Data Communications & Computer Networks EECE - 322

2/6/2019
DATA COMMUNICATIONS &

COMPUTER NETWORKS
EECE - 322
LECTURE – 3
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Communication Networks 3-1
FIGURE P.1 WIRELESS TOPICS

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AGENDA
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts
3. Network Core
4. Protocol layers, service models
1) INTRODUCTION
 Network edge: applications and
hosts
 Access networks, physical media:
wired, wireless communication
links
 Network core:
 interconnected routers
 network of networks
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ACCESS NETWORKS AND PHYSICAL MEDIA

Access Network – the physical link(s)
that connect an end system to its
edge router
Q: How to connect end systems to edge
router – three categories?
• residential access nets
• institutional access networks
(school, company)
• mobile access networks
Keep in mind:
• bandwidth (bits per second) of
access network?
• shared or dedicated?
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AGENDA
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts
3. Network Core
1)Basic Concepts - Outline

In this section we give a definition of communication networks.
Further, we discuss briefly the relationship between communicating devices.
Seven general concepts provide the basis for this relationship:

1. What are communication networks?
2. Line configuration.
3. Network topology.
4. Transmission mode.
5. Categories of networks.
6. Internetworks.
7. Network architecture.
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2.1- What are Communication Networks?

Definition: Communication Network
A communication network is a set of nodes that are interconnected

to permit the exchange of information.
Two Types of Nodes


6. Internetworks.
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2.2- Line Configuration

Definition: Line Configuration
It refers to the way two or more communication devices attach to a
link.
Definition: Link
A link is the physical communication pathway that transfers data
from one device to another.
There are two possible line configurations:

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6. Internetworks.
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2.3- Network Topology

Definition: Topology
It refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or
logically.
Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form a

topology.
The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the

relationship of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to each other.
There are five basic possible topologies:


2-3-1 Mesh Topology:
In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every
other device.
A fully connected mesh network therefore has n(n − 1)/2 physical channels to
link n devices.
To accommodate that many links, every device on the net work must have n − 1
(I/O) ports.
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2-3-2 Star Topology:
In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a
central controller, usually called a hub.
The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to send data to another, it
sends to the controller, which then relays the data to the other connected devices

2-3-3 Tree Topology:
A tree topology is a variation of a star. (Layout - Central Hub- Secondary Hub)
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2-3-4 Bus Topology:
In a bus topology, one long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the
network.
 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed into
heat it becomes weaker and weaker the farther it has to travel.
For this reason there is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on
the distance between those taps.

2-3-5 Ring Topology:
In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point line configuration
only with the two devices on either side of it.
A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it
reaches its destination.
Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.
When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater
regenerates the bits and passes them along,
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2-3-6 Hybird Topology:
Often a network combines several topologies as sub networks linked together in
a larger topology.
Example:
One department of a business may have decided to use a bus topology while
another department has a ring.
The two can be connected to each other via a central controller in a star
topology.


6. Internetworks.
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4- Transmission Mode
The term transmission mode is used to define the direction of signal flow
between two linked devices.
There are three types of transmission modes:

1. Simplex.
2. Half-duplex.
3. Full-duplex.


6. Internetworks.
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2.5- Categories of Networks

Today when we speak of networks, we are generally referring to three primary
categories:
1. Local area networks (LANs).

2. Metropolitan area networks (MANs).
3. Wide area networks (WANs).
Which category a network falls into is determined by its size, its ownership, the
distance it covers, and its physical architecture.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
• Traditional
– Traditional local area network (LAN)
– Traditional wide area network (WAN)
• Higher-speed
– High-speed local area network (LAN)
– Metropolitan area network (MAN)
– High-speed wide area network (WAN)
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COMPARISON OF MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS, LANS, MANS, AND WANS


2-5-1 LAN:
LAN is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building,
or campus size.
Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of technology used, a
LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone’s home office, or it
can extend throughout a company and include voice, sound, and video
peripherals.
Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal computers
or workstations.
 The resources to be shared can include hardware (e.g., a printer), software (e.g.,
an application program), or data.
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2-5-1 LAN:
• Like WAN, LAN interconnects a variety of devices and provides a means
for information exchange among them
• Traditional LANs
– Provided data rates of 1 to 20 Mbps
• High-speed LANS
– Provide data rates of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps

5-2 MAN:
MAN is designed to extend over an entire city.
It may be a single network such as a cable television network, or it may be a
means of connecting a number of LANs into a larger network so that resources
may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-device.
 A MAN may be wholly owned and operated by a private company, or it may be
a service provided by a public company, such as a local telephone company.
Many telephone companies provide a popular MAN service called Switched
Multimegabit Data Services (SMDS).
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2-5-3 WAN:
WAN provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and video
information over large geographical areas that may comprise a country, a
continent, or even the whole world.
In contrast to LANs (which depend on their own hardware for transmission),
WANs may utilize public, leased, or private communication devices, usually in
combinations, and can therefore span an unlimited number of miles.
A WAN that is wholly owned and used by a single company is often referred to
as an enterprise network.

2-5-3 WAN:
 shared wireless access network
connects end system to router
 via base station aka “access router
point”
 wireless LANs: base station
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps
 wider-area wireless access
 provided by telco operator mobile hosts
 ~1Mbps over cellular system (EVDO, HSDPA)
 next up (?): WiMAX (10’s Mbps) over wide area
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6. Internetworks.
2.6- Internetworks
2-5-3 WAN:
When two or more networks are connected, they become an internetwork, or
internet
Individual networks are joined into internetworks by the use of internetworking
devices, which include routers (labeled R in Fig. 18) and gateways.
The term internet (lowercase i) should not be confused with the Internet
(uppercase I).
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6. Internetworks.
2.7- Network Architecture

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an International
standards organization responsible for a wide range of standards, including many
that are relevant to networking.
In 1984 in order to aid network interconnection without necessarily requiring

complete redesign, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model
was approved as an international standard for communications architecture.
The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving information between
computers over a network medium into seven smaller and more manageable
problems.
This separation into smaller more manageable functions is known as layering.

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2.7- Network Architecture

Benefits of Layer Decomposition
The different layers can be designed more or less independently, which greatly
simplifies network design.
The independence of the layers ensures greater compatibility and interoperability

between various types of network technologies.
This decomposition reduces network complexity, facilitates modular

engineering, and simplifies teaching and learning.
Conclusion
In this section we gave a definition of communication networks.
Further, we discussed briefly the relationship between communicating

devices.
6. Internetworks.
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AGENDA
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts
3. Network Core
3. The Network Core

 Mesh of interconnected routers
 The fundamental question: how is
data transferred through net?
 circuit switching: dedicated
circuit per call: telephone net
 packet-switching: data sent thru
net in discrete “chunks”
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3.1- Circuit Switching

PHASES OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING
• Circuit establishment
– An end to end circuit is established through switching nodes
• Information Transfer
– Information transmitted through the network
– Data may be analog voice, digitized voice, or binary data
• Circuit disconnect
– Circuit is terminated
– Each node deallocates dedicated resources
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3.1 NETWORKCORE:CIRCUIT
SWITCHING
End-end resources reserved for “call”
 link bandwidth, switch
capacity
 dedicated resources: no sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 call setup required

Store-and-Forward Transmission
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3.2- Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
3.2.1- Datagram Packet Switching
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3.2.2- Virtual Circuit Switching
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2/6/2019

DATA COMMUNICATIONS &

Communication Networks 3-1

FIGURE P.1 WIRELESS TOPICS

Communication Networks 3-3

Communication Networks 3-4

ACCESS NETWORKS AND PHYSICAL MEDIA

Communication Networks 3-6

Communication Networks 3-7

1)Basic Concepts - Outline

Further, we discuss briefly the relationship between communicating devices.

Seven general concepts provide the basis for this relationship:

Communication Networks 3-8

2.1- What are Communication Networks?

A communication network is a set of nodes that are interconnected

Two Types of Nodes

Communication Networks 3-9

1)Basic Concepts - Outline

Further, we discuss briefly the relationship between communicating devices.

Seven general concepts provide the basis for this relationship:

Communication Networks 3-10

2.2- Line Configuration

There are two possible line configurations:

Communication Networks 3-11

2.2- Line Configuration

Communication Networks 3-12

2.2- Line Configuration

Communication Networks 3-13

1)Basic Concepts - Outline

Further, we discuss briefly the relationship between communicating devices.

Seven general concepts provide the basis for this relationship:

Communication Networks 3-14

2.3- Network Topology

Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form a

The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the

There are five basic possible topologies:

2.3- Network Topology

Communication Networks 3-16

2.3- Network Topology

Communication Networks 3-17

2.3- Network Topology

Communication Networks 3-18

2.3- Network Topology

Communication Networks 3-19

2.3- Network Topology

Communication Networks 3-20

2.3- Network Topology

Communication Networks 3-21

1)Basic Concepts - Outline

Further, we discuss briefly the relationship between communicating devices.

Seven general concepts provide the basis for this relationship:

Communication Networks 3-22

There are three types of transmission modes:

Communication Networks 3-23

1)Basic Concepts - Outline

Further, we discuss briefly the relationship between communicating devices.

Seven general concepts provide the basis for this relationship:

Communication Networks 3-24

2.5- Categories of Networks

1. Local area networks (LANs).

Communication Networks 3-25

2.5- Categories of Networks