M.K Group of College Amritsar: Computer Networking

M.
K Group Of College Amritsar

Department of Computer Science
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Computer Networking
A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows

nodes to share resources. In computer networks, networked computing devices
exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer
network is the Internet.
Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called
network nodes.[1] Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers
as well as networking hardware. Two such devices can be said to be networked
together when one device is able to exchange information with the other device,
whether or not they have a direct connection to each other.
Computer networks differ in the transmission medium used to carry their signals,
communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network's size, topology and
organizational intent.
IPV4 ADDRESS
M.K/C.S.E/Sem-4th/jun-2017/ sign............
M.K Group Of College Amritsar
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is
one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet, and
was the first version deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983. It still routes most
Internet traffic today,[1] despite the ongoing deployment of a successor protocol, IPv6.
IPv4 is described in IETF publication RFC 791 (September 1981), replacing an earlier
definition (RFC 760, January 1980).
IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks. It operates on a

best effort delivery model, in that it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper
sequencing or avoidance of duplicate delivery. These aspects, including data integrity, are
addressed by an upper layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP).
Addressing
Decomposition of the quad-dotted IPv4 address representation to its binary value IPv4
uses 32-bit addresses which limits the address space to 4294967296 (232) addresses.
IPv4 reserves special address blocks for private networks (~18 million addresses) and
multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).
For example, the quad-dotted IP address 192.0.2.235 represents the 32-bit decimal number
3221226219, which in hexadecimal format is 0xC00002EB. This may also be expressed in
dotted hex format as 0xC0.0x00.0x02.0xEB, or with octal byte values as
0300.0000.0002.0353.
Allocation
In the original design of IPv4, an IP address was divided into two parts: the network
identifier was the most significant (highest order) octet of the address, and the host
identifier was the rest of the address. The latter was also called the rest field. This structure
permitted a maximum of 256 network identifiers, which was quickly found to be
inadequate.
Special-use addresses
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA) have restricted from general use various reserved IP addresses for special
purposes. Some are used for maintenance of routing tables, for multicast traffic, operation
under failure modes, or to provide addressing space for public, unrestricted uses on private
networks.
Reserved address blocks
Range Description Reference
0.0.0.0/8 Current network (only valid as source address) RFC 6890
10.0.0.0/8 Private network RFC 1918
100.64.0.0/10 Shared Address Space RFC 6598
127.0.0.0/8 Loopback RFC 6890
169.254.0.0/16 Link-local RFC 3927
192.0.0.0/24 IETF Protocol Assignments RFC 6890
192.0.2.0/24 TEST-NET-1, documentation and examples RFC 5737
192.88.99.0/24 IPv6 to IPv4 relay (includes 2002::/16) RFC 3068
198.18.0.0/15 Network benchmark tests RFC 2544
224.0.0.0/4 IP multicast (former Class D network) RFC 5771
240.0.0.0/4 Reserved (former Class E network) RFC 1700
255.255.255.255 Broadcast RFC 919
Private networks
Of the approximately four billion addresses defined in IPv4, three ranges are reserved for
use in private networks. Packets addresses in these ranges are not routable in the public
Internet, because they are ignored by all public routers. Therefore, private hosts cannot
directly communicate with public networks, but require network address translation at a
routing gateway for this purpose.
Link-local addressing
RFC 3927 defines the special address block 169.254.0.0/16 for link-local addressing.
These addresses are only valid on links (such as a local network segment or point-to-point
connection) connected to a host. These addresses are not routable. Like private addresses,
these addresses cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the internet.
These addresses are primarily used for address autoconfiguration (Zeroconf) when a host
cannot obtain an IP address from a DHCP server or other internal configuration methods.
Loopback
Main article: Loopback
The class A network 127.0.0.0 (classless network 127.0.0.0/8) is reserved for loopback. IP
packets whose source addresses belong to this network should never appear outside a host.
The modus operandi of this network expands upon that of a loopback interface:
 IP packets whose source and destination addresses belong to the network (or subnetwork)
of the same loopback interface are returned to that interface;
 IP packets whose source and destination addresses belong to networks (or subnetworks) of
different interfaces of the same host, one of them being a loopback interface, are forwarded
regularly.
Address resolution
Main article: Domain Name System
Hosts on the Internet are usually known by names, e.g., www.example.com, not primarily
by their IP address, which is used for routing and network interface identification. The use
of domain names requires translating, called resolving, them to addresses and vice versa.
This is analogous to looking up a phone number in a phone book using the recipient's
name.
The translation between addresses and domain names is performed by the Domain Name
System (DNS), a hierarchical, distributed naming system which allows for subdelegation
of name spaces to other DNS servers.
2. PROJECT OVERVIEW
In the network pcs and laptops are connected to each other through switches and
routers. There are three locations in the network, where Gurgaon region is main region
and Noida and Delhi are connected to each other through Gurgaon region. Moreover
there are five server in main region Gurgaon for managing email, dns,ftp,web and tftp
services.
2.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROJECT
In the project, a main server i.e. A DNS server and a Web Server is to be created for our
client(organization), which contains DNS and a website for updates, notices, news and
announcements in the company . There are also other servers in head office, FTP server,
TFTP server and SMTP server
There are basically three physical locations. These are Gurgaon, Delhi and Noida.
The main DNS, Web, TFTP, FTP, SMTP servers are located at the Gurgaon region. Both
Delhi and Noida regions are used for the 50 users. Out of 50 users, 25 users can login and
access from the Delhi region and rest of the 25 users can login and access from the Noida
regions.
I use EIGRP routing protocol on each router for my client.
In both locations i.e. Delhi and Noida, there are three departments HR department,
Management department and Sales department. Each router in both locations is
configured with dhcp which is providing ip addresses to each machine. Both side’s
network is subnetted and assigned to each department. Separate VLANs are created for
each department, so that different pc’s with same department or you can say that same
VLAN can talk to each other bt can’t with other VLAN’s pc.
To let communicate different pc from different VLAN, INTERVLAN ROUTING is used.

Now PC’s from both sides can ping or communicate with each other.
Wireless router is used to give access to internet to other pc’s. They can’t communicate
with internal machines.
2.2 PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROJECT
Physical architecture of the project or we can say the implemented topology of the project
is as follow.
There are basically three physical locations. One is Gurgaon region, second is Delhi region
and third is Noida region.
At Gurgaon region, there are five servers, a switch and a router. One server is for DNS,
another server is a Web server. Remaining are SMTP, FTP and TFTP servers. A switch is
used to connect these servers with the router situated at this location. The router will help
network on this location to connect with another networks situated at the Delhi and Noida
regions.
Fig. Gurgaon Region
At Delhi region, there are basically three departments named as Oil Sales department, Oil
Management department and HR department. Oil sales department contain eight PC.
Which are directly connected to different-different switches. Switches are connected to
each other through TRUNKING. Switch is divided into 3 VLANs. VLAN 100 is for HR
department, 200 for Management department and 300 for Sales department. Concept of
INTERVLAN routing is used to provide communication between different VLANs. In Oil
Management department, there are eight PC’s. These are connected to the different-
different switch through straight wire. And the switches are connected to each other
through cross-over cable and switch-1 is connected to the external router. Now in HR
department, there are eight systems which are PC’s and are connected to the different
switch through straight wire. STP is running to prevent loop in switches.
The main switch of this network is connected to the router of this region which helps the
network of this region to connect it from the Gurgaon regions or we can say to the main
servers.
Fig. Delhi Region
At Noida region, there are three departments named as Gas Management department, Gas
Sales department and HR department. Gas Management department contain eight PC’s.
These are connected to different switch through straight wire. In Gas Sales department,
there are eight systems and all three systems are PC’s. These are connected to different
switches through straight wire. And there are three switches connected to each other
through cross wire. Now in HR department, there are six pc’sPC. The main switch of this
network is connected to the router of this region which helps the network of this region to
connect it from the Gurgaon regions or we can say to the main servers.
Fig. Noida Region
Routers of both the regions Noida and Delhi are connected to the router of the Gurgaon
region. These two routers are connected through serial interface to the Gurgaon router.
The whole topology will help our client AYBIENERGY PVT. LTD., which is an Oil and
Gas company, to set up a network infrastructure for them and for their employees. This
will give them freedom and flexibility in their working environment.
Now the full physical implementation of this topology is shown in the figure below.
Fig. Project Architecture
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Hardware Requirements:
Hardware requirements may vary depending on the machine and operating system.
Follow the recommendations for minimum and recommended hardware
specifications.
Recommended configuration
 CPU: Intel Pentium 4, 2.53 GHz or equivalent

 RAM: 512 MB Free
 Storage: 400 MB of free disk space (No tutorials)
 Display resolution: 800 x 600
 Language fonts supporting Unicode encoding (if viewing in languages other than
English)
 Latest video card drivers and operating system updates
Minimum configuration :
 CPU: Intel Pentium III 500 MHz or equivalent

 RAM: 256 MB Free
 Storage: 250 MB of free disk space
 Language fonts supporting Unicode encoding (if viewing in languages other than English)
 Latest video card drivers and operating system updates
For optimal performance, the following capabilities are recommended:
 CPU: Intel Pentium 4, 3.0 GHz or better

 RAM: 1 GB or more
 Storage: 500 MB of free disk space
 Sound card and speakers
 Internet connectivity (if using the Multiuser feature)
3.2 Software Requirements:

Following are the software requirements for the network:
 OS: Microsoft Windows 7, 8.1, 10, Ubuntu Linux 12.04 LTS or 14.04 LTS
 Putty
 Packet tracer
 MS Office
4. ROUTERS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A router is a device that acts as a

medium for interconnecting several
PCs. If a PC named comp A wants to
send data to comp B, the router will
choose the best path within the
network and send data. This is one of
the main advantages of using a router
to connect several PCs since other
devices like hubs simply accept data
from a PC and broadcast it to all
machines on the network.
Routers basically operate in two planes, one of which is the Control plane where the router
grasps the outgoing interface to determine how to forward a packet to a destination.
Nowadays Wi-Fi routers are used to avoid cabling issues.
4.1.1 INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF ROUTER
Routers contain an operating system, ROM, RAM, NVRAM and flash memory. For
parallel processing, some high-end routers also contain application-specific integrated
circuits and multiple processors. Other high-end routers even include multiple ASICs to
allow connectivity of LAN, MAN, WAN or different connections.
Considering a scenario where less terminals would be connected and traffic would be less,
a simple router can be used to cut down expenditure.
ROM: A bootstrap program is located here. It is same as the BIOS of the PC. Bootstrap
program current version is 12.0
Flash: Internetwork Operating System (IOS) is stored here. IOS is Command line
interface.
NVRAM: Non-volatile RAM, similar to hard disk. It is also known as permanent storage
or start-up configuration. Generally size of NVRAM is 32KB.
RAM: It is also known as Temporary Storage or running configuration. Size of RAM is 12

MB. The size of RAM is greater than NVRAM in the router.
4.1.2 WORKING OF A ROUTER
The router is known as an intelligent switch since it's the only device that monitors packets
sent from PC to PC on the same network and selects the best path for transferring data.
For example,
If comp A sends a file to comp B, the router takes note of comp A’s addressed and vice
versa. All address are stored in a table known as the routing table. This table also stores
information such as connection priority and rules for handling traffic. Thus the router
ensures that a packet reaches its proper destination.
Another job of a router is that it joins two networks and performs translations of various
protocols between the networks. It also makes sure that packets from one network are not
sent across another work. As more and more PCs are attached to the router, it immediately
saves their address into its routing table. This is done only once for each PC.
For costs saving purpose, multiple PCs can be connected to a single switch and thereafter
the switch can be connected to a router using straight cables.
Routers are network devices which transfer the data packets along networks by
determining the paths of the networks. Routers determine path to many networks such as
Electronic networks, Transportation networks and telephone networks. Routers mainly
operate in two ways using either control plane or forwarding plane. In control plane the
router acts in a more neat and smart way. It sends the precise data packets to their specific
location. While following a forwarding plane, a router does not need to remember the
sending or receiving information about the packets. The ultimate objective of the router is
to deliver the data packets. The forwarding decision takes place at the data link layer of the
OSI model.
4.1.3 ROUTER CLASSIFICATION
FIXED-ROUTER:
 These are just like a branded PC where modification of interfaces is not possible.
 Access Layer Routers are example of fixes Router except 1600and 1700 series
MODULAR ROUTER:
 These are just like a Assembled PC where modification of interfaces is possible.
 Distribution and Core Layer Routers example of Modular Router.
4.2 ROUTER CONFIGURATIONS

Basic router configuration is implemented on Gurgaon, Noida and Delhi routers. This
include giving name to router, banners and giving IP addresses to interfaces of router.
Hostname
We use the hostname command to set the identity of the router. This is only locally
significant, meaning it doesn’t affect how the router performs name lookups or how the
device actually works on the internetwork. But the hostname is still important because it’s
often used for authentication in many wide area networks (WANs).
Banners
A very good reason for having a banner is to give any and all who dare attempt to telnet or
sneak into your internetwork a little security notice. And they’re very cool because you can
create and customize them so that they’ll greet anyone who shows up on the router with
exactly the information you want them to have! Here are the three types of banners you
need to be sure you’re familiar with: uu Exec process creation banner uu Login banner uu
Message of the day banner
IP addresses on interfaces of router
IP addresses are given to each interface of router. These identifies each router in network.
Following configurations are done on each router
4.2.1 BASIC ROUTER CONFIGURATIONS
A.) AT GURGAON REGION
1. Commands to name the router:

Router>
Router>en
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#no ip domain-lookup
Router(config)#hostname GURGAON
GURGAON(config)#banner motd #
Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'.
***********
WELCOME TO THE COMAPANY
OIL AND GAS PVT. LTD. GURGAON

*********
HEAD OFFICE#
GURGAON(config)#exit
GURGAON#
2. Commands to assign the IP address to the interfaces:

GURGAON#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0/0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

GURGAON# configure terminal
GURGAON(config)#interface fa0/0
GURGAON(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
GURGAON(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to

up
GURGAON(config-if)#exit
GURGAON(config)#interface s0/0/0
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down

GURGAON(config)#interface s0/0/1
GURGAON(config-if)#clock rate 64000
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to up
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/1, changed state to down
GURGAON#show ip interface brief
FastEthernet0/0 20.0.0.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0/0 12.0.0.2 YES manual down down
Serial0/0/1 13.0.0.2 YES manual down down
B.) ON DELHI ROUTER

Router>
Router>en
Router#
Router(config)#hostname DELHI
DELHI(config)#banner motd #
********
WELCOME TO DELHI REGION(GAS)
********#
DELHI(config)#exit
DELHI#

DELHI#show ip interface brief

DELHI# configure terminal
DELHI(config)#interface serial0/0/0
DELHI(config-if)#ip address 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
DELHI(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface serial0/0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface serial0/0/0, changed state to up

DELHI(config-if)#exit
C.) ON NOIDA ROUTER

Router>
Router>en
Router#
Router(config)#hostname NOIDA
NOIDA(config)#banner motd #
********
WELCOME TO NOIDA REGION(OIL)
********#
NOIDA(config)#exit
NOIDA#

NOIDA#show ip interface brief

NOIDA# configure terminal
NOIDA(config)#interface serial0/0/0
NOIDA(config-if)#ip address 13.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
NOIDA(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface serial0/0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface serial0/0/0, changed state to up

NOIDA(config-if)#exit
4.2.2 SUBNETTING AND INTERVLAN
Subnetting
A subnet (short for "subnetwork") is an identifiably separate part of an organization's

network. Typically, a subnet may represent all the machines at one geographic location, in
one building, or on the same local area network (LAN). Having an organization's network
divided into subnets allows it to be connected to the Internet with a single shared network
address. Without subnets, an organization could get multiple connections to the Internet,
one for each of its physically separate subnetworks, but this would require an unnecessary
use of the limited number of network numbers the Internet has to assign. It would also
require that Internet routing tables on gateways outside the organization would need to
know about and have to manage routing that could and should be handled within an
organization.
Following configurations are done on each router of the network, that are subnetting and
intervlan routing:
A.) ON DELHI ROUTER
1. Making subinterfaces on fastethernet 0/0

DELHI(config)#int fa 0/0
DELHI(config-if)#no shutdown
DELHI(config-if)#
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FasttEthernet0/0, changed state

to up
DELHI(config-if)#interface fa 0/0.10
DELHI(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1Q 100
DELHI(config-subif)# ip address 192.168.10.33 255.255.255.224
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0.10, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0.10, changed

state to up
DELHI(config-subif)#exit

state to up

state to up
DELHI#show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status
Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset up up
FastEthernet0/0.2 unassigned YES unset up up
FastEthernet0/0.10 192.168.10.33 YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively
down down
Serial0/0/0 12.0.0.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively

down down
Vlan1 unassigned YES unset administratively
down down
B.) ON NOIDA ROUTER
Commands to Make subinterfaces on fastethernet 0/0

NOIDA(config)#int fa 0/0
NOIDA(config-if)#no shutdown
NOIDA(config-if)#
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FasttEthernet0/0, changed state

to up
NOIDA(config-if)#interface fa 0/0.10
NOIDA(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1Q 100
NOIDA(config-subif)# ip address 192.168.20.33 255.255.255.224

state to up
NOIDA(config-subif)#exit

state to up


state to up
NOIDA#show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status
Protocol
FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset up up
Serial0/0/0 13.0.0.1 YES manual up up
Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down
down
Vlan1 unassigned YES unset administratively down
Down
4.2.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF DHCP
To configure a DHCP server for your hosts, you need the following information at
minimum: Network and mask for each LAN Network ID, also called a scope. All
addresses in a subnet can be leased to hosts by default. Reserved/excluded addresses
Reserved addresses for printers, servers, routers, etc. These addresses will not be handed
out to hosts. I usually reserve the first address of each subnet for the router, but you don’t
have to do this. Default router.
A.) ON DELHI ROUTER
DELHI(config)#ip dhcp pool dhcp_vlan10

DELHI(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.10.32 255.255.255.224
DELHI(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.10.33
DELHI(dhcp-config)#dns-server 20.0.0.5
DELHI(dhcp-config)#exit

DELHI(config)#
B.) ON NOIDA ROUTER
NOIDA(config)#ip dhcp pool HR

NOIDA(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.20.32 255.255.255.224
NOIDA(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.20.33
NOIDA(dhcp-config)#dns-server 20.0.0.5
NOIDA(dhcp-config)#exit
NOIDA(config)#ip dhcp pool management

NOIDA(config)#ip dhcp pool sales

NOIDA(config)#
2.2.4 ROUTING PROTOCOLS
EIGRP routing protocol is used on each router in this project. EIGRP is a classless,
distance-vector protocol that uses the concept of an autonomous system to describe a set of
contiguous routers that run the same routing protocol and share routing information, which
also includes the subnet mask in its route updates. This is a very big deal because by
advertising subnet information, this robust protocol enables us to use VLSM and permits
summarization to be included within the design of EIGRP networks. EIGRP is sometimes
referred to as a hybrid routing protocol or an advanced distancevector protocol because it
has characteristics of both distance-vector and some link-state protocols. For example,
EIGRP doesn’t send link-state packets like OSPF does. Instead, it sends traditional
distance-vector updates that include information about networks plus the cost of reaching
them from the perspective of the advertising router. EIGRP has link-state characteristics as
well—it synchronizes network topology information between neighbors at startup and then
sends specific updates only when topology changes occur (bounded updates). This
particular feature is a huge advancement over RIP and is a big reason that EIGRP works so
well in very large networks.
EIGRP has a default hop count of 100, with a maximum of 255, but don’t let this confuse
you because EIGRP doesn’t rely on hop count as a metric like RIP does. In EIGRP-speak,
hop count refers to how many routers an EIGRP route update packet can go through before
it will be discarded, which limits the size of the autonomous system (AS).
A.) ON GURGAON ROUTER
1. Command to configure Routing Protocol:

GURGAON#configure terminal
GURGAON(config)#router eigrp 10
GURGAON(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0
GURGAON(config-router)#no auto-summary
GURGAON(config-router)#exit
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
GURGAON#write
Building configuration...
[OK]
2. GURGAON#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "eigrp 10 "

Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Default networks flagged in outgoing updates
Default networks accepted from incoming updates
EIGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0
EIGRP maximum hopcount 100
EIGRP maximum metric variance 1
Redistributing: eigrp 10
Automatic network summarization is not in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
12.0.0.0
20.0.0.0
13.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
12.0.0.1 90 6203566
13.0.0.1 90 6204957
Distance: internal 90 external 170
3. GURGAON#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

C 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
192.168.10.0/27 is subnetted, 3 subnets
D 192.168.10.32 [90/2172416] via 12.0.0.1, 00:29:08, Serial0/0/0
D 192.168.10.64 [90/2172416] via 12.0.0.1, 00:29:08, Serial0/0/0
D 192.168.10.96 [90/2172416] via 12.0.0.1, 00:29:08, Serial0/0/0
D 192.168.20.32 [90/2172416] via 13.0.0.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0/1
D 192.168.20.64 [90/2172416] via 13.0.0.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0/1
D 192.168.20.96 [90/2172416] via 13.0.0.1, 00:29:06, Serial0/0/1
4. GURGAON#sh ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 12.0.0.1 Se0/0/0 11 00:30:10 40 1000 0 33
1 13.0.0.1 Se0/0/1 11 00:30:09 40 1000 0 33
5. GURGAON#sh ip eigrp topology

IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS 10/ID(20.0.0.1)
Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,

r - Reply status
P 12.0.0.0/8, 1 successors, FD is 2169856

via Connected, Serial0/0/0
via Connected, FastEthernet0/0
via 12.0.0.1 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0/0
via 12.0.0.1 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0/0
via 12.0.0.1 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0/0
via 13.0.0.1 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0/1
via 13.0.0.1 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0/1
via 13.0.0.1 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0/1
B.) ON DELHI ROUTER
1. Commands to configure Routing Protocol:

DELHI#configure terminal
DELHI(config)#router eigrp 10
DELHI(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0
DELHI(config-router)#no auto-summary
DELHI(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
DELHI(config-router)#no auto-summary
DELHI(config-router)#exit
DELHI(config)#exit
DELHI#write
[OK]
2. DELHI#show ip protocols

Maximum path: 4
12.0.0.0
192.168.10.0
12.0.0.2 90 7740
3. DELHI#sh ip route

D 13.0.0.0/8 [90/2681856] via 12.0.0.2, 00:23:22, Serial0/0/0
D 20.0.0.0/8 [90/2172416] via 12.0.0.2, 00:23:22, Serial0/0/0
C 192.168.10.32 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0.10
D 192.168.20.32 [90/2684416] via 12.0.0.2, 00:23:20, Serial0/0/0
D 192.168.20.64 [90/2684416] via 12.0.0.2, 00:23:20, Serial0/0/0
D 192.168.20.96 [90/2684416] via 12.0.0.2, 00:23:20, Serial0/0/0
4. DELHI#sh ip eigrp neighbors

(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 12.0.0.2 Se0/0/0 13 00:24:01 40 1000 0 13
5. DELHI#sh ip eigrp topology

r - Reply status

via 12.0.0.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/0/0
via 12.0.0.2 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0/0
via Connected, FastEthernet0/0.10

via 12.0.0.2 (2684416/2172416), Serial0/0/0
via 12.0.0.2 (2684416/2172416), Serial0/0/0
via 12.0.0.2 (2684416/2172416), Serial0/0/0
C.) ON NOIDA ROUTER
1. Commands to configure Routing Protocol:

NOIDA#configure terminal
NOIDA(config)#router eigrp 10
NOIDA(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0
NOIDA(config-router)#no auto-summary
NOIDA(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0
NOIDA(config-router)#no auto-summary
NOIDA(config-router)#exit
NOIDA(config)#exit
NOIDA#write
[OK]
2. NOIDA#show ip protocols

Maximum path: 4
192.168.20.0
13.0.0.0
13.0.0.2 90 3070906
3. NOIDA#sh ip route
D 12.0.0.0/8 [90/2681856] via 13.0.0.2, 00:42:08, Serial0/0/0

D 20.0.0.0/8 [90/2172416] via 13.0.0.2, 00:42:08, Serial0/0/0
D 192.168.10.32 [90/2684416] via 13.0.0.2, 00:42:08, Serial0/0/0
D 192.168.10.64 [90/2684416] via 13.0.0.2, 00:42:08, Serial0/0/0
D 192.168.10.96 [90/2684416] via 13.0.0.2, 00:42:08, Serial0/0/0

4. NOIDA#sh ip eigrp neighbors
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
0 13.0.0.2 Se0/0/0 11 00:42:44 40 1000 0 33
5. NOIDA#sh ip eigrp topology


r - Reply status

via 13.0.0.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/0/0
via 13.0.0.2 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0/0
via 13.0.0.2 (2684416/2172416), Serial0/0/0
via 13.0.0.2 (2684416/2172416), Serial0/0/0
via 13.0.0.2 (2684416/2172416), Serial0/0/0
5. NETWORK SWITCH
5.1 INTRODUCTION
A Network switch is a device that filters, forwards, or floods frames based on the
destination address of each frame. A switch is a very adaptable Layer 2 device; it replaces
a hub as the central point of connection for multiple hosts. In a more complex role, a
switch may be connected to one or more other switches to create, manage, and maintain
redundant links and VLAN connectivity. A switch processes all types of traffic in the same
way, regardless of how it is used.
As mentioned earlier, switches operates at the data-link layer of the OSI model, switch
function is to create a different collision domain per switch port. Let take an example, Four
computers PC 1, PC 2, PC 3, PC 4 attached to switch ports, then PC 1 and PC 2 can
transfer data between them so as PC 3 and PC 4, simultaneously without interfering with
each other's conversations. Unlike a hub, which allows the sharing of bandwidth by all
port, run in half-duplex and is prone to collisions of frames and retransmissions?
With some ISPs and other networking environments where there is a need for much
analysis of network performance and security, switches may be connected between WAN
routers as places for analytic modules. Some switches provide in built firewall, network
intrusion detection and performance analysis modules that can plug into switch ports.
5.1.1 SWITCH TYPE
LAN switch types decide how a frame is handled when it’s received on a switch port.
Latency- the time it takes for a frame to be sent out an exit port once the switch receives
the frame- depends on the chosen switching mode. There are three switching modes:
 Cut-through (Fast-forward) - When in this mode, the switch only waits for the
destination hardware address to be received before it looks up the destination
address in the MAC filter table. Cisco sometimes calls this the Fast-Forward
method.
 Fragment-Free (modified cut-through) - This is the default mode for the Catalyst
1900 switch, and it’s sometimes referred to as modified cut-through. In Fragment-
Free mode, the switch checks the first 64 bytes of a frame before forwarding it for
fragmentation, thus guarding against forwarding runts, which are caused by
collisions.
 Store-and-forward - In this mode, the complete data frame is received on the

switch’s buffer, a CRC is run, and, if the CRC passes, the switch looks up the
destination address in the MAC filter table.
5.2 SWITCH CONFIGURATIONS
Basic switch configurations include giving hostname to switches, which is almost same as
router. Whenever a new system is connected to the switch, switch write it in its mac table.
Mac table of each switch is shown in the configurations. Following are the basic
configurations of switches in each switch of network.
5.2.1 BASIC CONFIGURATIONS
A.) ON GURGAON SWITCH
1. Command to give name to switch
Switch>en
Switch#conf t
Switch(config)#hostname G-SW1
2. Command to show mac address table of router
G-SW1#sh mac address-table

Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------
Vlan Mac Address Type Ports

---- ----------- -------- -----
1 0001.96ca.1401 DYNAMIC Fa0/3
B.) ON DELHI SWITCHES
 D-SW1:
1. Command to name the switch
Switch>en
Switch>enable
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#hostname D-SW1
D-SW1(config)#no ip domain lookup
2. Command to show mac table of switch

D-SW1#show mac address-table
Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

---- ----------- -------- -----
1 0000.0c82.d901 DYNAMIC Fa0/2

1 0000.0cd7.de01 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
1 0060.47da.5901 DYNAMIC Fa0/5
1 00 0000.0c82.d901 DYNAMIC Fa0/2
200 0000.0c82.d901 DYNAMIC Fa0/2

300 0000.0c82.d901 DYNAMIC Fa0/2
 D-SW2:
1. Commands to name the switch
Switch>en
Switch>enable
2. Commands to show mac table of switch

D-SW2#sh mac address-table
Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

---- ----------- -------- -----
1 0002.17c4.a502 DYNAMIC Fa0/1

1 0004.9a0d.c602 DYNAMIC Fa0/10
1 0060.47da.5901 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
 D-SW3
1. Commands to name the switch

Switch>en
Switch>enable

D-SW3#sh mac address-table
Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------
---- ----------- -------- -----
1 0000.0c82.d90a DYNAMIC Fa0/2

1 0002.17c4.a50c DYNAMIC Fa0/1
1 0060.47da.5901 DYNAMIC Fa0/2
100 0000.0c82.d90a DYNAMIC Fa0/2
200 0000.0c82.d90a DYNAMIC Fa0/2
300 0000.0c82.d90a DYNAMIC Fa0/2
C.) ON NOIDA SWITCHES
 N-SW1:

Switch>en
Switch>enable
Switch(config)#hostname N-SW1
N-SW1(config)#no ip domain lookup

N-SW1#show mac address-table
Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

---- ----------- -------- -----
1 0050.0fb9.4801 DYNAMIC Fa0/10

1 00d0.58c2.3301 DYNAMIC Fa0/10
100 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
100 00d0.58c2.3301 DYNAMIC Fa0/10
200 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
200 00d0.58c2.3301 DYNAMIC Fa0/10
300 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
300 00d0.58c2.3301 DYNAMIC Fa0/10
 N-SW2:

Switch>en
Switch>enable

Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

---- ----------- -------- -----
1 0050.0fb9.4801 DYNAMIC Fa0/7
1 00d0.58c2.3302 DYNAMIC Fa0/12

1 00d0.baa3.4302 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
100 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/12
100 00d0.58c2.3302 DYNAMIC Fa0/12
200 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/12
200 00d0.58c2.3302 DYNAMIC Fa0/12
300 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/12
300 00d0.58c2.3302 DYNAMIC Fa0/12
 N-SW3

Switch>en
Switch>enable

Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

---- ----------- -------- -----
1 0040.0b34.e00c DYNAMIC Fa0/2

1 0050.0fb9.4801 DYNAMIC Fa0/2
1 00d0.baa3.430a DYNAMIC Fa0/1
100 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
200 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
300 0001.6496.0201 DYNAMIC Fa0/1
5.2.2 CREATING VLAN
virtual local area networks (VLANs). A VLAN is a logical grouping of network users
and resources connected to administratively defined ports on a switch. When you create
VLANs, you’re given the ability to create smaller broadcast domains within a layer 2
switched internetwork by assigning different ports on the switch to service different
subnetworks. A VLAN is treated like its own subnet or broadcast domain, meaning that
frames broadcast onto the network are only switched between the ports logically grouped
within the same VLAN. So, does this mean we no longer need routers? Maybe yes;
maybe no. It really depends on what your particular networking needs and goals are. By
default, hosts in a specific VLAN can’t communicate with hosts that are members of
another VLAN, so if you want interVLAN communication, the answer is that you still
need a router or Inter-VLAN Routing (IVR). In this chapter, you’re going to
comprehensively learn exactly what a VLAN is and how VLAN memberships are used in
a switched network. You’ll also become well-versed in what a trunk link is and how to
configure and verify them.
In this project i have created three vlans:

1. Vlan 100 for HR department
2. Vlan 200 for MANAGEMENT department
3. Vlan 300 for SALES department.
After creating vlans and assigning ports to that vlan, pcs in the same vlan can
communicate with other pcs in the same vlan. To enable communication between
different vlans, intervlan routing is implemented which is described in the router section.
Following is creation of vlans in each switch of the network:
A.) ON DELHI SWITCHES
 D-SW1:
1. Commands to create vlans :

D-SW1(config-vlan)#vlan 100
D-SW1(config-vlan)#name HR
D-SW1(config-vlan)#interface fa 0/6
D-SW1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 100
D-SW1(config-vlan)#interface fastethernet 0/10
D-SW1(config-if)#exit
D-SW1(config)#vlan 200
D-SW1(config-vlan)#name MANAGEMENT
D-SW1(config-vlan)#interface range fastethernet 0/3-4
D-SW1(config-vlan)#name SALES
D-SW1#show vlan
VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/5, Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15
Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19
Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23
Fa0/24, Gig0/1, Gig0/2
100 HR active Fa0/6, Fa0/10
200 MANAGEMENT active Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/11
300 SALES active Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9
1002 fddi-default active
1003 token-ring-default active
1004 fddinet-default active
1005 trnet-default active

VLAN Type SAID MTU Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp BrdgMode Trans1
Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0 0
100 enet 100100 1500 - - - - - 0 0
200 enet 100200 1500 - - - - - 0 0
300 enet 100300 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0 0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0 0
Remote SPAN VLANs

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary Secondary Type Ports

------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
 D-SW2:
1. Commands to create vlans :

Here i am going to create 3 vlans:
100 for HR department
200 for Management department
300 for Sales department
D-SW2(config-vlan)#interface fa 0/5
2. Command to check vlans in switch
D-SW2#show vlan

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13,
Fa0/14
Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gig0/1, Gig0/2
200 MANAGEMENT active Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8
VLAN Type SAID MTU Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp BrdgMode

Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0
0
100 enet 100100 1500 - - - - - 0
0
200 enet 100200 1500 - - - - - 0
0
300 enet 100300 1500 - - - - - 0
0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0
0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0
0
1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0
0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0
0
Remote SPAN VLANs

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
 D-SW3:
1. Creating vlans :
• 100 for HR department
• 200 for Management department
• 300 for Sales department
D-SW3(config-vlan)#interface range fa 0/3-4
2. Command to check vlan in switch
D-SW3#show vlan

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16
Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20
Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24
Gig0/1, Gig0/2
200 MANAGEMENT active Fa0/5, Fa0/6
300 SALES active Fa0/7, Fa0/8

Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0 0
100 enet 100100 1500 - - - - - 0 0
200 enet 100200 1500 - - - - - 0 0
300 enet 100300 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0 0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0 0
Remote SPAN VLANs

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
B.) ON NOIDA ROUTERS
 N-SW1
1. Creating vlans :
N-SW1(config-vlan)#vlan 100
N-SW1(config-vlan)#name HR
N-SW1(config-vlan)#interface fa 0/3
N-SW1(config-if)#switchport access vlan 100
N-SW1(config-vlan)#interface fastethernet 0/9

N-SW1(config-if)#exit
N-SW1(config)#vlan 200
N-SW1(config-vlan)#name MANAGEMENT
N-SW1(config-vlan)#interface range fastethernet 0/7-8
N-SW1(config-vlan)#name SALES
2. Command to show vlan in switch
N-SW1#show vlan

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gig0/1, Gig0/2
Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0 0
100 enet 100100 1500 - - - - - 0 0
200 enet 100200 1500 - - - - - 0 0
300 enet 100300 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0 0

1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0 0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0 0
Remote SPAN VLANs

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
 N-SW2:
1. Creating vlans :
N-SW2(config-vlan)#interface fa 0/8
N-SW2(config-vlan)#interface fastethernet 0/11
N-SW2(config-vlan)#interface range fastethernet 0/6

2. Command to check vlans:
N-SW2#show vlan

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19
Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23
Fa0/24, Gig0/1, Gig0/2
200 MANAGEMENT active Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4,Fa0/5
Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0 0
100 enet 100100 1500 - - - - - 0 0
200 enet 100200 1500 - - - - - 0 0
300 enet 100300 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0 0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0 0

Remote SPAN VLANs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
 N-SW3:
1. Creating vlans :
N-SW3(config-vlan)#interface range fa 0/3-4
2. Command to check vlans:

N-SW3#show vlan

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16
Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20
Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24
Gig0/1, Gig0/2
300 SALES active Fa0/7, Fa0/8
Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0 0
100 enet 100100 1500 - - - - - 0 0
200 enet 100200 1500 - - - - - 0 0
300 enet 100300 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0 0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0 0
Remote SPAN VLANs

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------

5.2.3. CREATING TRUNKS ON PORTS
A trunk port is a port that is assigned to carry traffic for all the VLANs that are accessible
by a specific switch, a process known as trunking. Trunk ports mark frames with unique
identifying tags – either 802.1Q tags or Inter-Switch Link (ISL) tags – as they move
between switches. Therefore, every single frame can be directed to its designated VLAN.
An Ethernet interface can either function as a trunk port or as an access port, but not both
at the same time. A trunk port is capable of having more than one VLAN set up on the
interface. As a result, it is able to carry traffic for numerous VLANs at the same time.
The 2960 switch only runs the IEEE 802.1q encapsulation method. To configure trunking
on a FastEthernet port, use the interface command switchport mode trunk. It’s a tad
different on the 3560 switch.
A.) ON GURGAON SWITCH
1. Commands to make trunk on port
G-SW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/3

G-SW1(config)# switchport mode trunk
G-SW1(config-if)#
down

up
G-SW1(config-if)#do write
[OK]
G-SW1#show interfaces trunk
Port Mode Encapsulation Status Native vlan

Fa0/3 on 802.1q trunking 1
Port Vlans allowed on trunk

Fa0/3 1-1005
Port Vlans allowed and active in management domain

Fa0/3 1
Port Vlans in spanning tree forwarding state and not pruned

Fa0/3 1
B.) ON DELHI SWITCHES
1. Commands to Make Trunks on ports

D-SW1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
D-SW1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
D-SW1(config-if)#
down
up
D-SW1#
D-SW1(config)#int fastEthernet 0/2

D-SW1(config-if)#
down
up

D-SW1(config-if)#
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/12, changed state
to down
to up
D-SW1#show interfaces trunk


Fa0/1 1-1005
Fa0/2 1-1005
Fa0/12 1-1005

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/2 1,100,200,300
Fa0/12 1,100,200,300

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/2 1,100,200,300
Fa0/12 none
 D-SW2

D-SW2(config-if)#
down
up
D-SW2#
D-SW2(config-if)#
to down
to up


Fa0/1 1-1005
Fa0/10 1-1005

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/10 1,100,200,300

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/10 1,100,200,300
 D-SW3

D-SW3(config-if)#
down
up
D-SW3#

D-SW3(config-if)#
down
up


Fa0/1 1-1005
Fa0/2 1-1005

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/2 1,100,200,300

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/2 1,100,200,300
C.) ON NOIDA SWITCHES
 N-SW1:
N-SW1(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1

N-SW1(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
N-SW1(config-if)#
down
up
N-SW1#
N-SW1(config)#int fastEthernet 0/2

N-SW1(config-if)#
down
up

N-SW1(config-if)#
to down

to up
N-SW1#show interfaces trunk

Fa0/1 1-1005
Fa0/2 1-1005
Fa0/10 1-1005

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/2 1,100,200,300
Fa0/10 1,100,200,300

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/2 none
Fa0/10 1,100,200,300
 N-SW2:

N-SW2(config-if)#
down
up
N-SW2#

N-SW2(config-if)#
to down
to up


Fa0/1 1-1005
Fa0/12 1-1005

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/12 1,100,200,300

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/12 1,100,200,300
 N-SW3:

N-SW3(config-if)#
down

up
N-SW3#

N-SW3(config-if)#
down
up


Fa0/1 1-1005
Fa0/2 1-1005

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/2 1,100,200,300

Fa0/1 1,100,200,300
Fa0/2 1,100,200,300
5.2.4.VTP AND STP
VTP
VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) reduces administration in a switched network. When you
configure a new VLAN on one VTP server, the VLAN is distributed through all switches
in the domain. This reduces the need to configure the same VLAN everywhere. VTP is a
Cisco-proprietary protocol that is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst series products.
We have one VTP server which is the switch where you create / modify or delete VLANs.
The other switches are VTP clients. The VTP configuration has a revision number which
will increase when you make a change. Every time you make a change on the VTP server
this will be synchronized to the VTP clients. Oh and by the way you can have multiple
VTP servers since it also functions as a VTP client so you can make changes on multiple
switches in your network. In order to make VTP work you need to setup a VTP domain
name which is something you can just make up, as long as you configure it to be the same
on all your switches.
This is the short version of what I just described:
1. VTP adds / modifies / deletes VLANs.

2. For every change the revision number will increase.
3. The latest advertisement will be sent to all VTP clients.
4. VTP clients will synchronize themselves with the latest information.
STP:
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) achieves its primary objective of preventing network loops
on layer 2 network bridges or switches by monitoring the network to track all links and
shut down the redundant ones. STP uses the spanning-tree algorithm (STA) to first create a
topology database and then search out and disable redundant links. With STP running,
frames will be forwarded on only premium, STP-chosen links. The Spanning Tree
Protocol is a great protocol to use in networks like the one shown in Figure (a). This is a
switched network with a redundant topology that includes switching loops. Without some
type of layer 2 mechanism in place to prevent a network loop, this network is vulnerable to
nasty issues like broadcast storms, multiple frame copies, and MAC table thrashing!
Figure (b) shows how this network would work with STP working on the switches.
Fig. (b) A switched network with switching loops
Fig. (b) A switched network with STP
A.) ON DELHI SWITCHES
 D-SW1:
VTP
D-SW1(config)#vtp domain DELHI
Changing VTP domain name from NULL to DELHI
D-SW1(config)#vtp mode server
Device mode already VTP SERVER.
D-SW1#sh vtp status

VTP Version : 2
Configuration Revision : 29
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 255
Number of existing VLANs : 8
VTP Operating Mode : Server
VTP Domain Name : DELHI
VTP Pruning Mode : Disabled
VTP V2 Mode : Enabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled

MD5 digest : 0x0E 0xF8 0x71 0x73 0x96 0x4D 0xFB 0xD5
Configuration last modified by 0.0.0.0 at 3-1-93 00:00:00
Local updater ID is 0.0.0.0 (no valid interface found)
STP
D-SW1#show spanning-tree
VLAN0001
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID Priority 32769
Address 0030.F20B.D728
Cost 19
Port 2(FastEthernet0/2)
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority 32769 (priority 32768 sys-id-ext 1)

Address 00E0.8F5D.1506
Aging Time 20
Interface Role Sts Cost Prio.Nbr Type

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/13 Desg FWD 19 128.13 P2p
Fa0/2 Root FWD 19 128.2 P2p
Fa0/1 Desg FWD 19 128.1 P2p
Fa0/12 Altn BLK 19 128.12 P2p
Fa0/14 Desg FWD 19 128.14 P2p
VLAN0100
Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Desg FWD 19 128.10 P2p
Fa0/12 Altn BLK 19 128.12 P2p
VLAN0200
Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------

Fa0/12 Altn BLK 19 128.12 P2p
Fa0/11 Desg FWD 19 128.11 P2p
VLAN0300
Cost 19
Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/12 Altn BLK 19 128.12 P2p
Fa0/7 Desg FWD 19 128.7
P2p
D-SW1#write
[OK]
D-SW1# [OK]
 D-SW2:
VTP
Switch(config)#vtp mode client
Setting device to VTP CLIENT mode.
D-SW2#show vtp status
VTP Version : 2
VTP Operating Mode : Client
STP
VLAN0001
This bridge is the root

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Desg FWD 19 128.10 P2p
VLAN0100
Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Desg FWD 19 128.10 P2p
VLAN0200

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Desg FWD 19 128.10 P2p
VLAN0300

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Desg FWD 19 128.10 P2p
D-SW2#write
[OK]
D-SW2# [OK]
 D-SW3
VTP
D-SW3(config)#vtp mode client
D-SW3#sh vtp status

VTP Version : 2
STP
VLAN0001
Cost 19

Address 00D0.585E.1541
Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
VLAN0100
Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
VLAN0200

Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
VLAN0300
Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------

D-SW3#write
[OK]
D-SW3# [OK]
B.) ON NOIDA SWITCHES
 N-SW1
VTP
N-SW1(config)#vtp domain NOIDA
Changing VTP domain name from NULL to NOIDA
N-SW1(config)#vtp mode server
Device mode already VTP SERVER.
N-SW1#show vtp status

VTP Version : 2
VTP Operating Mode : Server
VTP Domain Name : NOIDA
MD5 digest : 0xF5 0xAE 0xC8 0xB7 0xE4 0xE7 0xCD 0x9D
Local updater ID is 0.0.0.0 (no valid interface found)
STP
N-SW1#show spanning-tree
VLAN0001
Address 0000.0CEA.4E81
Cost 19
Address 0060.3E83.D75B
Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/2 Altn BLK 19 128.2 P2p
Fa0/10 Root FWD 19 128.10 P2p
VLAN0100
Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Root FWD 19 128.10 P2p
VLAN0200
Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Root FWD 19 128.10 P2p
VLAN0300

Cost 19

Aging Time 20
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Root FWD 19 128.10 P2p
N-SW1#write
[OK]
N-SW1# [OK]
 N-SW2
VTP
Switch(config)#vtp mode client
VTP Version : 2
MD5 digest : 0xF5 0xAE 0xC8 0xB7 0xE4 0xE7 0xCD 0x9D
STP
VLAN0001
Cost 19

Address 0002.1672.7BEA
Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/12 Root FWD 19 128.12 P2p
VLAN0100

Cost 19

Aging Time 20
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/11 Desg FWD 19 128.11 P2p
Fa0/12 Root FWD 19 128.12 P2p
VLAN0200
Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------

Fa0/12 Root FWD 19 128.12 P2p
VLAN0300
Cost 19

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
Fa0/10 Desg FWD 19 128.10 P2p
Fa0/12 Root FWD 19 128.12 P2p
N-SW2#write
[OK]
N-SW2# [OK]
 N-SW3
VTP
N-SW3(config)#vtp mode client

VTP Version : 2
MD5 digest : 0x21 0xDE 0x30 0x2D 0xB9 0x34 0x47 0x95
STP
VLAN0001


Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
VLAN0100

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
VLAN0200

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
VLAN0300

Aging Time 20

---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- --------------------------------
N-SW3#write
[OK]
N-SW3#
7.2.2 WIRELESS ROUTER CONFIGURATION IN NOIDA REGION
Wireless router is used in this project for the purpose of communication between new
employees who are under training. They can’t communicate with other employees who are
in vlan 100,200 and 300. They can communicate only with others who are in same
subnetwork i.e. 192.168.20.128. IP address 192.168.20.129 is given to the wireless router
in Delhi Region. And the machines connected to this router are getting their ip addresses
dynamically. Default gateway is set to 192.168.10.129 and dns-server is set to 20.0.0.5.
Router Configuration
 SSID of wireless router is set to Noida Wireless Router and WPA-PSK enabled
password is set to 11111111
 IP address of router is 192.168.20.129

 Subnet mask is 255.255.255.224
 DHCP is enabled
 Maximum no. Of user are set to 30
 IP Address range is 192.168.20.129-158
Laptop Configuration
Three laptops are connected to the wireless router. Steps to connect a machine to wireless
router are as follows:
 fill SSID as Noida Wireless Router
 fill password : 1111111 with WPA-PSK
 Click on dynamic option to get ip address dynamically.
7.3 TELNET
As part of the TCP/IP protocol suite, Telnet is a virtual terminal protocol that allows you to
make connections to remote devices, gather information, and run programs. After your
routers and switches are configured, you can use the Telnet program to reconfigure and/or
check up on them without using a console cable. You run the Telnet program by typing
telnet from any command prompt (Windows or Cisco), but you need to have VTY
passwords set on the IOS devices for this to work
SETTING TELNET PASSWORD AT GURGAON ROUTER
Run following command on Gurgaon router to enable telnet.
GURGAON(config)#line vty 0 15
GURGAON(config-line)#password telnet
GURGAON(config-line)#login
SETTING TELNET PASSWORD AT DELHI ROUTER
Run following command on Delhi router to enable telnet.
DELHI(config)#line vty 0 15
DELHI(config-line)#password telnet
DELHI(config-line)#login
SETTING TELNET PASSWORD AT NOIDA ROUTER
Run following command on Noida router to enable telnet.
NOIDA(config)#line vty 0 15
NOIDA(config-line)#password telnet
NOIDA(config-line)#login
MAKING TELNET CONNECTION

In the following fig. I am trying to connect to delhi router from gurgaon router through a
pc. Command used to make telnet session is
GURGAON#telnet 12.0.0.1
Trying 12.0.0.1 ...Open
********
WELCOME TO DELHI REGION(GAS)
********
CLOSING TELNET CONNECTION
You can end telnet session by different ways. Typing exit or disconnect are probably the
two quickest and easier
DELHI#exit
[Connection to 12.0.0.1 closed by foreign host]
GURGAON#
7.4 CONFIGURING CONSOLE CABLE
In this network, i am using a pc with console cable connected to router in gurgaon head
branch. Any router or switch you want to access should have vty password enabled.
Without vty password set, you can’t take access of that router or switch.
In this network, three routers(delhi, noida and gurgaon) have their vty password set. So we
can access them through console cable, connected to pc.
In the above snapshot, i taking the access of delhi router through the pc connected to
console of gurgaon router. To enable telnet, you must use the following command:
GURGAON>telnet 12.0.0.1
Where 12.0.0.1 is the ip address of the router in delhi region.
8. CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, this project have successfully reached the aimed and objectives. The
PC based router showed it can do the routing process, as had been discuss above, for
each design completed. Personally, I find building this router somewhat fascinating. By
completing the final stage of the project, I know how to develop, examine and simulate
various security and routing models that might ultimately prove suitable and
economizing for use in a space-networking environment.
All the routers are secured. Nobody can access or change the configuration except the
admin. Routing protocol is used to route packets in the whole network. Vlans add more
security to the network communication. DHCP implemented on routers provide
dynamic IP address to the systems connected to the network. Network is partitioned into
subnetworks. And hence IP address wastage is minimum. Router backup is taken fore
recovery of router in case of failure. Different servers are available for providing
different services.
Finally, altogether with the development of this final year project, I learned many things
such as new software and increased my knowledge in networking. I have become such a
result-orientated person that I cannot stop doing my work and the progress of my project
until I successfully get the desired results.
9. FUTURE SCOPE
It is clear that the present project might be significantly improved. For the future project,
several modifications should be done such as;
1. More systems can be attached in the network.
2. To have more flexible and rich interface
3. More network adapters, including wireless. The following characteristics are

reason why using wireless is much better. Wireless proved independent of the
standard communications infrastructure and flexible packet-based network. In the
other hand, using this wireless system were potential to fast installation, flexible
links for point-to-point or point-to-multipoint, and as advantage for all users, it
comes with low cost and high speed.
4. Configuration files archivation for easier backup/recover
5. Software upgrade procedure and system installer
I hope that with the repaired and changes that made as above, the Network for Gas & Oil
Company will operate in wider network, and results to give in a beneficial influence of
networking for campus environment as well as working places.
10. REFERENCES
1. CCNA Routing & Switching COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2nd edition, by Todd
Lammle
2. CCNA Routing & Switching by aptron solution.
3. Data communication By Ferozon
4. http://www.cisco.com
5. http://www.networkessential.com
6. http://www.google.com

M.K Group of College Amritsar: Computer Networking

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M.K Group of College Amritsar: Computer Networking

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M.

K Group Of College Amritsar

1.1 Computer Networking

A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows

IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks. It operates on a

Reserved address blocks

Range Description Reference

0.0.0.0/8 Current network (only valid as source address) RFC 6890

10.0.0.0/8 Private network RFC 1918

100.64.0.0/10 Shared Address Space RFC 6598

127.0.0.0/8 Loopback RFC 6890

169.254.0.0/16 Link-local RFC 3927

172.16.0.0/12 Private network RFC 1918

192.0.0.0/24 IETF Protocol Assignments RFC 6890

192.0.2.0/24 TEST-NET-1, documentation and examples RFC 5737

192.88.99.0/24 IPv6 to IPv4 relay (includes 2002::/16) RFC 3068

192.168.0.0/16 Private network RFC 1918

198.18.0.0/15 Network benchmark tests RFC 2544

198.51.100.0/24 TEST-NET-2, documentation and examples RFC 5737

203.0.113.0/24 TEST-NET-3, documentation and examples RFC 5737

224.0.0.0/4 IP multicast (former Class D network) RFC 5771

240.0.0.0/4 Reserved (former Class E network) RFC 1700

255.255.255.255 Broadcast RFC 919

2.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROJECT

I use EIGRP routing protocol on each router for my client.

To let communicate different pc from different VLAN, INTERVLAN ROUTING is used.

2.2 PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROJECT

Fig. Gurgaon Region

Fig. Delhi Region

Fig. Noida Region

Fig. Project Architecture

3.1 Hardware Requirements:

 CPU: Intel Pentium 4, 2.53 GHz or equivalent

 CPU: Intel Pentium III 500 MHz or equivalent

For optimal performance, the following capabilities are recommended:

 CPU: Intel Pentium 4, 3.0 GHz or better

3.2 Software Requirements:

A router is a device that acts as a

4.1.1 INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF ROUTER

RAM: It is also known as Temporary Storage or running configuration. Size of RAM is 12

4.1.2 WORKING OF A ROUTER

4.1.3 ROUTER CLASSIFICATION

 These are just like a Assembled PC where modification of interfaces is possible.

 Distribution and Core Layer Routers example of Modular Router.

4.2 ROUTER CONFIGURATIONS

IP addresses on interfaces of router

4.2.1 BASIC ROUTER CONFIGURATIONS

A.) AT GURGAON REGION

1. Commands to name the router:

WELCOME TO THE COMAPANY

OIL AND GAS PVT. LTD. GURGAON

2. Commands to assign the IP address to the interfaces:

FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial0/0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down

FastEthernet0/0 20.0.0.1 YES manual up up

Serial0/0/0 12.0.0.2 YES manual down down

Serial0/0/1 13.0.0.2 YES manual down down

B.) ON DELHI ROUTER

1. Commands to name the router:

2. Commands to assign the IP address to the interfaces: