bulge in the oceans facing the Moon. If
this were the only effect there would only be one high tide and one low tide a day, not two. The Earth’s rotation, however, causes a similar
bulge on the other side of the Earth. Science Focus 1: Coursebook
44. 46. Solar eclipse The word ‘eclipse’ comes from the Greek word for ‘abandonment’ — the eclipse was seen as the Sun abandoning the
Earth. There are three types of solar eclipses.
45. 47. Solar eclipse A - total solar eclipse is when the Sun is covered by the Moon. B - annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is at its
greatest distance from the Earth. C - partial solar eclipse is when the Moon covers only part of the Sun. All solar eclipses occur when the
Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun and the Moon’s shadow falls on the Earth.
</li></ul>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eclipses_solares.en.png
46. 48. Solar eclipse, as seen from the International Space Station - March 29, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eclipse_fromISS_2006-
03-29.jpg
47. 49. Solar eclipse On August 1, 2008 a total eclipse will be visible from a narrow corridor through northern Canada (Nunavut), northern part
of Greenland, Siberian part of Russia, western Mongolia, and China. </li></ul>
48. 50. Lunar eclipse A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth's shadow. This can occur only when
the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, the Moon is always full during a lunar
eclipse. A lunar eclipse occurs at least two times a year, whenever some portion of the Earth's shadow falls upon the Moon.
49. 51. Lunar eclipse The Moon does not completely disappear as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by the
Earth's atmosphere into the shadow cone; if the Earth had no atmosphere, the Moon would be completely dark during an eclipse. The red
colouring arises because sunlight reaching the Moon must pass through a long and dense layer of the Earth's atmosphere, where it is
scattered.Science Focus 1: Coursebook
50. 52. On August 28, 2007 a total lunar eclipse will be visible in its entirety for all of Eastern Australia and New Zealand. The partial eclipse
begins at 18:51, and the total eclipse occurs from 19:52 until 21:22 (EST).
http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/LEmono/TLE2007Aug28/TLE2007Aug28.html
51. 53. The Solar System How long would it take you to travel to Pluto? How far from Earth is the furthest manmade object >What would
happen if we no longer had the Moon? When is the next total solar eclipse in Australia?
52. 54. ReferencesNASA (2007). NASA . URL: www. nasa . gov . (Accessed August 15 2007Whalley, K., Phillips, G., Rickard, G., Monckton,
S., & Robrson, P. (2005). Science Focus One . Sydney: Pearson Education AustraliaWikipedia. (2007). Solar System. Wikipedia . URL:
http://en. wikipedia . org/wiki/Solar_system . (Accessed August 15 2007