Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
MEEN 4302: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAB-II. Fall-2018

Experiment Title: Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with

concentrated load

Experiment Number: 9.2

OUTCOME B: An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyse

and interpret data.

OUTCOME K: An ability to use the technique, skills and modern engineering

tools necessary for the engineering practice.

Section: () LAB WORK. LAB REPORT.

STUDENTS ID’s B1 B2 B3 B4 K1
PRESENTATION, ORGANIZATION

USE ENGINEERING SOFTWARES

DIAGRAMS, GRAPHS & TABLES.
1.xxx
OBJECTIVES & BACKGROUND

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.
ANALYZE AND INTERPRET

2010yyyyyy
CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS.
USE LAB EQUIPMENT TO
IDENTIFY EXPERIMENT

COLLECTED DATA.

2. xxx
INTRODUCTION.

CONCLUSION.
& GRAMMER.

2010yyyyyy

AND TOOLS.
ABSTRACT.
THEORY.

3. xxx
2010yyyyyy

4. xxx
2010yyyyyy

5. xxx
2010yyyyyy

GRADING 15 15 10 10 5 10 10 10 5 10
STUDENT SCORE
RUBRIC
MEASUREMENTS.

Laboratory Date:
Submitted Date:
Instructor: Mr. Taha Waqar
Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

Table of Content

Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Theory ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Experimental procedure .............................................................................................................................. 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 8
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 11
References ................................................................................................................................................. 11

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

List of Figures
Figure 1: Diagrams for bending moments M and shearing forces Q .................................................. 5
Figure 2: Test Machine after assembling................................................................................................ 7

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

List of Tables
Table 1:Specimen Details .......................................................................................................................... 8
Table 2: Test Results.................................................................................................................................. 9
Table 3: Comparison between theoretical and experimental values .................................................... 9
Table 4: Experimental results ................................................................................................................ 10

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

ABSTRACT

The theoretical as well as experimental study of the Investigation of the mode of deformation in a

cantilever beam with concentrated load allows one to make a proper use of structures in different

industries. In this experiment, we will study the effect of stress and tension when a concentrated load is

applied on an eccentric specimen. The research of these effects are aimed towards the behavior of

deformation under different loads. Structures tend to deform under the action of force and pressure. The

force that holds the atoms of eccentric specimen together is of vital importance to deformation

characteristics of concrete structures [1]. Studying these effects, we will be able to predict the usage of a

certain material in a certain condition to tell that it will or will not withstand the forces, which makes

this study extremely useful.

INTRODUCTION

The chapter, Beams in Bending, of Strength of Materials relies on consequent assumptions: the material

is same and obeys Hooke’s law; the whole transverse section of beam, originally plane, remains plane

and traditional to the longitudinal fibers of the beam when bending; each longitudinal fiber acts as if cut

loose each different fiber, i.e. there are traditional stresses inflicting tension or compression; traditional

stresses are linear on the peak of beam, and constant on the dimension of beam.

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

Figure 1: Diagrams for bending moments M and shearing forces Q

THEORY

There are not any forces functioning on the section AB of the beam. Therefore, the values of bending

moments

and cutting forces are adequate to zero at the transversal section of beam to the point B. This statement

is valid for any cross sections between A and B. For BE are often derived:

Q=P

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

M = -Px1

The diagrams of bending moments and cutting forces are shown in Fig. 1.b and Fig. 1.c.

The normal stresses s on the cross-section of beam in bending may be determined by

𝑀
𝜎 = 𝐼z 𝑦 (1)

where M is the bending moment, y is the distance from the neutral axis to the point of cross section

(normal stresses may be defined at that point), z I is the moment of inertia of the beam with respect

to the z axis.

The value of normal stress on the distance c from the built-in end should be equal to:

𝑀 𝑃(𝑙−𝑐)
𝜎 = Wz = (2)
Wz

where

c - distance from the built-in end to the point of strain sensor’s attachment (Fig. 1),

l - distance from the built-in end to the point of force application,

Wz - modulus of section.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The following procedure was followed to perform the experiment.

1. First of all, Assemble the test machine as shown in Figure 2.

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

Figure 2: Test Machine after assembling

2. After that loosen the specimen by turning the knob on the lever (no load at this condition).

3. Run the Strength of Materials lab software by double clicking the respective icon on the desktop

or through the Windows start menu.

4. The lab is opened by double clicking on the line “Investigation of the mode of deformation in a

5. cantilever beam with concentrated load” present within the software menu.

6. Enter the chosen specimen data into the corresponding fields of table within the Specimen

Parameters tab and click on “Save”. Take Specimen data from the file Specimen Dimensions.xls,

according to the serial number hooked up to the specimen.

7. Click “Start” present on the software Front Panel then, checking the meter on the screen, apply

force slowly by turning the knob on the lever, up to Po = 100kgf.

8. Put a 1kg weight on the Setup for Force Application and click Measure; the data of the strain

sensors S1-S4 and the increments D1- D4 of the incremental force will be registered in the Table

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

of Increments and Stresses.

9. Repeat Procedure eight 3 times.

10. The specimen is loosened by turning the knob on the lever (no load is applied).

11. Generate an .xls (excel) file with the experimental data by clicking on Save in Menu. This file is

needed for more work on the assignment and contains all equations needed for calculations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The following results were recorded during the experiment.

Specimen dimensions and characteristics

h - height of cross section (m) 4.80E-03

b - width of cross section (m) 1.25E-02

S1z – applicate of the strain sensor S1 (m) 6.07E-03

S2z – applicate of the strain sensor S2 (m) -6.07E-03

z p = c – off-center distance (m) 5.0E-03

E - modulus of elasticity (N/m2) 2.00E+11

μ - Poisson’s ratio 3.0E-01

K - coefficient of sensors 1.0E+00

Table 1:Specimen Details

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

All the details of the test specimen are written in table 1.

Strain sensor readings and increments

Measurement
index

P ΔP S1 Δ1 S2 Δ2

0 115.2 0 -0.00023 0 0.0002 0

1 140 24.8 -0.000254 0.00024 0.0003 6E-05

2 187 47 -0.000301 0.00047 0.0004 0.00023

3 210.4 23.4 -0.000323 0.00022 0.0005 6E-05

4 236.8 26.4 -0.000348 0.00025 0.0006 6E-05

Mean value 30.4 -2.95E-05 6E-05

Table 2: Test Results

The experimental results are compared with theoretical results.

Comparison of theoretical and experimental values

Experimental Theoretical Deviation (%)

𝜎1 𝜎2 𝜎1 𝜎2 𝜎1 𝜎2

-5.90E+06 1.535E+07 -6.608E+06 1.654E+07 10.7 7.2

Table 3: Comparison between theoretical and experimental values

Experimental Value

-2.95E-05

7.675E-05

-5.90E+06

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

1.535E+07

Theoretical

𝜎1 -6.608E+06

𝜎2 1.654E+07

Table 4: Experimental results

As it can be seen from the tables above that our experimental value of stress on the cantilever beam

was quite accurate and there was very low disparity between the experimental and theoretical value and

also with the standard values given by the professor. The disparity of stress value is considerably high

due to the fact that the specimen didn’t displayed deformation on application of stress due to some

reason. From Table 3 and Table 4, we can see all the experimental results which are evaluated using

equation defined above in our introduction section. We compared this result to the theoretical results and

found small deviation in the results which will be always present as there is no experiment with 100%

certainty as human error is involved in every experiment. This error or deviation is due to the technical

limitation of the machine. The variation in value is small yet deviation is still quite small that shows if

values are small, a tiny change might cause a large deviation. In Table 1, All the details about our

specimen were recorded. In Table 2, Lab software results were displayed and based on these results and

using the equation derived above, Stress and Tension for the specimen was calculated. This large value

of stress under eccentric loading of the specimen shows that it can handle much more load without going

into permanent deformation making it ideal in heavy industrial usage. So, this specimen would be

perfect to handle heavy objects [2].

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Investigation of the mode of deformation in a cantilever beam with concentrated load

CONCLUSION

In this lab, our objectives were met successfully. It can be concluded that deformation occurs in a

cantilever beam when a concentrated load is applied on it. Normal stress acting in the cross sectional

area of specimen is different at different parts. The experiment was quite close to the actual value as the

deviation was quite small because the experimental values were almost equal to the theoretical values.

The study of phenomenon like this enables the industry to use structure effectively for maximum output

[3]. The experimentally determined values of normal stresses appearing in the cross-section of cantilever

beam in bending, and the value of deflection at the point of force application as well almost coincide

with theoretical data.

REFERENCES

1. https://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/fritz/pdf/331_2.pdf. [Online].
2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263764036_Large_deflection_analysis_of_cantilever
_beam_under_end_point_and_distributed_loads. [Online].
3. https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/effect-of-load-eccentricity-on-the-strength-of-
concrete-columns-2165-784X-1000308.pdf. [Online].
4. htt`ps://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82572572.pdf. [Online].

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