Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch

JOSE RIZAL, the national hero of the Philippines and pride of the Malayan race, was born on June 19, 1861, in the town of Calamba, Laguna. He
was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). Both his parents were educated and belonged to distinguished families.

His father, Francisco Mercado Rizal, an industrious farmer whom Rizal called "a model of fathers," came from Biñan, Laguna; while his mother,
Teodora Alonzo y Quintos, a highly cultured and accomplished woman whom Rizal called "loving and prudent mother," was born in Meisic, Sta.
Cruz, Manila. At the age of 3, he learned the alphabet from his mother; at 5, while learning to read and write, he already showed inclinations to
be an artist. He astounded his family and relatives by his pencil drawings and sketches and by his moldings of clay. At the age 8, he wrote a
Tagalog poem, "Sa Aking Mga Kabata," the theme of which revolves on the love of one’s language. In 1877, at the age of 16, he obtained his
Bachelor of Arts degree with an average of "excellent" from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he enrolled in Philosophy and
Letters at the University of Santo Tomas, while at the same time took courses leading to the degree of surveyor and expert assessor at the
Ateneo. He finished the latter course on March 21, 1877 and passed the Surveyor’s examination on May 21, 1878; but because of his age, 17,
he was not granted license to practice the profession until December 30, 1881. In 1878, he enrolled in medicine at the University of Santo
Tomas but had to stop in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were being discriminated upon by their Dominican tutors. On May
3, 1882, he sailed for Spain where he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he was
conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine and on June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he finished his course in Philosophy and Letters with a
grade of "excellent."

Having traveled extensively in Europe, America and Asia, he mastered 22 languages. These include Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, English, French,
German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Malayan, Portuguese, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Tagalog, and other native dialects. A versatile
genius, he was an architect, artists, businessman, cartoonist, educator, economist, ethnologist, scientific farmer, historian, inventor, journalist,
linguist, musician, mythologist, nationalist, naturalist, novelist, opthalmic surgeon, poet, propagandist, psychologist, scientist, sculptor,
sociologist, and theologian.

He was an expert swordsman and a good shot. In the hope of securing political and social reforms for his country and at the same time educate
his countrymen, Rizal, the greatest apostle of Filipino nationalism, published, while in Europe, several works with highly nationalistic and
revolutionary tendencies. In March 1887, his daring book, NOLI ME TANGERE, a satirical novel exposing the arrogance and despotism of the
Spanish clergy, was published in Berlin; in 1890 he reprinted in Paris, Morga’s SUCCESSOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS with his annotations to prove
that the Filipinos had a civilization worthy to be proud of even long before the Spaniards set foot on Philippine soil; on September 18, 1891, EL
FILIBUSTERISMO, his second novel and a sequel to the NOLI and more revolutionary and tragic than the latter, was printed in Ghent. Because of
his fearless exposures of the injustices committed by the civil and clerical officials, Rizal provoked the animosity of those in power. This led
himself, his relatives and countrymen into trouble with the Spanish officials of the country. As a consequence, he and those who had contacts
with him, were shadowed; the authorities were not only finding faults but even fabricating charges to pin him down. Thus, he was imprisoned
in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892 on a charge that anti-friar pamphlets were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive
with him from Hong Kong. While a political exile in Dapitan, he engaged in agriculture, fishing and business; he maintained and operated a
hospital; he conducted classes- taught his pupils the English and Spanish languages, the arts.

The sciences, vocational courses including agriculture, surveying, sculpturing, and painting, as well as the art of self defense; he did some
researches and collected specimens; he entered into correspondence with renowned men of letters and sciences abroad; and with the help of
his pupils, he constructed water dam and a relief map of Mindanao - both considered remarkable engineering feats. His sincerity and
friendliness won for him the trust and confidence of even those assigned to guard him; his good manners and warm personality were found
irresistible by women of all races with whom he had personal contacts; his intelligence and humility gained for him the respect and admiration
of prominent men of other nations; while his undaunted courage and determination to uplift the welfare of his people were feared by his
enemies.

When the Philippine Revolution started on August 26, 1896, his enemies lost no time in pressing him down. They were able to enlist witnesses
that linked him with the revolt and these were never allowed to be confronted by him. Thus, from November 3, 1986, to the date of his
execution, he was again committed to Fort Santiago. In his prison cell, he wrote an untitled poem, now known as "Ultimo Adios" which is
considered a masterpiece and a living document expressing not only the hero’s great love of country but also that of all Filipinos. After a mock
trial, he was convicted of rebellion, sedition and of forming illegal association. In the cold morning of December 30, 1896, Rizal, a man whose 35
years of life had been packed with varied activities which proved that the Filipino has capacity to equal if not excel even those who treat him as
a slave, was shot at Bagumbayan Field.
Source: Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch by TEOFILO H MONTEMAYOR

The Rizals is considered one of the biggest families during their time. Domingo Lam-co, the family's paternal ascendant was a full-blooded
Chinese who came to the Philippines from Amoy, China in the closing years of the 17th century and married a Chinese half-breed by the name
of Ines de la Rosa.

Researchers revealed that the Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood aside from Chinese.

Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters and
one brother.

FRANCISCO MERCADO (1818-1898)

Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest of 13 offsprings of Juan and Cirila Mercado. Born in Biñan, Laguna on April 18, 1818; studied in San
Jose College, Manila; and died in Manila.

TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913)

Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos. She studied at the Colegio de Santa Rosa. She was a
business-minded woman, courteous, religious, hard-working and well-read. She was born in Santa Cruz, Manila on November 14, 1827 and died
in 1913 in Manila.

SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913)

Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.

PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930)

Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child. Studied at San Jose College in Manila; became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine
Revolution.

NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939)

The third child. married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician.

OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887)

The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo; died in 1887 from childbirth.

LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919)

The fifth child. Married Matriano Herbosa.

MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945)

The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.

JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896)

The second son and the seventh child. He was executed by the Spaniards on December 30,1896.

CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865)

The eight child. Died at the age of three.

JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945)

The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster.

TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951)

The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the family to die.

SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929)

The youngest child married Pantaleon Quintero.

From an early age, José showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5. Upon
enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, he dropped the last three names that made up his full name, on the advice of his
brother, Paciano and the Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "José Protasio Rizal". Of this, he later wrote: "My family never paid much
attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!" This was to enable him
to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links to Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (popularly known as Gomburza) who had been accused and executed for treason.

Despite the name change, José, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with
Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial
Philippine societies.

-------------------*************-----------------

In Calamba, Laguna, 19 June 1861

JOSE RIZAL, the seventh child of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso y Quintos, was born in Calamba, Laguna.

22 June 1861

He was baptized JOSE RIZAL MERCADO at the Catholic of Calamba by the parish priest Rev. Rufino Collantes with Rev. Pedro Casañas as the
sponsor.

28 September 1862

The parochial church of Calamba and the canonical books, including the book in which Rizal’s baptismal records were entered, were burned.
1864

Barely three years old, Rizal learned the alphabet from his mother.

1865

When he was four years old, his sister Conception, the eight child in the Rizal family, died at the age of three. It was on this occasion that Rizal
remembered having shed real tears for the first time.

1865 – 1867

During this time his mother taught him how to read and write. His father hired a classmate by the name of Leon Monroy who, for five months
until his (Monroy) death, taught Rizal the rudiments of Latin.

At about this time two of his mother’s cousin frequented Calamba. Uncle Manuel Alberto, seeing Rizal frail in body, concerned himself with the
physical development of his young nephew and taught the latter love for the open air and developed in him a great admiration for the beauty
of nature, while Uncle Gregorio, a scholar, instilled into the mind of the boy love for education. He advised Rizal: "Work hard and perform every
task very carefully; learn to be swift as well as thorough; be independent in thinking and make visual pictures of everything."

6 June 1868

With his father, Rizal made a pilgrimage to Antipolo to fulfill the vow made by his mother to take the child to the Shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo
should she and her child survive the ordeal of delivery which nearly caused his mother’s life.

From there they proceeded to Manila and visited his sister Saturnina who was at the time studying in the La Concordia College in Sta. Ana.

1869

At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem entitled "Sa Aking Mga Kabata." The poem was written in tagalog and had for its theme "Love of
One’s Language."

1871

His mother was imprisoned in Sta. Cruz, Laguna for allegedly poisoning the wife of her cousin Jose Alberto, a rich property owner of Biñan and
brother of Manuel and Gregorio.

1872

For the first time, Rizal heard of the word filibustero which his father forbid the members of his family to utter, including such names as Cavite
and Burgos. (It must be remembered that because of the Cavite Mutiny on January 20, 1872, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora were garroted at Bagumbayan Field on February 17, 1872.)

In Biñan, Laguna1870

His brother Paciano brought Rizal to Biñan, Laguna. He was placed under the tutelage of Justiniano Aquino Cruz, studying Latin and Spanish. In
this town he also learned the art of painting under the tutorship of an old painter by the name of Juancho Carrera.
17 December 1870

Having finished his studies in Biñan, Rizal returned to Calamba on board the motorboat Talim. His parents planned to transfer him to Manila
where he could continue his studies.

THE FAMILIAR STATEMENT that Doña Teodora was Rizal’s first teacher is not just a sort of ‘venerating’ his mother who sacrificed a lot for our
hero. It was a technical truth. In his memoirs, Rizal wrote, “My mother taught me how to read and to say haltingly the humble prayers which I
raised fervently to God.”

EDUCATION IN CALAMBA

In Rizal’s time, seldom would one see a highly educated woman of fine culture like Doña Teodora who had the capacity to teach Spanish,
reading, poetry, and values through rare story books. Under her supervision, Rizal had thus learned the alphabet and the prayers at the age of
three.

Aside from his mother, his sister Saturnina and three maternal uncles also mentored him. His uncle Jose Alberto taught him painting, sketching,
and sculpture. Uncle Gregorio influenced him to further love reading. Uncle Manuel, for his part, developed Rizal’s physical skills in martial arts
like wrestling.

To further enhance what Rizal had learned, private tutors were hired to give him lessons at home. Thus, Maestro Celestino tutored him and
Maestro Lucas Padua later succeeded Celestino. Afterward, a former classmate of Don Francisco, Leon Monroy, lived at the Rizal home to
become the boy’s tutor in Spanish and Latin. Sadly, Monroy died five months later. (Of course, there is no truth to some students’ comically
malicious insinuation that Rizal had something to do with his death.)

EDUCATION IN BIÑAN

Rizal was subsequently sent to a private school in Biñan. In June 1869, his brother Paciano brought him to the school of Maestro Justiniano
Aquino Cruz. The school was in the teacher’s house, a small nipa house near the home of Jose’s aunt where he stayed. In Rizal’s own words, his
teacher “knew by the heart the grammars by Nebrija and Gainza.”

During Rizal’s first day in Biñan school, the teacher asked him:

“Do you know Spanish?”

”A little, sir,” replied Rizal.

”Do you know Latin?”

”A little, sir.”
Because of this, his classmates, especially the teacher’s son Pedro, laughed at the newcomer. So later in that day, Jose challenged the bully
Pedro to a fight. Having learned wrestling from his Uncle Manuel, the younger and smaller Jose had defeated his tormenter. Compared to
bullying victims today, we can say that Rizal did not wait for anyone to enact a law against bullying, but rather took matters into his own hands.

After the class however, he had an arm-wrestling match with his classmate Andres Salandanan in which Jose lost and even almost cracked his
head on the sidewalk. That only proves that merely being a ‘desperado’ won’t make you win all your fights.

In the following days, Jose was said to have had other fights with Biñan boys. (If his average was two fights per day, as what happened during
his first day in Biñan school, then he might have been more active than today’s MMA [mixed martial arts] fighters). For his scuffles, he
nonetheless received many whippings and blows on the open palm from his disciplinarian teacher.

Rizal may have not won all his brawls but he nevertheless beat all Biñan boys academically in Spanish, Latin, and other subjects.

EDUCATION IN MANILA

There’s a claim that from Biñan school, Rizal studied in Colegio de San Juan de Letran. The story states that after attending his classes for almost
three months in Letran, Jose was asked by the Dominican friars to look for another school due to his radical and bold questions.

However, standard biographies agree that Rizal just took the entrance examination in that institution but Don Francisco sent him to enroll
instead in Ateneo Municipal in June 1872. Run by the Jesuit congregation (Society of Jesus), Ateneo upheld religious instruction, advanced
education, rigid discipline, physical culture, and cultivation of the arts, like music, drawing, and painting. Ironically, this school which is now the
archrival of La Salle in being exclusively luxurious, among others, was formerly the ‘Escuela Pia’ (Charity School)—a school for poor boys in
Manila established by the city government in 1817.

Paciano found Jose a boarding house in Intramuros but he later transferred to the house of a spinster situated on Calle Carballo in Santa Cruz
area. There he became acquainted with various mestizos that were said to be begotten by friars. (Jose perhaps had not thought twice to
befriend them, believing that they were probably nice people—for after all, they were ‘mga anak ng pari’ [children of priests]).

To encourage healthy competitions, classes in Ateneo were divided into two groups which constantly competed against each other. One group,
named the Roman Empire, comprised the interns (boarders) while the other one, the Carthaginian Empire, consisted of the externs (non-
boarders). Within an empire, members were also in continuous competition as they vied for the top ranks called dignitaries— Emperor, being
the highest position, followed by Tribune, Decurion, Centurion, and Standard-Bearer, respectively. Initially placed at the tail of the class as a
newcomer, Jose was soon continually promoted—that just after a month, he had become an Emperor, receiving a religious picture as a prize.

When the term ended, he attained the mark of ‘excellent’ in all the subjects and in the examinations. The second year, Jose transferred
residence to No. 6 Calle Magallanes and he obtained a medal at the end of that academic term. In the third year, he won prizes in the quarterly
examinations. The following year, his parents placed him as intern (boarding student) in the school and stayed there until his graduation. At the
end of the school year, he garnered five medals, with which he said he could somewhat repay his father for his sacrifices. On March 23, 1877,
he received the Bachelor of Arts degree, graduating as one of the nine students in his class declared ‘sobresaliente’ or outstanding.
Some of his priest-professors in Ateneo were Jose Bech, a man with mood swings and somewhat of a lunatic and of an uneven humor;
Francisco de Paula Sanchez, an upright, earnest, and caring teacher whom Rizal considered his best professor; Jose Vilaclara; and a certain
Mineves. At the Ateneo, Rizal cultivated his talent in poetry, applied himself regularly to gymnastics, and devoted time to painting and
sculpture. Don Augustin Saez, another professor, thoughtfully guided him in drawing and painting, and the Filipino Romualdo de Jesus lovingly
instructed him in sculpture.

In 1877, Rizal enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy in Letters. At the same time, he took in Ateneo a land
surveyor and assessor's degree (expert surveyor), a vocational course. He finished his surveyor's training in 1877, passed the licensing exam in
May 1878, though the license was granted to him only in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.

After a year in UST, Jose changed course and enrolled in medicine to be able to cure the deteriorating eyesight of his mother. But being tired of
the discrimination by the Dominican professors to Filipino students, he stopped attending classes at UST in 1882. It’s worthwhile to note that
Rizal’s another reason for not completing medicine in UST was that the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. Rizal’s observation
perhaps had served as a challenge for UST to improve in its mode of instructions.

If records were accurate, Rizal had taken a total of 19 subjects in UST and finished them with varied grades, ranging from excellent to fair.
Notably, he got ‘excellent’ in all his subjects in the Philosophy course.

EDUCATION IN EUROPE

On May 3, 1882, he left for Spain and enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3. In
some days of November 1884, Rizal was involved in the chaotic student demonstrations by the Central University students in which many were
wounded, hit by cane, arrested, and imprisoned. The protest rallies started after Dr. Miguel Morayta had been excommunicated by bishops for
delivering a liberal speech, proclaiming the freedom of science and the teacher, at the opening ceremony of the academic year. Incidentally,
the street in Manila named after Morayta (Nicanor Reyes Street today) has always been affected by, if not itself the venue of, student
demonstrations.

In June of 1884, Rizal received the degree of Licentiate in Medicine at the age of 23. His rating though was just ‘fair’ for it was affected by the
‘low’ grades he got from UST. The next school year (1884-1885), he took and completed the three additional subjects leading to the Doctor of
Medicine degree. He was not awarded the Doctor’s diploma though for failing to pay the fee and the required thesis.

Exactly on his 24th birthday, the Madrid university awarded him the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters with the grade of excellent
(‘sobresaliente’). We can thus argue that Rizal was better as a ‘philosopher’ than a physician.

Wanting to cure his mother's advancing blindness, Rizal went to Paris. He was said to have attended medical lectures at the University of Paris.
From November 1885 to February 1886, he worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert. Through this leading French ophthalmologist, Rizal
was thankful that he learned how to perform all the ophthalmological operations.
In February 3, 1886, Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, Germany. He attended the lectures of Dr. Otto Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the
University of Heidelberg. He also worked at the University Eye Hospital under the guidance of Dr. Becker. Under the direction of this renowned
German ophthalmologist, Rizal had learned to use the then newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann von Helmholtz) which he
later used to operate on his mother’s eye. In Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal completed his eye specialization.

Afterward, Rizal spent three months in the nearby village, Wilhemsfeld where he wrote the last few chapters of ‘Noli Me Tangere’. He stayed at
the pastoral house of a kind Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer, the whole family of whom became Rizal’s good friends. In August 1886, he
attended lectures on history and psychology at the University of Leipzig. In November 1886, he reached Berlin, the famous city where he
worked as an assistant in Dr. Schweigger’s clinic and attended lectures in the University of Berlin.

In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of the Berlin’s ‘Ethnological Society’, ‘Anthropological Society’, and ‘Geographical Society’. In April 1887,
he was invited to deliver an address in German before the ‘Ethnographic Society’ of Berlin on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog
language.

In Germany, Rizal met and befriended the famous academicians and scholars at the time. Among them were Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, German
historian; Dr. Hanz Meyer, German Anthropologist; Dr. Feodor Jagor, the author of ‘Travels in the Philippines’ which Rizal had read as a student
in Manila; Dr. Rudolf Virchow, German anthropologist; and Rudolf’s son, Dr. Hans Virchow, Descriptive Anatomy professor.

Especially after the hero’s martyrdom, these people who were the renowned personalities in the academe not only in Germany but also in
Europe were so proud that once in their life they had known the educated and great Filipino named Jose Rizal.

Rizal's First Trip Abroad

3 May 1882

Rizal left Philippines for the first time and traveled to Spain. He boarded the Salvadora using a passport of Jose Mercado, which was procured
for him by his uncle Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera. He was accompanied to the quay where the Salvadora was moored by his uncle
Antonio, Vicente Gella, and Mateo Evangelista.

4 May 1882

He got seasick on board the boat.

5 May1882

He conversed with the passengers of the ship; he was still feeling sea-sick.

6 May 1882

He played chess with the passengers on board.

8 May 1882

He saw mountains and Islands.

9 May 1882

Rizal arrived at Singapore.

10 May 1882

He went around the town of Singapore and maid some observations.

11 May 1882

In Singapore, at 2 p.m., Rizal boarded the boat Djemnah to continue his trip to Spain. He found the boat clean and well kept.

12 May 1882

He had a conversation with the passengers of the boat.

13 May 1882

Rizal was seasick again.

14 May 1882

On his way to Marseilles, Rizal had a terrible dream. He dreamed he was traveling with Neneng (Saturnina) and their path was blocked by
snakes.

May 15 1882

Rizal had another disheartening dream. He dreamed he returned to Calamba and after meeting his parents who did not talk to him because of
not having consulted them about his first trip abroad, he returned traveling abroad with one hundred pesos he again borrowed. He was so sad
and broken hearted. Soon he woke up and found himself inside his cabin.

17 May 1882

Rizal arrived at Punta de Gales.

18 May 1882

At 7:30 a.m., he left Punta de Gales for Colombo. In the afternoon, Rizal arrived at Colombo and in the evening the trip was resumed.

26 May 1882

Rizal was nearing the African coast

27 May 1882
He landed at Aden at about 8:30 a.m. He made observation at the time.

2 June 1882

He arrived at the Suez Canal en route to Marseilles.

3 June 1882

He was quarantined on board the Djemnah in the Suez Canal.

6 June 1882

It was the fourth day at Suez Canal and was still quarantined on board of the boat.

7 June 1882

Rizal arrived at Port Said. In a letter to his parents, He described his trip en route to Aden along the Suez Canal.

11 June 1882

Rizal disembarked and, accompanied by a guide, went around the City of Naples for one hour. This was the first European ground he set foot
on.

12 June 1882

At ten o’clock in the evening, the boat anchored at Marseilles. He sleptn board.

13 June 1882

Early on the morning he landed at Marseilles and boarded at the Noalles Hotel. Later he around for observation.

14 June 1882

His second in Marseilles.

15 June 1882

He left Marseilles for Barcelona in an express train.

Rizal in Barcelona, Spain

16 June 1882

At 12:00 noon, Rizal arrived at Barcelona and boarded in the Fonda De España.

23 June 1882
In a letter, Rizal related to his parents his experiences during his trip from Port Said to Barcelona. In the same Letter, he requested them to send
him a birth certificate and statement showing that he had parents in the Philippines.

18 August 1882

P. Leoncio Lopez of Calamba issued a certified copy of Rizal’s birth certificate.

20 August 1882

His article "Amor Patrio" was published in the Diarong Tagalog, a Manila newspaper edited by Basilio Teodoro. This was the First article he
wrote abroad.

Rizal in Madrid, Spain

2 September 1882

Rizal matriculated at the Universidad Central de Madrid. He took the following subjects: medical clinic, surgical clinic, legal medicine and
obstetrical clinic.

2 October 1882

He attended his regular classes which stared in all earnest.

4 October 1882

Asked to deliver a poem by the members of Circulo Hispano-Filipino, there together in the effort to save the association from disintegration,
Rizal recited "Me piden versus." The meeting was held at the house of Pablo Ortiga y Rey.

7 October 1882

He attended again of the Circulo Hisfano-Filipino held in house of Mr. Ortiga.

2 November 1882

He wrote the article "Revista de Madrid" which was in intended for publication in the Diarong Tagalog in Manila, but was not published because
the newspaper stops its circulation.

7 November 1882

Rizal wrote an article entitled "Las Dudas". The article was signed Laong - Laan.

30 December 1882

In a letter, Rizal revealed to Paciano his plan of going to Paris or Rome in June. He wanted to practice French in Paris and Italian in Rome and to
observe the customs of people in those cities.

- In the evening, Rizal dreamed he was an actor dying in the scene, feeling intensely the shortage of his breath, the weakening of his strength,
and darkening of his sight. He woke up tired and breathless.
1 January 1883

Rizal felt sad in the morning. He recollected the terrible dream he had the previous night.

15 January 1883

He attended the birthday of Pablo Ortiga with some of the Filipinos.

16 January 1883

He attended the masquerade ball in Alhambra with some of his countrymen.

13 February 1883

In a letter Rizal appraised his brother Paciano of his activities in Madrid, his impressions of the city and his meeting with his friends in gathering.
In part he said: "The Tuesday of the Carnival we had a Filipino luncheon and dinner in the house of the Pateros, each one contributing one duro.
We ate with our hands, boiled rice, chicken adobo, fried fish and roast pig.

2 May 1882

Rizal recollected his past impressions when he left his hometown Calamba. This day he attended a fiesta in Madrid.

26 May 1883

In a letter, Rizal was informed by Paciano of the 1,350 loaves of milled sugar produced from the Pansol farm and at the same time granting him
to proceed to Paris as soon as he finished the medical course in Madrid.

15 June 1883

Rizal left Madrid for Paris to spend his summer and to observe the big French City.

Rizal in Paris, France

17 June 1883

Rizal arrived at Paris. He spent the whole day walking around and observing the beautiful cities.

18 June 1883

With Felipe Zamora and Cunanan, He visited the Leannec Hospital to observe how Dr, Nicaise treated his patients. He was stunned to see the
advanced facilities in the accommodation in the said hospital.

19 June 1883

He again visited Dr. Nicaise who showed the technique of operation. Later he went to see dupytren Museum.

20 June 1883

Rizal visited the Lariboisiere Hospital where Felix Pardo de Tavera was an extern. Here he observe the examination of the different diseases of
women.
21 June 1883

After watching the done by Dr. Duply, he went to the Jardin d’ Acclimatation situated outside the Paris in the Forest of Bologna. He found there
plants of all species and the rarest and most beautiful birds.

5 July 1883

In a letter to his parents, sisters and brother, Rizal continued describing the museum, buildings and hospitals he had visited in Paris.

2 August 1883

In a letter to his parents, he continued describing his visits to museum and his excursions to important place in Paris.

Rizal Back in Madrid

10 January 1884

Rizal received two letters: one from his uncle Antonio dated December 2 and the other from Paciano dated November 30.

11 January 1884

In Madrid, Rizal was visited by Antonio Aguirre. Later, he went to class and met Pareda there.

12 January 1884

Rizal went to the theatre. He enjoyed seeing the "El Octavo No Mentir" and "Un Año Mas."

13 January 1884

In the afternoon, in the house of the Paterno’s, Rizal extended the meeting of the Filipino students

15 January 1884

Rizal and other Filipino students in Madrid attended the birthday party of Pablo Ortiga y Rey. There was a dance.

16 January 1884

In the morning, Rizal went to class. After his class, he visited his patient on the number 10 bed who thanked Rizal for the help he extended. The
patient recovered immediately.

17 January 1884

He went with Llorente to witness the proceedings in the senate. At 6:00 p.m., after more than 5 hours of waiting outside, they were able to
enter the hall.

18 January 1884
Rizal was not able to attend his classes due to the demonstrations of the students of the College of Law and the College of Medicine against the
Minister of Finance.

20 January 1884

Rizal met Valentin Ventura and Rafael. He sent to C.O. (Consuelo Ortiga) a piece of guimaras cloth. He bought a tenth part of a lottery ticket for
three pesetas.

21 January 1884

He went to class. The students of the College of Law still refused to enter. They wanted the abolition of the decrees. Rizal thru Eduardo Lete,
receive the thanks of C.O. guimaras cloth.

23 January 1884

Rizal visited the artist Estevan and Melecio. He meet Antonio and Maximino and later Pedro. The Pateros requested him to exhibit his photos,
but Rizal refused because the pictures contained dedication.

24 January 1884

Rizal was visited by Valentin Ventura. The strike of the students in the University of San Carlos was settled and the students of the College of
Law entered their classes

25 January 1884

Rizal had a sad dream. He dreamed the returned home, but what a sad reception! His parents did not meet him.

26 January 1884

Rizal with Estevan Figueroa, Sanmarti, Eduardo Lete and Rafael went to the house of Etermes Figueron. This was the most peaceful reunion the
Filipinos had.

27 January 1884

He had a picture taken in the house of Otero. He was visited by Maximino and Antonio Paterno. They planned to see the Ateneo, Madrid, but
the weather did not permit them.

28 January 1884

He visited the Ateneo with Antonio and Maximino it was beautiful, wide and well decorated. He met beautiful girl at the door of his neighbor’s
house.

29 January 1884

He attended the Masquerade ball in Madrid in which he enjoyed by dancing every piece. There were two masked person who were joking him
but whom he did not recognize.

30 January 1884

Rizal sent three letters to the Philippines, one for his uncle Antonio Rivera, another for Jose Cecilio (Chengoy) and the other for Lolay. He sent
also newspapers: El Imperial, El Dia and El Liberal.
31 January 1884

Rizal made an accounting of his one month expenses. For the month of January, he spent a total of 329.63 pesetas.

1 February 1884

He went to the theatre of Eslava to hear politics and bull-fighting. Later he went to the Café de Madrid.

2 February 1884

Rizal in the Filipino students were gathered in the house of D. Paul, to discuss the affairs of the association.

3 February 1884

He was visited by the Cortabitarte sisters accompanied by their mother. He receive them amiably.

4 February 1884

He stayed at home, seriously reviewing his lesson for the examination.

5 February 1884

He visited Valentin Ventura who was slight sick of dermatitis.

6 February 1884

Rizal felt sad for the death of hid professor in History, D. Federico Lara. Of the professor, Rizal said: "very nice person, at least by the little I
knew of him."

7 February 1884

He witnessed the discussion between the two Spaniards in the street of Lobo, one sustained that all Spaniards are brave and the other, that not
all are brave.

9 February 1884

He was very much disgusted of the result of the "La Macosta" which he saw for 2.10 pesetas.

10 February 1884

Rizal had a work around the University District. Later, he went to see Consuelo Ortiga.

13 February 1884

He sent letters to his uncle Rivera and to his family, the latter with a picture.

17 February 1884
Rizal made operation on arterial vein in the Hospital de la Princesa.

25 February 1884

He attended the carnival where he saw at his side a beautiful girl, with blue eyes and a pleasant smile.

7 March 1884

Rizal performed an operation with Mariani. In the evening, he attended English lecture conducted by a Mr. Schuts in the Ateneo de Madrid.

9 March 1884

He was visited by Cunanan and Valentin Ventura. They talked on various matters.

11 March 1884

Rizal receive an information from his uncle Antonio to the effect the Sra. Ticang became crazy.

- He bought a German on this day.

15 March 1884

He visited D. Quintin Meynet in Atocha Street, Madrid. Later He and Eduardo Lete, Sanmarti, Paco Esquivel and Esteven Figueroa were gathered
in the house of Pablo Ortiga.

19 march 1884

He receive postcards from Pepe Esquivel, Aguirre, from the family of Ruiz , Eriate, D. Pablo y Carillo, Pedro Paterno.

30 March 1884

Rizal wrote letters for home, for Leonor Rivera and for his uncle Antonio Rivera.

31 March 1884

He enjoyed his visit with the family of V: talked with the children. For him, this day was full of recollections. He realized that days ran fast.

8 April 1884

He started his sculptural work representing the "wounded gladiator."

13 April 1884

He receive letters from Leonor Rivera, Uncle Antonio, and from Chengoy (Jose Cecilio). He was very much contented with the news, although
not of the health of the Leonor.

17 April 1884
He saw Rossi, the Italian actor representing the Kean, Dumas’ drama. He was surprise of the effect – well represented. Jose Cecilio informed
him about the rivalry between Leonor Valenzuela and Leonor Rivera. He told rizal in a letter about the desire of Miss Rivera to see Miss
Valenzuela with the object of settling the rivalry.

- From the same letter learned that two thirds medical students studying University of Santo Thomas failing grades.

20 April 1884

He receive uncle Antonio 500 pesetas he went to visit the brother, but they were home.

24 April 1884

In the evening he saw Hamlet presented and he had a pleasant moment how wonderfully was interpreted.

1 May 1884

He stopped eating in Calle de Lobo, Madrid; he wnt to the Calle de Principe. He dropped his German language lessons in order to devote the
entire month to his studies for the coming examinations.

6 May 1884

Rizal answered Lorenzo D’Ayot who published an article entitled "El Teatro Tagalo."

5 June 1884

He took the examination on medical clinic, 2nd course, in Central University de Madrid.

6 June 1884

He took the examination in his last subject in Medicine, Surgical clinic, 2nd course. He got grade of "ver good."

9 June 1884

Rizal filed an application for graduation for the degree of Licentiate in Medicine.

13 June 1884

He took an examination in Greek and Latin literature. He obtained a grade of "excellent" in both subjects.

14 June 1884

He took an examination in Greek, 1st course, and got a grade of "excellent."

17 June 1884

Rizal pawned his ring to pay the fees for the examination.

21 June 1884
He finished the degree of Licentiate in Medicine with the grade of aprobado from the Central Universidad de Madrid.

25 June 1884

Rizal won first prize in Greek contest, after which he delivered a speech in honor of the two Filipino painters, Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion
Hidalgo. The occasion commemorated the triumph of the two, especially Luna who won the first prize for his Spoliarium during the National
Exposition of Fine Arts held in Madrid that year.

26 June 1884

He took an examination in Universal History, 2nd course. He grade of "excellent."

27 June 1884

He was informed in a letter by Mariano Katigbak about the deteriorating health of Leonor Rivera caused by her too much loving and waiting for
her love one.

1 July 1884

Rizal explained the term "Filibusterismo" in the newspaper of Madrid El Progreso, calling the attention of the Spanish authorities over the case
of future of the Filipinos. He asked for freedom of the press and the right of representation of the Spanish Cortes.

29 August 1884

He came to know how Pedro Tobin of Nagcarlan Laguna, was gypped in Madrid. The man was fooled and all his cash was lost. He relayed the
news to the Philippines thru his parents.

31 August 1884

The popularity of his speech delivered during the Luna-Hidalgo banquet held in Madrid, reached the Philippines via two ways: one thru the
draft Rizal sent to Antonio Rivera and the other thru the periodicals he sent to his friends.

30 September 1884

He was issued the diploma of ordinary prize obtained during the examination given last June 30, in the subjects of Greek and Latin Literature at
the Central Universidad De Madrid.

5 November 1884

He receive the news from Paciano that the cause of the sickness of their mother was his speech delivered during the banquet in honor of two
Filipino painters. Their mother feared that Rizal could no longer return to the Philippines as opined by both his friends and enemies in the
country.

16 November 1884

He wrote a letter to his family in Calamba asking their permission for him to return to the Philippines.

- Because of the treaty of commerce being negotiated between Spain and United States and the plan of England to enter into the said treaty,
Rizal predicted the fate of the Philippine sugar. He said it would turn from bad to worse.
20 November 1884

Rizal witnessed the tumultuous scene in the Central Universidad de Madrid where the students and professors staged a strike against
excommunication imposed by the bishop on the lecture proclaiming the freedom of science and of the teacher.

21 November 1884

With Valentin Ventura, he escaped from being arrested by a police lieutenant and a secret service man in connection with strike staged by the
University students.

22 November 1884

He disguised himself three times to evade arrest by the law agents who were eyeing on him. The indignation rally of the students continued
and more arrest were affected.

26 November 1884

Desirous to help the family, Rizal in a letter reiterated his wish to return home.

11 December 1884

Teodora Alonso admonished not to meddle in things which would give her displeasures, not tomfail to comply with the duties of good Christian,
and not to expect too many letter from her and she was already very old and could not see very well due to her failing sight.

1 January 1885

Paciano begged Rizal to wait for the opportune time to return to the Philippines. In a letter, he told Rizal that their parents would see him in
Hong kong sometime in the future, and not in the Philippines were the situation was dangerous for him. Paciano asked for some information
about sugar beets in Europe, and advised Rizal to write tell their parents things that would always please them.

26 February 1885

In a letter Rizal told Jose Cecilio to marry Miss Leonor Valenzuela, than see her married to the other person. The letter arrive on the Philippines
last April 5 1885, on the same boat which took Governor General Emilio Torero.

30 March 1885

Rizal sent a letter to his brother Paciano why not receive his pension. In the same letter he mentioned his going either to England or Germany
to specialized in ophthalmology.

18 April 1885

He asked Jose Cecilio for advise as to who, between two Leonors, would be an ideal partner in life. Cecilio, as an answer to the question,
selected Leanoe Rivera for being more feminine, more ductile, sweeter, milder, nicer, and above all more educated.

16 June 1885

Rizal receive a letter from Manuel Hidalgo informing him of another cholera case which occurred in Manila. He requested by a letter to buy for
him ( Hildalgo) tha Spanish book Emilio written by Rousseau.

- He receive one hundred pesos (P100) from Saturnina and Manuel Hidalgo as their contribution to his expenses in finishing Doctorate degree.
19 June 1885

Rizal finished the degree in Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters with grade sobresaliente from the Central Universidad of Madrid.

28 June 1885

Rizal wrote to P. Faura and Sr. Barrantes requesting them to work for the transfer of Silvestre Ubaldo to Calamba from Albay were the letter
was signed as post master and telegraphic operator.

30 July 1885

In a letter, he asked permission from his parents to cure cholera patients in towns were there were no doctors in order to earn at least $12 a
day. He was financially hard up and wanted to help his parents.

30 September 1885

He was issued a diploma of ordinary prize on Hebrew language, obtained during the examination offered last june 13 at the Central Universidad
de Madrid. He w2as also issued on his date another diploma of ordinary prize on Greek language, 2nd course.

1 October 1885

Rizal planned to leave Madrid by the middle of the month. He intended to go to Germany to learn the German language and to study advance
course of ophthalmology.

Rizal in France

19 November 1885

While in Paris, Rizal recieved information from Ceferino de Leon about the prevailing vices among the Filipinos in the house of Aceveno in
Madrid, abetted by the lousy women gamblers.

27 November 1885

Rizal’s transfer to Paris was disapproved by Paciano who, at the same time, informed Rizal that his letter caused their mother to shed tears;
that Rizal’s brown horse would be sold, the money to be remitted to him in Paris together with the chronometer watch worth $300 (Mexican
dollars).

4 December 1885

He was practicing ophthalmology with Dr. Weeker at the Crugen Clinic.

19 December 1885

The news that the Filipinos in Madrid were preparing a Christmas banquet in spite of the little money they had, was relayed in a letter to Rizal
in Paris by Ceferino de Leon who also informed the former about his (de Leon’s) plan of going to Paris the following summer.

1 January 1886
Rizal represented to Paz Pardo de Tavera a pair of Greek vases which he painted the other with the picture of the Filipinos engaged in
cockfighting, and the other with the same people at work as milkmen and as prisoners at hard labor.

January 1886

In the album of Paz Pardo de Tavera, he entered the illustrated story of the monkey and the turtle.

Rizal in Strasburg, Germany

2 February 1886

Rizal arrived at Strasburg, Germany. He visited the celebrated cathedral and climbed a tower of 142 meters high, the fourth highest of the
European towers.

Rizal in Heidelberg, Germany

3 February 1886

He arrived at Heidelberg. The town to him looked gay. On the streets he saw students with cups of different colors.

6 February 1886

Rizal was living in a boarding house costing him 28 duros a month. He found German life full of potatoes; potatoes in the morning and potatoes
in the evening.

9 February 1886

He penned a letter to his family in Calamba describing his life in Heidelberg and his trip from Paris to the city of flowers.

14 February 1886

With an old woman as guide, Rizal visited the interior of the famous castle in Heidelberg. He saw the hallmof the pages. Waiting room,
audience chamber, the court, and many other parts of building.

17 February 1886

In a letter, he informed his family in Calamba of his visits to the eye clinic of Dr. Otto Becker.

18 February 1886

He planned to change his residence. He wanted to tranfer to 12 Ludwigsplats, near the University.

19 February 1886

He must have transferred to 12 Ludwigsplats. In a letter to his family in Calamba, he describe the duels he saw in Hirschgasse among students
belonging to different corporation.

11 March 1886
He wrote to his younger sister, Trinidad, describing the German girl as "serious, studious, and very much attached to his work" However, she
did not have that "delicacy of hearth’ of the Filipino woman. He advised Trinidad to read and read.

22 April 1886

While in Heidelberg experiencing the feeling of nostalgia for his parents and his country, Rizal wrote the poem "A Las Flores de Heidelberg."

Rizal in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany

26 April 1886

He left Heidelberg for Wilhemsfeld to honor invitation extended to him by Reverend Karl Ullmer whom Rizal meet one day in the woods with
the Pastor’s wife, daughter Eta and son Freidrich. In Wilhelmsfeld where Pastor Ullmer was staying and working, Rizal was invited to visit the
vicarage. Later, on Rizal’s choice, he boarded with the Ullmer family until he left Wilhelmsfeld by last week of June.

9 June 1886

From Wilhelmsfeld, he reiterated in a letter to his parents, the necessity of writing him the badly needed amount.

20-25 June 1886

Rizal left Wilhelmsfeld for Hiedelberg. In Wilhemsfeld he studied the German country life and ppractice speaking good German with the
Ullmer’s family with whom he live.

List of the literary works which Jose Rizal produced during his lifetime.

*The Social Cancer (Noli Me Tangere)

*The Reign of Greed (El Filibusterismo)

*Rizal's Annotations to Morga's 1609 Phillipine History

*Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos(To The Young Women of Malolos)

*Filipinas dentro de cien anos(The Phillipines A Century Hence)

*Le Filippine entro cento anniComo se gobiernan las Filipinas

*Como si governano le FillipineEl Consejo de los Dioses

*The Council of the Gods

*Junta Al Pasig(Along the Pasig)

*Saint Eustache, Martyr

*Unfortunate Phillipines

*Farewell to 1883

*Reflections of a Filipino

*Rizal's speech honoring Luna/Hidalgo

*Note on the Maremagnum

*Tribute to Blumentritt

*Rizal's speech delivered at Cafe Habanero

*Petition of the town of Calamba

*Order of the Marquis of Malinta

*MA-YI

*Tawalisi of Ibn Batuta

*Filipino Farmers

*To "La Defensa"

*How to Deceive the Native Later

*The Truth for All

*Vicente Barrantes' Teatro Tagala

*A Profanation

*New Truths

*Cruelty

*Differences

*To our Dear Mother Country

*To "La Patria"

*Inconsequences

*Tears and Laughter

*Ingratitude

*Reply to Barrantes' Criticism of the Noli me tangere

*Nameless

*The Philippines at the Spanish Congress

*Let us be Just

*Philippine Affairs

*More on the Negros Affair

*The Indolence of the Filipinos

*Cowardly Revenge

*A Reply to Mr. Isabelo de los Reyes

*F. Pi y Margall: The Struggles of Our Times

*How the Philippines is Governed

*On the Calamba Incidents

*The Rights of Man

*Executives of the town of Calamba

*Constitution of the Liga Filipina

*Justice in the Philippines

*Proposed Agreement between the British North Borneo Company and the Filipino Colony

*Poor Friars!

*To the Filipinos

*By-laws of the Association of Dapitan Farmers

*Date for my Defense

*Manifesto to some Filipinos

*Additions to My Defense

*The Philippines as a Spanish Colony

*The Parents of Rizal

*Manila in the Month of December 1872

*The People of the Indian Archipelago

*Notes on Melanesia, Malaysia, and Polynesia

*Mi Ultimo Adios

*Sa Aking mga Kabata

*A Fragment

*Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo

*Felicitation

*Flower Among Flowers

*Goodby to Leonor

*Hymn to Labor

*Dalit sa Paggawa

*Hymn to Talisay

*Kundiman

*Mi Retiro

*Canto del Viajero

*To the Child Jesus

*To the Virgin Mary

*Water and Fire

*Constitution of the Liga Filipina

*The Vision of Fr. Rodriguez

*By Telephone by Dimas Alang

*To Barrantes on the Tagalog Theater

*The Religiosity of the Filipino People

Timeline of Rizal's last Arrest, Incarceration and Execution

6 October 1896, 3:00 AM: On his 4th day of being held in his cabin at the MV Isla de Panaydocked at Barcelona, Spain on his way to Cuba, Rizal
was awakened to be brought to Montjuich Prison in Barcelona, Spain.

6 October, 2:00 PM: Interview with General Eulogio Despujol

6 October, 8:00 PM: Aboard the Colon, Rizal left Barcelona for Manila.

3 November: Rizal was brought to Fort Santiago, where other patriots, including his brother Paciano, were being tortured to implicate him.
Paciano refused to sign anything despite being his body broken and his left hand crushed.

20 November: Preliminary investigation began with Rizal appearing before Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. The investigation lasted
five days.

26 November: The records of the case were handed over to Governor General Ramon Blanco who then appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez
as special Judge Advocate.

8 December: From a list submitted to him by the authorities, he chose the brother of his friend, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade to become his trial
lawyer. He was only made to choose among army officers and not a civilian lawyer.

15 December: Rizal issued his manifesto to certain Filipinos calling to end the “absurd” rebellion and to fight for liberties with education as a
prerequisite. The authorities supressed the manifesto.

25 December: Rizal’s saddest Christmas, away from family and friends.

26 December, 8:00 AM: Trial of Rizal began at the Cuartel de España. On the same day, the court-martial secretly and unanimously voted for a
guilty verdict with the penalty of death before a firing squad.

28 December: Polavieja signs the death verdict.

29 December, 6:00 AM: Rizal was read his verdict by Captain Rafael Dominguez: To be shot the next day at 7:00 AM at the Luneta de
Bagumbayan (Rizal Park).

29 December, 7:00 AM: Rizal was transferred to the chapel cell adorned by religious images to convince him to go back to the Catholic fold. His
first visitors were Jesuit priests Fathers Miguel Saderra Mata and Luis Viza.

29 December, 7:15 AM: After Fr. Saderra left, Rizal asked Fr. Viza for the Sacred Heart statuette which he carved when he was an Ateneo
student. From his pocket the statuette appears.

29 December, 8:00 AM: Fr. Viza was relieved by Fr. Antonio Rosell who joined Rizal for breakfast. Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade joins them.
29 December, 9:00 AM: Fr. Federico Faura, who once said that Rizal would lose his head for writing the Noli Me Tangere, arrived. Rizal told
him, “Father you are indeed a prophet.”

29 December, 10:00 AM: Fathers José Vilaclara and Estanislao March visited Rizal, followed by a Spanish journalist, Santiago Mataix of El
Heraldo de Madrid, for an interview.

29 December, 12:00-3:30 PM: Rizal’s time alone in his cell. He had lunch, wrote letters and probably wrote his last poem of 14 stanzas which
he wrote in his flowing handwriting in a very small piece of paper. He hid it inside his alcohol stove. The untitled poem was later known as Mi
Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell). In its second stanza, he already praised the revolutionaries in the battlefield for giving their lives “without
doubt, without gloom.”

29 December, 4:00 PM: Visit of Rizal’s mother, Teodora Alonso. Then Rizal’s sister Trinidad entered to get her mother and Rizal whispered to
her in English referring to the alcohol stove, “There is something inside.” They were also accompanied by Narcisa, Lucia, Josefa, Maria and son
Mauricio Cruz. Leoncio Lopez Rizal, Narcisa’s eleven-year-old son, was not allowed to enter the cell. While leaving for their carriages, an official
handed over the alcohol stove to Narcisa. After their visit, Fathers Vilaclara and Estanislao March returned to the cell followed by Father Rosell.

29 December, 6:00 PM: Rizal was visited by the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon. Father March left Father Vilaclara to be
with the two.

29 December, 8:00 PM: Rizal’s last supper where he informed Captain Dominguez that he already forgave those who condemned him.

29 December, 9:30 PM: Rizal was visited by the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila, Don Gaspar Cestaño with whom Rizal offered the best
chair of the cell. According to accounts, the fiscal left with “a good impression of Rizal’s intelligence and noble character.”

30 December, 5:30 AM: Rizal took his last meal. According to stories told to Narcisa by Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, Rizal threw some eggs in the
corner of a cell for the “poor rats,” “Let them have their fiesta too.” Rizal also wrote to his family and to his brother.

30 December, 5:00 AM: Teary-eyed Josephine Bracken and Josefa Rizal came. According to the testimony of the agent of the Cuerpo de
Vigilancia, Josephine and Rizal were married. Josephine was gifted by Rizal with the classic Thomas á Kempis book Imitations of Christ in which
he inscribed, “To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine, December 30th, 1896, Jose Rizal.” They embraced for the last time.

30 December, 6:00 AM: Rizal wrote his father, Francisco Mercado “My beloved Father, Pardon me for the pain with which I repay you for
sorrows and sacrifices for my education. I did not want nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father, goodbye… Jose Rizal.” To his mother, he had only
these words, “To my very dear Mother, Sra. Dña Teodora Alonso 6 o’clock in the morning, December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal.”

30 December, 6:30 AM: Death march from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan begins. 4 soldiers with bayoneted rifles lead the procession followed
by Rizal, Taviel de Andrade, Fathers Vilaclara and March and other soldiers. They passed by the Intramuros plaza, then turned right to the
Postigo gate then left at Malecon, the bayside road now known as Bonifacio Drive.

30 December, 7:00 AM: Rizal, after arriving on the execution site at the Luneta de Bagumbayan, was checked with his pulse by Dr. Felipe Ruiz
Castillo. It was perfectly normal. Rizal once wrote, “I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our
convictions.”

“Preparen.” “Apunten.” Rizal shouted, “Consummatum est.” It is done.

30 December, 7:03 AM: With the captain shouting “Fuego!” Shouts rang out from the guns of eight indio soldiers. Rizal, being a convicted
criminal was not facing the firing squad. As he was hit, he resists and turns himself to face his executors. He falls down, and dies facing the sky.

30 December 1896, afternoon: Narcisa, after a long search, discovered where her brother’s body was secretly buried, at the old unused Paco
Cemetery. She asked the guards to place a marble plaque designed by Doroteo Ongjungco containing Rizal’s initials in reverse—“RPJ.”

Peaceful Life in Dapitan

During the early part of his exile in Dapitan, Rizal lived at the commandant’s residence. With his prize from the Manila Lottery and his earnings
as a farmer and a merchant, he bought a piece of land near the shore of Talisay near Dapitan. On this land, he built three houses- all made of
bamboo, wood, and nipa. The first house which was square in shape was his home. The second house was the living quarters of his pupils. And
the third house was the barn where he kept his chickens. The second house had eight sides, while the third had six sides.

In a letter to his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, on December 19, 1893, Rizal described his peaceful life in Dapitan.

"I shall tell you how we lived here. I have three houses-one square, another hexagonal, and the third octagonal. All these houses are made of
bamboo, wood, and nipa. I live in the square house, together with my mother, my sister, Trinidad, and my nephew. In the octagonal house live
some young boys who are my pupils. The hexagonal house is my barn where I keep my chickens.

"From my house, I hear the murmur of a clear brook which comes from the high rocks. I see the seashore where I keep two boats, which are
called barotos here.

"I have many fruit trees, such as mangoes, lanzones, guayabanos, baluno, nangka, etc. I have rabbits, dogs, cats, and other animals.

"I rise early in the morning-at five-visit my plants, feed the chickens, awaken my people, and prepare our breakfast. At half-past seven, we eat
our breakfast, which consists of tea, bread, cheese, sweets, and other things.

"After breakfast, I treat the poor patients who come to my house. Then I dress and go to Dapitan in my baroto. I am busy the whole morning,
attending to my patients in town.

"At noon, I return home to Talisay for lunch. Then, from 2:00 to 4:00 p.m., I am busy as a teacher. I teach the young boys.

"I spend the rest of the afternoon in farming. My pupils help me in watering the plants, pruning the fruits, and planting many kinds of trees. We
stop at 6:00 p.m. for the Angelus

"I spend the night reading and writing."

******

Rizal's First Christmas in Dapitan

After a short time, Jose Rizal began to enjoy the simple life of Dapitan.

Rizal became prosperous. Aside from his lottery prize, Rizal earned more money by practicing medicine. Some rich patients paid him well for
curing their eye ailments. He began to buy agricultural lands in Talisay, a barrio near Dapitan. He planned to build his house in this scenic barrio
by the seashore.

As Christmas came nearer, Rizal became more cheerful. His savings increased, for the cost of living in Dapitan was cheaper than in Calamba. His
health improved. Many Dapitan folks, who were formerly indifferent to him, became his friends.

No wonder, Rizal enjoyed his first Christmas in Dapitan. He was one of the guests of Captain Carnicero at a Christmas Eve dinner in the
comandancia (house of the commandant). The other guests were three Spaniards from the neighboring town of Dipolog and a Frenchman
named Jean Lardet. It was a merry feast. The guests enjoyed the delicious dishes prepared by the commandant’s native cook. With the
exception of Rizal, they drank beer, for he disliked hard liquor. At midnight, Captain Carnicero, Rizal, and other guests went to church to hear
the Mass of the Noche Buena.

In a letter to his mother, dated January 5, 1893, Rizal described how he enjoyed his first Christmas in Dapitan. He said:

"I spent a merry Christmas here. It could not have been merrier. I had a happy dinner on Christmas eve, together with my host (the
commandant), three Spaniards from a neighboring town, and a Frenchman. We heard Mass at 12:00 midnight, for you know I go to Mass here
every Sunday."

******

Rizal as a Farmer in Dapitan

To prove to his people that farming is a good a profession as medicine, Rizal became a farmer in Dapitan. In a letter to his sister, Lucia, on
February 12, 1896, he said: "We cannot all be doctors; it is necessary that there would be some to cultivate the soil."

During the first year of his exile (1893), Rizal bought an abandoned farm in Talisay, a barrio near Dapitan. This farm had an area of sixteen
hectares and was rather rocky. It lay beside a river that resembled the Calamba River-clear fresh water, wide and swift current. In his letter to
his sister Trinidad on January 15, 1896, Rizal said: "My land is half an hour’s walk from the sea. The whole place is poetic and very picturesque,
better than Ilaya River, without comparison. At some points, it is wide like the Pasig River and clear like the Pansol, and has some crocodiles in
some parts. There are dalag (fish) and pako (edible fern). If you and our parents come, I am going to build a large house where we can all live
together."
On this land in Talisay, Rizal actually built a permanent home. With the help of his pupils and some laborers, he cleared it and planted cacao,
coffee, coconuts, and fruit trees. Later, he bought more lands in other barrios of Dapitan. In due time, his total land holdings reached 70
hectares. They contained 6,000 abaca plants, 1,000 coconut palms, many coffee and cacao plants and numerous kinds of fruit trees.

On his lands, Rizal introduced modern methods of agriculture which he had observed during his travels in Europe and America. He encouraged
the Dapitan farmers to replace their primitive system of cultivation with these modern methods. These modern methods of farming consisted
of the use of fertilizers, the rotation of crops, and the use of farm machines. Rizal actually imported some farm machines from the United
States.

Rizal dreamed of establishing an agricultural colony in the sitio of Ponot near Sindangan Bay. This region contained plenty of water and good
port facilities. He believed that it could accommodate about 5,000 heads of cattle and 40,000 coconut palms. It was also ideal for the cultivation
of coffee, cacao, and sugar cane because of its fertile soil and favorable climate.

He invited his relatives and friends in Luzon, especially those in Calamba, to colonize the Sindangan Bay area. Unfortunately, his plan of
founding an agricultural colony in Sindangan Bay did not materialize, like that of his former project to colonize North Borneo. He did not get the
support of the Spanish government.

Before Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, he already knew many languages. These languages were: Tagalog, Ilokano, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English,
French, German, Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Catalan, Dutch, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian-19 in all.

His knowledge of many languages was one aspect of Rizal’s amazing genius. Few men in history were gifted by God with such ability to learn
any language easily. And one of these rare men was Rizal.

To learn a new language, Rizal memorized five root words every night before going to bed. At the end of the year, he learned 1,825 new words.
He never forget these foreign words because of his retentive memory.

Rizal made a good use of his knowledge of many languages in his travels in Europe and America, in communicating with foreign scholars and
scientists, and in his writings. Many times during his travels abroad, he acted as interpreter for his fellow travelers who belonged to various
nationalities-Americans, British, French, German, Italians, Spaniards, Japanese and others.

During his exile in Dapitan, Rizal increased his knowledge of languages. He studied three more languages- Malay, Bisayan and Subanun. On April
5, 1896, he wrote to his Austrian friend, Professor Blumentritt: "I know Bisayan already, and I speak it quite well. It is necessary, however, to
know other dialects."

By the end of his exile in Dapitan on July 31, 1896, Rizal had become one of the world’s great linguists. He knew 22 languages, namely, Tagalog,
Ilokano, Spanish, Portuguese, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, English, French, German, Arabic, Hebrew, Catalan, Dutch, Italian, Chinese, Japanese,
Swedish, Russian, Malay, Bisayan, and Subanun.

******

Rizal as a Painter in Dapitan

In Dapitan, Rizal demonstrated his talent for painting. Before the Holy Week of 1894, Father Vicente Balaguer, a young Jesuit parish priest, was
worried. He needed a good backdrop (canvas oil painting behind the main altar) for the annual Lenten celebration. In his native city of
Barcelona, Spain, a church had one that showed a colonnaded court, viewed from a wide open gate- a scene depicting the court of Pontius
Pilate.

Upon hearing of Rizal’s painting ability, Father Balaguer went to Talisay to talk with the exiled doctor. He was accompanied by a convent helper
named Leoncio Sagario.

"Doctor," he told Rizal, "I need your help. I would like to have a beautiful backdrop behind the church altar that shows the spirit of the Holy
Week. I’ve in mind something similar to one in a church in Barcelona."

Father Balaguer made some rough sketches as he described the backdrop in the Barcelona church. " Can you paint in oil such a picture on a
huge canvas, Doctor?" he asked.

"I’ll try, Father. You see, I haven’t done any painting for many years, but I’ll do my best."

The following day, Rizal went to the Jesuit priest, bringing his own sketch based on the latter’s ideas. Father Balaguer was satisfied and urged
Rizal to begin the painting job at once.

The actual painting of the backdrop was a difficult task. Rizal obtained the help of two assistants-Sister Agustina Montoya, a Filipina nun from
Cavite who could paint, and Francisco Almirol, a native painter of Dapitan.

The trio-Rizal, Sister Montoya, and Almirol- made the sacristy of the church as their workshop. Rizal sketched in soft pencil the general outline
of the picture, after which his two assistants applied the oil colors.

Daily, Rizal supervised the work of his assistants. He himself put the finishing touches. He was glad to note that he still had the skill in painting.

Father Balaguer was very much satisfied with the finished oil painting of the backdrop. " Beautiful, very beautiful," he said. He warmly thanked
Rizal and his two assistants for the work well done.

The gorgeous backdrop became a precious possession of the Dapitan church- Santiago Church. It was truly a masterpiece.

Senate President Manuel L. Quezon saw Rizal’s painting masterpiece during his visit to Dapitan. He was deeply impressed by its majestic
beauty. At one time General Leonard Wood, governor-general of the Philippines, saw it and said that it was truly "a Rizalian legacy".

After the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the beautiful backdrop was sent to the Museum of the Ateneo de Manila for
safekeeping.

Unfortunately, it was destroyed during the Second World War when fires and bombs razed the city of Manila.
******

Rizal's Son Dies

By the beginning of 1896, Rizal was very happy. His beloved Josephine was heavy with child. Within a few months, she would give birth to a
child. As an expectant father, Rizal had every reason to be cheerful and gay.

"I wish it would be a boy," he told Josephine.

"I also have the same wish," she replied.

"Let us hope and pray," said Rizal, " that it will be a boy. I will name him after my father."

"Suppose," asked Josephine in joking manner, "that it will be a girl?"

"Then, I will name her after my mother."

Unfortunately, Rizal and Josephine were not destined to have a child. One day in early March 1896, Rizal played a practical joke on Josephine,
which frightened her terribly. As a result of her great fright, she gave birth prematurely to an eight-month baby boy.

The baby was very weak and was gasping for breath. Seeing the baby’s condition, Rizal immediately baptized him Francisco in honor of his
father. He did everything he could to save the life of his infant son, but in vain. All his knowledge and skill as a physician could not save little
Francisco. Sorrowfully, Rizal saw his child die three hours after birth.

With a heavy heart, he drew a sketch of his dead son. Then he buried him under a shady tree near his home. He prayed": "Oh, God, I give you
another tiny angel. Please bless his soul."

******

Rizal's Last Christmas in Dapitan

The Christmas of 1895 was one of the happiest events in Rizal’s life. It was because of the presence of Josephine, who proved to be a loving
wife and a good housekeeper.
She was now used to living a simple rural life in the Philippines. She was industrious and learned to cook all sorts of native dishes.

In his letter to his sister, Trinidad, on September 25, 1895, Rizal praised Josephine, thus: "She cooks, washes, takes care of the chickens and the
house. In the absence of miki for making pancit, she made some long macaroni noodles out of flour and eggs, which serves the purpose. If you
could send me a little angkak, I should be grateful to you, for she makes bagoong. She makes also chili miso, but it seems to me that what we
have will last for 10 years."

On December 25, 1895, Rizal and Josephine gave a Christmas party at their home in Talisay. By a strange twist of fate, it proved to be Rizal’s last
Christmas in Dapitan.

Rizal roasted a small pig to golden brown over a slow fire. He also made chicken broth out of a fat hen. He invited all his neighbors. They all
danced and made merry until dawn.

Writing to his sister, Trinidad, on January 15, 1896, Rizal described his last Christmas party in Dapitan. "We celebrated merrily, as almost always.
We roasted a small pig and hen. We invited our neighbors. There was dancing, and we laughed a great deal until dawn."

******

Adios Dapitan

On the morning of July 31, 1896, his last day in Dapitan, Rizal busily packed his things. He was scheduled to leave the town on board the España,
which was sailing back to Manila. He had sold his lands and other things he owned to his friend, mostly natives of Dapitan.

At 5:30 in the afternoon, he and eight other companions embarked on the steamer. His eight companions were Josephine; Narcisa (his sister);
Angelica (daughter of Narcisa); his three nephews, Mauricio (son of Maria Rizal ), Estanislao (son of Lucia Rizal), and Teodosio (another son of
Lucia Rizal); and Mr. And Mrs. Sunico.

Almost all Dapitan folks, young and old, were at the shore to see the departure of their beloved doctor. The pupils of Rizal cried, for they could
not accompany their dear teacher. Captain Carnicero, in full regalia of a commandant’s uniform, was on hand to say goodbye to his prisoner,
whom he had come to admire and respect. The town brass band played the music of the farewell ceremony.

At midnight, Friday, July 31, 1896, the steamer departed for Manila. The Dapitan folks shouted "Adios, Dr. Rizal!" and threw their hats and
handkerchiefs in the air. Captain Carnicero saluted his departing friend. As the steamer left the town, the brass band played the sad music of
Chopin’s Farewell March.

Rizal was in the upper deck, with tears in his eyes. He raised his hand in farewell to the kind and hospitable people of Dapitan, saying: " Adios,
Dapitan!" He gazed at the crowded shore for the last time. His heart was filled with sorrow.

When he could no longer see the dim shoreline, he turned sadly into his cabin. He wrote in his diary: "I have been in that district four years,
thirteen days, and a few hours."
Rizal's Last Hours

Dec. 29, 1896. 6:00 – 7:00 a.m.

Sr. S. Mataix asks Rizal’s permission to interview him. Capt. Dominguez reads death sentence to Rizal. Source of information: cablegram of
Mataix to EL Heraldo De Madrid, "Notes" of Capt. Dominguez and Testimony of Lt. Gallegos.

7:00 – 8:00 a.m.

Rizal is transferred to his death cell. Fr. Saderra talks briefly with Rizal. Fr. Viza presents statue of the Sacred hearth of Jesus and medal of Mary.
Rizal rejects the letter, saying , "Im little of a Marian, Father." Source: Fr. Viza.

8:00 – 9:00 a.m.

Rizal is shares his milk and coffee with Fr. Rosell. Lt. Andrade and chief of Artillery come to visit Rizal who thanks each of them. Rizal scribbles a
note inviting his family it visit him. Sources: Fr. Rosell and letter of Invitation.

9:00 – 10:00 a.m.

Sr. Mataix, defying stringent regulation, enters death cell and interviews Rizal in the presence of Fr. Rosell. Later, Gov. Luengo drops in to join
the conversation. Sources: Letter of Mataix ti Retana Testimony of Fr. Rosell.

10:00 – 11:00 a.m.

Fr. Faura persuades Rizal to put down his rancours and order to marry josephine canonically. a heated discussion on religion occurs between
them ion the hearing of Fr. Rosell. Sources: El Imparcial and Fr. Rosell .

11:00 – 12:00 noon.

Rizal talks on "various topics" in a long conversation with Fr. Vilaclara who will later conclude (with Fr. Balaguer, who is not allowed to enter the
death cell) that Rizal is either to Prostestant or rationalist who speaks in "a very cold and calculated manner" with a mixture of a "strange
piety." No debate or discussion on religion is recorded to have taken place between the Fathers mentioned and Rizal. Sources: El Imarcial and
Rizal y su Obra.

12:00 – 1:00 p.m.

Rizal reads Bible and Imitation of Christ by Kempis, then meditates. Fr. Balaguer reports to the Archbishop that only a little hope remains that
Rizal is going to retract for Rizal was heard saying that he is going to appear tranquilly before God. Sources: Rizal’s habits and Rizal y su Obra.
1:00 – 2:00 p.m.

Rizal denies (probably, he is allowed to attend to his personal necessities). Source: "Notes" of Capt. Dominguez.

2:00 – 3:00 p.m.

Rizal confers with Fr. March and Fr. Vilaclara. Sources: "Notes" of Capt. Dominguez in conjunction with the testimonies of Fr. Pi and Fr.
Balaguer.

3:00 – 4:00 p.m.

Rizal reads verses which he had underlined in Eggers german Reader, a book which he is going to hand over to his sisters to be sent to Dr.
Blumentritt through F. Stahl. He "writes several letters . . . ,with his last dedications," then he "rest for a short." Sources: F. Stahl and F.
Blumentritt, Cavana (1956) – Appendix 13, and the "Notes" of Capt. Dominguez.

4:00 – 5:30 p.m.

Capt. Dominguez is moved with compassion at the sight of Rizal’s kneeling before his mother and asking pardon. Fr. Rosell hears Rizal’s farewell
to his sister and his address to those presents eulogizing the cleverness of his nephew. The other sisters come in one by one after the other and
to each Rizal’s gives promises to give a book, an alcohol burner, his pair of shoes, an instruction, something to remember. Sources "notes" of
Capt. Dominguez and Fr. Rosell, Diaro de Manila.

5:30 – 6:00 p.m.

The Dean of the Cathedral, admitted on account of his dignity, comes to exchange views with Rizal. Fr. Rosell hears an order given to certain
"gentlemen" and "two friars" to leave the chapel at once. Fr. Balaguer leaves Fort Santiago. Sources: Rev. Silvino Lopez-Tuñon, Fr. Rosell, Fr.
Serapio Tamayo, and Sworn Statement of Fr. Balaguer.

6:00 – 7:00 p.m.

Fr. Rosell leaves Fort Santiago and sees Josephine Bracken. Rizal calls for Josephine and then they speak to each for the last time. Sources: Fr.
Rosell, El Imparcial, and Testimony of Josephine to R. Wildman in 1899.

7:00 – 8:00 p.m.

Fr. Faura returns to console Rizal and persuades him once more to trust him and the other professors at the Ateneo. Rizal is emotion-filled and,
after remaining some moments in silence, confesses to Fr. Faura. Sources: El Imparcial.

8:00 – 9:00 p.m.

Rizal rakes supper (and, most probably, attends to his personal needs). Then, he receives Bro. Titllot with whom he had a very "tender" (Fr.
Balaguer) or "useful" (Fr. Pi) interview. Sources: Separate testimonies of Fr. Balaguer and Fr. Pi on the report of Bro. Titllot; Fisal Castaño.

9:00 – 10:00 p.m.

Fiscal Castaño exchanges views with Rizal regarding their respective professors. Sources: Fiscal Castaño.

10:00 – 11:00 p.m.

Rizal manifests strange reaction, asks guards for paper and pen. From rough drafts and copies of his poem recovered in his shoes, the Spaniards
come to know that Rizal is writing a poem. Sources: El Imparcial and Ultimo Adios; probably, Fiscal Castaño.

11:00 – 12:00 midnight

Rizal takes time to his hide his poem inside the alcohol burner. It has to be done during night rather than during daytime because he is watched
very carefully. He then writes his last letter to brother Paciano. Sources: Testimonies and circumstantial evidence.

12:00 – 4:00 a.m.

Rizal sleeps restfully because his confidence in the goodness of God and the justness of his cause gives him astounding serenity and unusual
calmness.

Dec. 30, 1986. 4:00 – 5:00 a.m.

Rizal picks up Imitation of Christ, reads, meditates and then writes in Kempis’ book a dectation to his wife Josephine and by this very act in itself
he gives to her their only certificate of marriage.

5:00 – 6:15

Rizal washes up, takes breakfast, attends to his personal needs. Writes a letter to his parents. Reads Bible and meditates. Josephine is
prohibited by the Spanish officers from seeing Rizal, according to Josephine’s testimony to R. Wildman in 1899.

6:15 – 7:00

Rizal walks to the place of execution between Fr. March and Fr. Vilaclara with whom he converses. Keeps looking around as if seeking or
expecting to see someone. His last word, said in a loud voice: "It is finished"

7:00 – 7:03
Sounds of guns. Rizal vacillates, turns halfway around, falls down backwards and lies on the ground facing the sun. Silence. Shouts of vivas for
Spain.

Title: Saturnina Rizal

Material: Oil

Remarks: Now in Rizal Shrine in Fort Santiago

Title: Dapita church curtains

Material: Oil

Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894

Title: A painting on a pair of mother-of-pearl

Material: Oil

Remarks: Shells painted by Rizal in Dapitan and given as a gift to Doña Leonor Valenzuela and later passed into the hands of Doña Margarita
Valenzuela

Title: Spanish coat of arms

Material: Water color

Remarks: Done during a fiesta of San Rafael in Calamba in 1867

Title: Allegory on a pair of porcelain bases of the new year celebration

Material: Oil

Remarks: Made in Berlin in 1886

Title: Christ crucified

Material: Crayon

Remarks: 1875

Title: Immaculate Conception

Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in Manila, 1974

Title: Portrait of Morayta

Material: Crayon

Remarks: Made in Barcelona, 1885

Sculptures Made by Rizal

Title: Triumph of death over life

Material: Clay

Remarks: Given to Dr. Blumentritt in 1890 in Brussels

Title: Triumph of science over death

Material: Clay

Remarks: Given to Dr. Blumentritt in 1890 in Brussels

Title: Bust of Father Jose Guerrico

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894

Title: Oyang Dapitana

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1893 - 1894

Title: Model head of a Dapitan girl

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan

Title: Sacred heart of Jesus

Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Ateneo de Manila in 1875 - 1877

Title: Sacred heart of Jesus

Material: Terra Cotta

Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894

Title: Composite statuette (nude lady lying down)

Material: Terra Cotta

Remarks: Molded in Brussels in 1890

Title: Mother's revenge

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1894

Title: Josephine Bracken (medallion)

Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1895 - 1896

Title: Dr. Francisco Mercado (bust)

Material: Wood

Remarks: Life-size. Made Calamaba in 1887 - 1888

Title: Prometheus bound

Material: Clay

Remarks: Given to Dr. Blumentritt in 18909 in Brussels

Title: Bust of Felix Pardo de Tavera

Material:

Remarks: Made in Paris

Title: Image of Virgin Mary

Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Ateneo de Manila

Title: Wild boar

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan

Title: Orate Frantes (let us pray brethren)

Material: Wax

Remarks: Illustrated in Alejandro's La Senda Del Sacrificio

Title: San Antonio de Padua

Material: Clay

Title: Bust of Dr. Ricardo Carnicero

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1892 - 1893

Title: St. Paul the Hermit

Material: Clay

Remarks: Given as a gift to Fr. Pablo Pastells by Rizal in Dapitan in 1893

Title: Bust of Gen. Blanco

Material: Ivory
Remarks: Made in Dapitan

Title: Heads of 3 Beckette Girls

Material: Bas Relief, Clay

Remarks: Made in London, 1888

Title: Josephine's Head

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan

Title: Two gate columns (depicting busts)

Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Dapitan when the water service was completed in 1895

Title: Parting view of Manila

Material: Pencil

Remarks: Sketchbook of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882

Title: Bust of Augustus Ceasar

Material: Clay

Remarks: Sent from London to Dr. Blumentritt in 1888

Title: Bust of Julius Ceasar

Material: Clay

Remarks: Sent from London in December 1888

Title: A (Filipina) girl doll

Material: Wood
Title: A marionette in a form of a clown

Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894 - 1895

Title: A gay Franciscan Friar beside a wine barrel

Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1893

Title: Biscuit mold

Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1893

Title: Wooden platters

Material: Wood

Remarks: Dapitan, 1894 - 1896

Title: Three wooden tops of different sizes

Material: Wood

Remarks: Dapitan 1894

Title: Allegoric medal - The Centenary of the Real Society of the Friends of the Country

Material: Wax

Remarks: Retana

Title: Bust of an intern at Hospital de Sta. Cruz

Material: Clay

Remarks: Barcelona, 1885

Title: Two statuettes. A maiden and a beggar

Material: Terra Cotta

Remarks: Sent to Blumentritt from Paris in September 1889

Title: Bust of Juan Sitges

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan

Title: Bust of "El Friale al Regreso"

Material: Wood

Title: A bowl of a pipe representing a girl's head

Material: Wood

Remarks: Dapitan

Title: Josephine Sleeping

Material: Plaster

Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1895 - 1896

Title: Bust of Gov. Carnicero and his wife

Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1895

Title: Public faucets representing a lion's head

Material: Terra Cotta

Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894 - 1895

Title: Bust of his father

Material: Clay
Remarks: Made in Calamba, 1881

Title: Head of Egyptian (candle holder)

Material: Plaster

Remarks: Made in Hong Kong in 1892

Title: Bust of Mirabeau

Material: Terra Cotta

Remarks: Made in Barcelona, intended for Valentin Ventura

Title: The wounded gladiator

Material: Clay

Remarks: Started in Madrid in 1884 at Academia de San Fernando

Title: Bust Presented in the Solon of Paris

Material: Clay

Remarks: Accepted by the Solon in 1889