Fundamentals Of Information Systems

Media A. Ibrahim
MSc: Software Engineering
ISE Department
Media.ibrahim@epu.edu.iq

2019-2020

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The Basics of Computer Networking

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 Outlines:
•Network.
•Types of Network.
• Networking Devices.
•Network topologies.
• Reference Models in Communication Networks.
o OSI reference model.
o TCP/IP reference model

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 Networking
• A collection of computing devices connected in order to communicate and share
resources.
• Connections between computing devices can be physical using wires or cables or
wireless using radio waves or infrared signals.

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 Networking (cont.)

• Node (host)
• Any device on a network.
• Data transfer rate (bandwidth)
• The speed with which data is moved from one place to another on a network.

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Types of Networks
1- Local-area network (LAN)
A network that connects a relatively small number of machines in
a relatively close geographical area.

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Types of Networks (Conts.)
2- Metropolitan-area network (MAN)
• The communication infrastructures that have been developed in and around large
cities.

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Types of Networks (Conts.)
3- Wide-area network (WAN)
• A network that connects local-area networks over a potentially large geographic
distance.

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 Networking Devices.

• Hub.
• Switch.
• Router.

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 HUB
•Multi-port repeaters are often called hubs. Hubs are very common internetworking
devices. Generally speaking, the term hub is used instead of repeater when referring
to the device that serves as the center of a star topology network.

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 switch
A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple
computers together within one (LAN).

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 Routers

• Routers are physical devices that join multiple wired or wireless networks
together.

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 Network topologies.

• Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement,

connecting various nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.
Three fundamental shapes:
• Bus topology.
• Ring Topology.
• Star topology.

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 Bus topology.

 All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone.
 There are terminators at each end of the bus that stops the signal and keeps it
from traveling backwards.

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 Ring Topology.

 All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop.
 Each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it.

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 Star topology.

 centers around one node to which all others are connected

and through which all messages are sent.
 Nodes communicate across the network by passing data
through the hub or switch.

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 IP addressing
• “IP” stands for Internet Protocol. IP Addresses serve as the location of websites
on the Internet as well as the workstations that are connected to the web. There are
two types of IP Addresses: Static and Temporary.
• An IP address is a 32-bit address and 4 octets, each one is between 0 and 255.
• For instance 74.125.224.72

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Reference Models in Communication Networks

• The most important reference models are :

o OSI reference model.

o TCP/IP reference model

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 Introduction OSI

• The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI
Model) is an abstract description for layered communications and computer
network protocol design.
• It divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical
Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven Layer Model.

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OSI Layers

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 TCP/IP Protocols
• The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set
of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks.
• It is named from two of the most important protocols in it:
• the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
• the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols
defined in this standard.

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 TCP/IP Layers
OSI TCP/IP
Application Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP,
NNTP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ...
Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

TCP , UDP , ...

Network Layer Internet Layer

IP , ICMP, ARP, RARP, ...

Data Link Layer Link Layer

Physical Layer FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...

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 Conclusion
a system containing any combination of computers, computer terminals, printers,
audio or visual display devices, or telephones interconnected by
telecommunication equipment or cables: used to transmit or receive information.

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