Cisco Certified Network Associate

Routing and Switching

(CCNA : 200-301)

Network Fundamentals,
TCP/IP,OSI Model

Md. Shahadat Hossain

(CCNA,CCNA Security, MCP,MCSA,MCSE, VMware )

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Network

A network is defined as two or more object linked together for the purpose of
communicating and sharing information and other facility.

Computer network

A computer network is a system of interconnected computers that

communicate with another and share applications, data and hardware
components..

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 Communication

Prepared by- Md. Shahadat Hossain 3

Communication

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 Types of Network
Network infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:
● Size of the area covered
● Number of users connected
● Number and types of services available

Most common types of network infrastructures:

● Local Area Network (LAN)
● Wide Area Network (WAN)

Other types of networks include:

● Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
● Wireless LAN (WLAN)
● Storage Area Network (SAN)
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Local Area Networks (LAN)
 Local Area Networks (LANs) are a network infrastructure that spans
a small geographical area.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - A network infrastructure that

spans a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN (e.g., a
city). MANs are typically operated by a single entity such as a large
organization.

Wireless LAN (WLAN) - Similar to a LAN but wirelessly interconnects

users and end points in a small geographical area.

Storage Area Network (SAN) - A network infrastructure designed to

support file servers and provide data storage, retrieval, and replication. It
involves high-end servers, multiple disk arrays (called blocks), and Fibre
Channel interconnection technology.
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 Local Area Network (LAN)

Specific features of LANs include:

●LANs interconnect end devices in a
limited area such as a home, school,
office building, or campus.
●LANs provide high speed bandwidth to
internal end devices and intermediary
devices.

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 MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks)

MANs cover an area of

typical city. They offer a
simple and fast way to
link different cities of an
organization for exchange
of information. MANs use
technologies similar to
LANs technology

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WAN (Wide Area Network)
Often a network is located in multiple physical places. Wide area networking
combines multiple LANs that are geographically separate.

Prepared by- Md. Shahadat Hossain 9

 Wide Area network (WAN)
Wide Area Networks
Wide Area Networks (WANs) are a
network infrastructure that spans a
wide geographical area. WANs are
typically managed by service providers
(SP) or Internet Service Providers (ISP).
Specific features of WANs include:
●WANs interconnect LANs over wide
geographical areas such as between
cities, states, provinces, countries, or
continents.
●WANs are usually administered by
multiple service providers.
● WANs typically provide slower
speed links between LANs.
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Network Model:
A network model refers to the degree of centralized control that’s
built into the network. Most networks can be categorized as three
types-

1. Peer – To – Peer Networks

2. Client to Server Networks
3. Hybrid - Networks

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Peer – To – Peer Networks:
In a Peer – To – Peer Network, any computer can act as both a server and as
a client. Any computer can share resources with another, and any computer
can use the resources of another, given proper access rights. Creating Peer –
To – Peer Network – by linking two or three computer.

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Client – Server Networks:
In the Client – Server Network model, at least one centralized server
manages shared resources and security for the other network users
and computers. Generally, the network servers are not used as
clients; they are dedicated to their network services.

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Hybrid - Networks:
A Hybrid – Network combine both Peer – To – Peer
Network and Client – Server Network elements.

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 Network Topology

Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements of a

computer network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network
and may be depicted physically or logically.

1. Physical Topology : A network physical Topology of a network

describes the way the computers and the nodes of the network are
interconnected.
2. Logical Topology: The arrangement of devices on a computer network
and how they communicate with one another.

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 Topology Diagram
Topology diagrams are mandatory for anyone working with a network. It
provides a visual map of how the network is connected.
There are two types of topology diagrams including:
●Physical topology diagrams - Identify the physical location of
intermediary devices, configured ports, and cable installation.
●Logical topology diagrams - Identify devices, ports, and IP addressing
scheme.

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Topology Diagram

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 Physical Topology:
A network physical Topology of a network describes the way the
computers and the nodes of the network are interconnected.
There are a number of possible Topologies:

Bus Topology
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh /Hybrid Topology

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 Bus Topology:
Bus, a topology for a LAN where a single main bus cable, sometimes called a backbone,
transmit data to all nodes on the network. Every node on a bus network has a direct
connection to the main bus cable

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 Star Topology:
A topology for a LAN where all nodes are connected individually to a
central computer.

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 Ring Topology:
The ring topology connects the nodes of the network in a circular
chain, with each node connected to the next.

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 Mesh Topology:
• Mesh, A full mesh topology occurs when every node on the network has a
separate wire connecting it to every other node on the network. It provides each
device with a point-to-point connection to every other device in the network

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Logical topology diagram

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 Network Media
Communication across a network is carried on a medium. The medium
provides the channel over which the message travels from source to
destination.
Modern networks primarily use three types of media to interconnect
devices and to provide the pathway over which data can be transmitted.
As shown in the figure, these media are:
● Metallic wires within cables
● Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable)
● Wireless transmission

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Fiber Optics Media

Network transmission Media

Bounded/ Metallic/ Unbounded / Unguided / Wireless

Fiber/Glass Optics Media
Guided/wire media.

Single Mode Multimode Inferred

Twisted pair Co axial Transmission
cable cable Fiber Optics fiber optics

Point to point
Radio transmission
wave Microwave
Thin net Transmission Transmission

VLF Broadcast
STP Thick net transmission

LF
Satellite
MF
Terrestrial
UTP CAT-5 to 7 HF

VHF

UHF
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Network Media

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 Protocol:
• Protocol is a set of rules, which are predetermined become to a communication
.data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange at
the application program.
• A protocol is a rules that Govern Communications.

Protocol suites: Two or more protocol working together

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 Type of Protocol
• Application protocol: HTTP ,SMTP, NTP,SNMP, etc
• Transport Protocol: TCP=Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internetwork Protocol: Internet Protocol (IP).
• Network Access protocol : ARP

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Network Protocol

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 Communication
Establishing the Rules
● An identified sender and receiver
● Common language and grammar
● Speed and timing of delivery
● Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements
While there are many protocols that must interact:

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 Network Protocol Model
There are two basic types of networking models:
● Protocol model - TCP/IP
● Reference model - OSI

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 Intermediary Devices
Intermediary devices interconnect end devices. These devices provide
connectivity and work behind the scenes to ensure that data flows
across the network. Intermediary devices connect the individual hosts to
the network and can connect multiple individual networks to form an
internetwork.
Examples of intermediary network devices are:
● Network Access (hubs, switches and wireless access points)
● Internetworking (routers)
● Security (firewalls)

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Encapsulation Process

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Network Protocol

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Encapsulation Process

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Encapsulation Process

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 Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
As application data is passed down the protocol stack on its way to be
transmitted across the network media, various protocols add information to it
at each level. This is commonly known as the encapsulation process.
The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a protocol data unit
(PDU). During encapsulation, each succeeding layer encapsulates the PDU that
it receives from the layer above in accordance with the protocol being used. At
each stage of the process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new
functions.
● Data - The general term for the PDU used at the application layer
● Segment - Transport layer PDU
● Packet - Internet layer PDU
● Frame - Network access layer PDU
● Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

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Protocol Data Units (PDUs):

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Network device Representations

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Components of the Network

The network infrastructure contains three

categories of network components:

① Devices
② Media
③ Services (Protocols)

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Devices

① End Devices
② Intermediary Devices

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 End Devices
The network devices that people are most familiar with are called end
devices, or hosts. These devices form the interface between users and
the underlying communication network.
Examples of end devices are:
● Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers)
● Network printers
● VoIP phones
● Security cameras
● Mobile handheld devices (such as smartphones, tablets, and PDAs)

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 Communication
Message Delivery Options

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 Communication
Message Delivery Options

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Communication
Message Delivery Options

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 Question ?

Thank you very much…..

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