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3. Terminology 6.2 For each portion of casting radiographed, the severity
3.1 Definitions—for definitions of terms used in this docu- level for each class of discontinuity category should be clearly
ment, see Terminology E 1316, section D. specified. Thus, Severity Level 2 might be specified for
shrinkage, Category CA, and Severity Level 3 for Gas Poros-
4. Significance and Use ity, Category A, since the latter are generally much less
4.1 These reference radiographs are intended to provide a deleterious to tensile properties.
guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differ- 7. Classification Specifications
entiation both as to type and severity level, where applicable. 7.1 The applicable radiographic severity classification
4.2 They also provide example radiographic illustrations of should be designated by the contracting agency in formal
discontinuities, that are ungraded, for reference in acceptance specifications or on drawings and in specific contracts or
standards, specifications and drawings. orders. The specifications, drawings, contracts, or order should
4.3 Sets of reference radiographs from which purchasers also designate the sampling plan for the castings to be
and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular radiographed and the extent of radiographic coverage, radio-
illustrations to serve as standards representing minimum ac- graphic practice to be followed (Guide E 94 and Method
ceptability are provided. At the same time, the standards so E 142), image quality desired (Note 4) as well as the severity
established may be unambiguously identified by alphabetic of the acceptable discontinuity for the graded categories.
defect category (or type) designation and severity level.
4.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted NOTE 4—For description of sensitivity or quality levels, see Guide
E 94, Method E 142, and Reference Radiographs E 242.
to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits
that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to 8. Procedure for Evaluation
be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used,
8.1 Compare the production radiographs of the casting
where there is no other applicable document, for other energy
submitted for evaluation with the reference radiographs of
levels or thicknesses or both, for which it is found to be
similar thickness that were exposed at an equivalent energy
applicable and for which agreement has been reached between
range.
purchaser and manufacturer.
8.2 When the severity level of discontinuities in the produc-
5. Method of Preparation tion radiograph being evaluated is equal to or better than the
5.1 The original radiographs used to prepare these three sets severity level in the specified reference radiograph, that part of
of reference illustrations were made from selected sections of the casting represented by the production radiograph shall be
actual production castings by the respective use of 250-kVp X acceptable. If the production radiograph shows discontinuities
rays, iridium-192 radiation, and cobalt-60 radiation on Class I of greater severity than the reference radiograph, that part of
and II film with a sensitivity as determined by standard 2-2T the casting shall be rejected.
penetrameters (Guide E 94 and Method E 142). The illustra- 8.3 An area of like size to the reference radiograph shall be
tions have been prepared to an H and D density of from 2.00 the unit area by which the production radiograph is evaluated,
to 2.25 and have been made to retain the contrast of the original and any such area or any area that shares a discontinuity with
radiographs. an adjacent film area shall meet the requirements as defined for
5.2 Film Deterioration —Radiographic films are subject to acceptability. When the are of interest of a production radio-
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the graph is less than the unit area, such area of interest shall be
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi- prorated to the reference radiographic area.
tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio- 8.4 When two or more categories of discontinuity are
graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image present in the same production radiograph, the predominating
quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri- discontinuities, if unacceptable, shall govern without regard to
odically examined for signs of wear and tear, including the other categories of discontinuities, and the casting rejected
scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio- until satisfactorily repaired.
graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which 8.5 When two or more categories of discontinuity are
could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs present to an extent equal to the maximum permissible level as
should be replaced. shown in the pertinent standards for each category, then that
part of the casting shall be judged unacceptable until satisfac-
6. Determination of Radiographic Classification torily repaired.
6.1 For purposes of evaluation of castings, a determination 8.6 Reference radiographs are provided showing a variety
must be made of the radiographic classification to be assigned of forms of shrinkage cavities. Production radiographs show-
to individual castings or specific areas of castings. The deter- ing shrinkage shall be judged by the most representative
mination of the applicable radiographic classification shall be reference radiograph.
based on an evaluation of the casting applications, design, and 8.7 Production radiographs showing porosity, gas, or inclu-
service requirements. In these evaluations, consideration shall sions shall be evaluated by the overall condition with regard to
be given to such factors as pressure, temperature, section size, number, and distribution. The aggregate size of disconti-
thickness, applicable design safety factor (preferably based on nuities shall not exceed the total accumulation in area of the
stress analysis), vibration, shock, resistance to corrosion, discontinuities of the reference radiograph. It is not the intent
involvement of penetrating radiations or radiation
products,and involvement of dangerous gases or liquids.
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that the maximum size of the illustrated discontinuity shall be from the first exposure. Indications from any porosity,
the limiting size for a single production radiographic discon- shrinkage, or other discontinuity will move only slightly, while
tinuity, or that the number of discontinuities shown on the any mottling patterns present will change dramatically. If it is
reference radiograph shall be the limiting number for produc- necessary or desirable to eliminate the mottling, the kV may
tion radiographs. Also, caution should be exercised in judging be raised to reduce the amount of diffraction radiation.
a large discontinuity against a collection of small discontinui- However, caution should be used so that the kV is not raised
ties on the basis of size alone. Each of the factors of size, to the point that sensitivity is reduced excessively. If
number, and distribution must be considered in balance. diffraction mottling is demonstrated to be present on a
8.8 Reference radiographs in this standard do not illustrate radiograph, this condition shall not be considered as prejudicial
elongated or “worm hole” type of gas discontinuities. When in evaluating the radiograph.
this condition occurs in a production radiograph, it shall be NOTE 5—Mottling is often associated with thin sections of austenitic
evaluated by comparison with the most representative refer- steels, and copper base alloys such as copper nickel, tin bronzes, and
ence radiograph. nickel copper.
8.8.1 When the source has been placed perpendicular to the 8.10 Hot tears and cracks exhibited on production radio-
length of the gas hole, evaluate the production radiograph with graphs may at times resemble linear type shrinkage. When
a shrinkage reference radiograph. doubt exists whether such indications are cracks or tears, or are
8.8.2 When the source has been placed diametrically linear shrinkage, all surfaces in the area of interest shall be
or“into” the diameter of the gas hole, evaluate the production ground and magnetic particle or liquid penetrant inspected as
radiograph with a gas reference radiograph. applicable. The extent and depth of grinding may require
8.9 A diffraction mottling pattern can occur on films of parts engineering judgment. If the indication does not appear on the
and sections where the grain size is large enough to be an surface, it shall be considered to be shrinkage.
appreciable fraction of the material thickness (Note 5). If 8.11 The radiographic density of discontinuities in compari-
diffraction mottling is suspected, there are a number of ways to son with background density is a variable dependent on
demonstrate its presence. The diffraction mottling pattern technical factors. It shall not be used as a criterion for
shown in these cases is dependent principally upon the crystal acceptance or rejection in comparison with reference radio-
geometry and the orientation of the crystals to the incident graphs.
radiation. Therefore, for a given specimen, any change in this
9. Keywords
orientation will affect the diffraction pattern dramatically. This
can be accomplished by a slight, 1 to 5° tilt of the part, with 9.1 castings; discontinuities; gamma ray; reference radio-
respect to the radiation beam or simply by shifting the graphs; steel; x-ray
centerline of the radiation beam to a slightly different location
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ifnot revised, eitherreapproved or withdrawn. Yourcomments are invited eitherfor revision ofthis standard orfor additional standards
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
CATEGORY B1 – INCLUSION
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
CATEGORY B2 – INCLUSION
CATEGORY B3 – INCLUSION
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
CATEGORY B4 – INCLUSION
CATEGORY B5 – INCLUSION
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
CATEGORY D – CRACK
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Designation: E 446 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for An American National Standard
CATEGORY F – INCERT
CATEGORY G – MOTTLING
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VALVES — FLANGED
THREADED, AND WELDING END ASME B16.34-1996
ANNEX B
RADIOGRAPHY PROCEDURE AND ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS
(This Annex is an integral part of ASME B16.34-1996 and is placed after the main text for convenience.)
B1 RADIOGRAPHY PROCEDURE
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VALVES — FLANGED,
THREADED, AND WELDING END A S ME B1 6. 34 -19 9 6
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