History Of Communication System

Communication history is a domain of inquiry that attends to practices,

ideas, and fields of communication in the past and brings historical
sensibilities to bear on communication research and theory in the
present. In attending to practices, communication history investigates
the full range of mediated and face-to-face forms of symbolic exchange
and dissemination—from conversation and oratory to mails,
journalism, television, and the Internet. It also looks to the intersections
of social communication with phenomena like empire, nation-building,
organizational publicity, international development, or the cultural
production of gender, race, and power. In attending to ideas,
communication history inquires into the meaning, influence, and
production of concepts and theories. It also provides frameworks for
investigating and classifying theoretical frameworks , categorizing
them, for instance, by their own understanding and use of history. In
attending to fields, meanwhile, communication history investigates
organized realms of inquiry, research, and education across traditions
and disciplines—from journal-ism/newspaper science, speech, and
public opinion research to the full range of sub-fields within
contemporary communication studies. As such, communication history
overlaps in multiple ways with the philosophy and theory of
communication. This entry will discuss those overlaps, moving across
three main topic areas: (a) communication history and its prehistories,
sketching ways that thinking about communication has been tied up
with concepts of historical change and progress since classical antiquity;
(b) the place of the history of communication in different traditions of
and orientations to communication theory, particularly since the 1950s;
(c) the history of ideas and fields of communication. Reflecting the bulk
of research on the subject, the entry emphasizes European and North
American writing while also considering more global and multicultural
directions. Communication history and its prehistories Studying
communication as a historical process is a relatively recent
development that trails a long prehistory. A longer, detailed map of this
development is available elsewhere (Simonson, Peck, Craig, & Jackson,
2013b). Here, Emanuel Kulczycki's (2014) distinction between explicit
and implicit communication history is useful. The former depends upon
the emergence of the concept of communication as an interpretive
framework for understanding the world. Though there were ancient
precursors cutting across world cultures (about which, more below),
this was largely a 20th-century The International Encyclopedia of
Communication Theory and Philosophy.
Introduction To Antennas

Smart antennas are comprised of a number of individual

antennas and associated signal processors which provide the
“smart” portion. Smart antennas can use either, or both, for the
signal transmission and the signal reception.
The major advantages to using a smart antenna are reduction in
overall system power, reduction in communication interference,
and increase in system capacity and improve in power
efficiency. Smart antenna at the receiver provides reduction of
signal loss in multipath fading, which means more overall robust
signal quality independent of the variations of the transmitted
signal due to the physical environment and other electromagnetic
interferences.
For mobile applications, there are fewer dropped
calls, reduced areas of low-signal / no-signal or dead zones
better reception, reduction of bit error rate, reduction in handoff
and higher data rates.

Smart antennas are antenna arrays or group of antenna

with smart processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal
signature. A smart antenna is a digital wireless communications
antenna system that takes advantage of diversity effect at the source
(transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both. Diversity effect
involves the transmission and/or reception of multiple radio frequency
(RF) waves to increase data speed and reduce the error rate.

In conventional wireless communications, a single antenna is used at

the source, and another single antenna is used at the destination. This
is called SISO (single input, single output). Such systems are vulnerable
to problems caused by multipath effects. When an electromagnetic
field (EM field) is met with obstructions such as hills, canyons, buildings,
and utility wires, the wave fronts are scattered, and thus they take
many paths to reach the destination. The late arrival of scattered
portions of the signal causes problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff
effect), and intermittent reception (picket fencing). In a digital
communications system like the Internet, it can cause a reduction in
data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of smart
antennas can reduce or eliminate the trouble caused by multipath
wave propagation.

Functions Of Smart Antenna

The smart antenna system estimates the direction of arrival of
the signal, using techniques such as MUSIC (Multiple Signal
Classification), estimation of signal parameters via rotational
invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms, Matrix
Pencil method or one of their derivatives. They involve finding
a spatial spectrum of the antenna/sensor array, and calculating
the DOA from the peaks of this spectrum. These calculations are
computationally intensive. Matrix Pencil is very efficient in case
of real time systems, and under the correlated sources.
Beam forming: It is the method used to create the radiation
pattern of the antenna array by adding constructively the phases
of the signals in the direction of the targets/mobiles desired, and
nullifying the pattern of the targets/mobiles that are
undesired/interfering targets. This can be done with a
simple FIR tapped delay line filter. The weights of the FIR filter
may also be changed adaptively, and used to provide optimal
beam forming, in the sense that it reduces the MMSE between
the desired and actual beam pattern formed. Typical algorithms
are the steepest descent, and LMS algorithms. There is an ever-
increasing demand on mobile wireless operators to provide voice and
high-speed data services. At the same time, these operators want to
support more users per base station to reduce overall network costs
and make the services affordable to subscribers. As a result, wireless
systems that enable higher data rates and higher capacities are a
pressing need.

Types Of Smart Antenna

There is two type of smart antenna mainly.

 Switched Beam
Switched beam antenna systems form multiple fixed beams with
heightened sensitivity in particular directions. These antenna
systems detect signal strength, choose from one of several
predetermined, fixed beams and switch from one beam to
another as the mobile moves throughout the sector. Instead of
shaping the directional antenna pattern with the metallic
properties and physical design of a single element, switched beam
systems combine the outputs of multiple antennas in such a way as to
form finely directional beams with more spatial selectivity than
can be achieved with conventional, single-element approaches.

 Adaptive Array antennas

Adaptive antenna technology represents the most advanced
smart antenna approach as on date. Using a variety of new
signal-processing algorithms, the adaptive system takes
advantage of its ability to effectively locate and track various
types of signals to dynamically minimize interference and
maximize intended signal reception. Both systems attempt to
increase gain according to the location of the user, however, only the
adaptive system provides optimal gain while simultaneously identifying,
tracking and minimizing interfering signals. Another way of
categorizing smart antennas is in the number of inputs and outputs that
is used for the device.

According to this classification the categories are given below.

 SIMO (Single Input – Multiple Output)
In this method one antenna will be used at the source and
multiple antennas will be used at the destination.

 MISO
In this method, multiple antennas will be used at the source and
only one antenna will be used at the receiver. In this method, multiple
antennas will be used at the source and only one antenna will be used
at the receiver.

 MIMO (Multiple Input – Multiple Output)

In this method multiple antennas will be used at both the source
and the destination. This is the most efficient method amongst
all.This method clearly supports spatial information processing.
MIMO has attracted the most attention recently because it can not only
eliminate the adverse effects of multipath propagation, but in some
cases can turn it into an advantage.
Application of Smart Antenna
1. Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT)
2. Rotorcraft
3. High Performance Radio Local Area Network/2 (HIPERLAN/2 )
4. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) technology
5. Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
6. In multibeam or adaptive antenna array
7. Macrocellular Base Stations
8. Wi-Fi access points and clients
9. In-vehicle DBS entertainment systems (Mobile video, Mobile
broadband/gaming)
10. Satellite/digital radio
11. GPS, 3G Wireless, RFID and UWB
Refrences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312309357_Communication_History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication

https://sites.google.com/site/thecommunicationdevices/how-communication-started

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5041/antenna