Respiratory

Febrina Damayanti
1815441016
Abstract: In everyday understanding, breathing is simply interpreted as a process of gas
exchange in the lungs. But biologically, the notion of respiration is not so. More breathing refers to the
process of dismantling or burning energy sources in the body's cells to obtain energy or energy. The
main food source of energy is carbohydrates. Besides animals, plants also absorb O2 for their
breathing, generally absorbed through the leaves (stomata). In aerobic conditions, plants carry out
aerobic respiration. When in anaerobic or lack of oxygen, the tissue respires anaerobically. For
example, in a waterlogged root. The diversity of living things both from their species or species causes
a difference in their respiration systems both in terms of quantity and quality. The oxygen needs of cats
will certainly be different from the oxygen requirements of tapeworms. This is because there are
internal and external factors that influence it.
A. Introduction
Respiration is oxidation process of material food or organic material which happen inside cell
that can done by aerob although anaerob. In aerob condition, this respiration need free oxygen and
release carbon dioxide and energy. If oxided is sugar, then reaction happen is :
B. C6H12O6 + 6H2O  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Amount of CO2 produced and amount of O2 used in aerob respiration not always same. This
depends to kinds of material that used. Comparison between amount of CO2 that released and amount
of O2 that needed, called Respiratory Quotient (RQ). For carbohydrate, its RQ value = 1. This RQ
value can being varied depends to material for respiration, perfect or not for respiration and others
condition (Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum, 2013).
One of the most important catabolic process is respiration. Respiration is the means by which
organic material such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down into carbon dioxide and
water, with much of the energy released being used in the synthesis of ATP. The biochemical reaction
that accomplish this break down are referred to collectively as respiratory metabolism. Respiratory
metabolism is of primary importance in both plant and animal cell since the ATP produce essential to
wide variety of reaction necessary for growth, development and cellular work. The carbohydrates
(sugar, for example) that are broken down in respiration are produced originally via photosynthesis. In
this model, the energy of sunlight is used to drive the conveyor belt and raise water. Water that has
been lifted upward some distance has increased in potential energy. The utilization of the energy in
sunlight to raise water and increase it’s potential energy is analogous to using light energy produce
high-energy sugar from low – energy carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis. The high
potential energy water can be made to do work as it flows down the trough and drives the paddle
wheel. As this occurs, the water drops to a lower level and near for loses some potential energy. This
analogous to using the high – energy sugar produce by photosynthesis to drive the energy requiring
reaction of the cell. This is made possible by the pathway of respiration (analogous to the trough),
which harness the high – energy sugar. As the high – energy sugar is respired, it is converted to the low
– energy products carbon dioxide and water. This is analogous to the water’s losing potential energy as
it flows down the trough to a lower level. Since the process of respiration is of fundamental importance
in all plant and animal cells, it will be described in some detail in this chapter. However, it’s should be
emphasized that understanding the overall a accomplishment of respiratory metabolism and its
relationship to other cellular process is viewed as more important here then the details of the
individuals steps involved (Peter, 1989).
Respiration is the biologically controlled breakdown of energy-containing substance, such as
carbohydrates, fats, and protein, with the release of energy. As such, it is reverse of photosynthesis, in
which energy is used to synthesize compounds. The major pathway of respiration in the cell can be
broken into two parts: ( 1 ) glycolysis and ( 2 ) the Krebs cycle. In the first part, glycolysis, glucose is
eventually split into two pyruvic acid molecules, each having three carbon atoms. At remaining two-
carbon compound enters the Krebs cycle, is regenerated at end of the cycle and can accept another two-
carbon piece. The two parts of respiration differ in a number of important features. In the absence of
oxygen, glycolysis can occur but the Krebs cycle can not function. If no oxygen is present, the pyruvic
acid produced at the end of glycolysis is converted, with the loss of one carbon atom, to ethyl alcohol.
In this case, the process is fermentation ( Wiliam, 1967 ).
We have studied process of respiration, that process of oxidation of metabolic by organism when
there is oxygen to catch energy that had in metabolic bondings. Respiration is not just produce energy,
but other products, like carbon dioxide and water. ( such as, glycolysis processes and fermentation
break down metabolic to get energy and produce other products ). So, gas exchange with one way is
needed to supplies oxygen for cells and remove carbon dioxide. It is rather make us confused, but this
process is known as respiration. ( Fried, 2003 ).
Insects require oxygen just as we do, and must "exhale" carbon dioxide, a waste product of
cellular respiration. Oxygen is delivered to the cells directly through respiration, and not carried by
blood as in vertebrates. Along the sides of the thorax and abdomen, a row of small openings called
spiracles (8) allow the intake of oxygen from the air. Most insects have one pair of spiracles per body
segment. Small flaps or valves keep the spiracle closed until there is a need for oxygen uptake and
carbon dioxide discharge. When the muscles controlling the valves relax, the valves open and the insect
takes a breath. Once entering through the spiracle, oxygen travels through the tracheal trunk (8), which
divides into smaller tracheal tubes. The tubes continue to divide, creating a branching network that
reaches each cell in the body. Carbon dioxide released from the cell follows the same pathway back to
the spiracles and out of the body. Most of the tracheal tubes are reinforced by taenidia, ridges that run
spirally around the tubes to keep them from collapsing. In some areas, however, there are no taenidia,
and the tube functions as an air sac capable of storing air. In aquatic insects, the air sacs enable them to
"hold their breath" while under water. They simply store air until they surface again. Insects in dry
climates may also store air and keep their spiracles closed, to prevent water in their bodies from
evaporating. Some insects forcefully blow air from the air sacs and out the spiracles when threatened,
making a noise loud enough to startle a potential predator or curious person (Debbie, 2013).
The purpose of this practical activity is to prove that living organisms need oxygen for their
respiration. Compare the oxygen requirements of several organisms according to their type and size.
The benefits of this practicum are that students can prove that living organisms need oxygen for their
respiration and compare the oxygen requirements of several organisms according to their type and size.
B. Praticum method
This practice is carried out on Friday, November 30, 2018 at 2:10 a.m. at 15:50 WITA at the Third
Floor Biology Laboratory FMIPA UNM. Practicum this time with the theme " Respiratory”. Tools,
respirometers are simple, spoof, stopwatch. Ingredients, Cotton, Vaseline, Crystal KOH, Eosin
Solution, Cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) large and small, Grasshopper (Dissosteira carolina) large and
small, Green bean sprouts. Experiment Work Procedure 1 first Take the big cockroach and put it in the
respirometer, then Wrap the KOH crystal with thin cotton and put it in the respirometer then, Close the
respirometer with the lid that is connected to the scale glass pipe, then put it on the backrest After that
apply Vaseline on the respirometer joint with the lid to prevent leakage. And drop the eosin solution at
the end of the scale pipe, then record the eosin movement scale every one minute from scale 0.0. Make
observations for 5 minutes. Experiment 2 first Clean a simple respirometer. With the same work order
in experiment 1, conduct experiment 2 by using similar animals with different body weight
measurements. Experiment 3 first Clean a simple respirometer. With the same work order in
experiment 1, conducted experiment 3 using different green bean sprouts.
 C. Results and Discussion
Result observation
Name Observed Size Scale
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Cockroach Big 0,15 0,19 0,28 0,33 0,48

Small - - - - -
Cricket Big 0,17 0.31 0,46 0,47 0,59
Small 0,13 0,15 0,16 0,16 0,16
Grasshopper Big 0,22 0,29 0,36 0,44 0,49
Small 0,11 0,2 0,26 0,3 0,36
Seeds 3 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
5 0,1 0,1 0,12 0,13 0,15

Data analysis
𝑠
Used the formula v = 𝑡

1. Cockroach
a. Big :
1) V1= s/t = 0,15/1 = 0,15 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
2) V2= s/t = 0,19/2 = 0.095 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
3) V3= s/t = 0,28/3 = 0.093 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
4) V4= s/t = 0,33/4 = 0.0825 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
5) V5= s/t = 0,48/5 = 0.096 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
Average speed
(𝑣1+𝑣2+𝑣3+𝑣4+𝑣5)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑠
V=
5
(0,15+0,095+0,093+0,0825+0,096)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

0,5165 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

= 0.1033 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
b. Small
 -
2. Cricket
a. Big :
1. V1= s/t = 0,17/1 = 0,17 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
2. V2= s/t = 0,31/2 = 0,155 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
3. V3= s/t = 0,46/3 = 0,153 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
4. V4= s/t = 0,47/4 = 0,1175 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
5. V5= s/t = 0,59/5 = 0,118 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
Average speed
(𝑣1+𝑣2+𝑣3+𝑣4+𝑣5)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑠
V=
5
(0,17+0,155+0,153+0,1175+0,118)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

0,7135 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

= 0,1427 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚

b. Small
1. V1= s/t = 0,13/1 = 0,13 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
2. V2= s/t = 0,15/2 = 0,075 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
3. V3= s/t = 0,16/3 = 0,0533 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
4. V4= s/t = 0,16/4 = 0,04 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
5. V5= s/t = 0,16/5 = 0,032 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
Average speed
(𝑣1+𝑣2+𝑣3+𝑣4+𝑣5)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑠
V=
5
(0,13+0,075+0,0533+0,04+0,032)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

0,81 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

= 0,162 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
3. Grasshopper
a. Big
1. V1= s/t = 0,22/1 = 0,22 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
2. V2= s/t = 0,29/2 = 0,145 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
3. V3= s/t = 0,36/3 = 0,12 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
4. V4= s/t = 0,44/4 = 0,11 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
5. V5= s/t = 0,49/5 = 0,098 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
Average speed
(𝑣1+𝑣2+𝑣3+𝑣4+𝑣5)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑠
V=
5

(0,22+0,145+0,12+0,11+0,098)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

0,693 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

= 0,1386 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
b. Small
1. V1= s/t = 0,11/1 = 0,11 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
2. V2= s/t = 0,2/2 = 0,1 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
3. V3= s/t = 0,26/3 = 0,0866 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
4. V4= s/t = 0,3/4 = 0,075 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
5. V5= s/t = 0,36/5 = 0,072 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
Average speed
(𝑣1+𝑣2+𝑣3+𝑣4+𝑣5)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑠
V=
5
(0,11+0,1+0,0866+0,075+0,072)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

0,3436 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

= 0,06872 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
4. Seeds
a. 3 seeds
1. V1= s/t = 0,1/1 = 0,1 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
 2. V2= s/t = 0,1/2 = 0,05 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
3. V3= s/t = 0,1/3 = 0,033 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
4. V4= s/t = 0,1/4 = 0,025 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
5. V5= s/t = 0,1/5 = 0,02 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
Average speed
(𝑣1+𝑣2+𝑣3+𝑣4+𝑣5)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑠
V=
5
(0,1+0,05+0,033+0,025+0,02)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

0,228 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

= 0,0456 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
b. 5 seeds
1. V1= s/t = 0,1/1 = 0,1 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
2. V2= s/t = 0,1/2 = 0,05 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
3. V3= s/t = 0,12/3 = 0,04 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
4. V4= s/t = 0,13/4 = 0,0325 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
5. V5= s/t = 0,15/5 = 0,03 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
Average speed
(𝑣1+𝑣2+𝑣3+𝑣4+𝑣5)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑠
V=
5

(0,1+0,05+0,04+0,0325+0,03)𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

0,2525 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚
=
5

= 0,0505 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒⁄𝑚

Discussion
1. Comparison of the rate of respiration of large grasshoppers and small grasshoppers
Compare two similar organisms with different body sizes, namely, between large-sized
grasshoppers and small-body grasshoppers. Based on observations obtained data that the average
velocity of large locust breathing is 0.1386 scale / minute and small grasshopper is 0.06872 scale /
minute. This shows that the breathing speed of a large grasshopper is higher than that of a small
grasshopper. This happens because large grasshoppers have a body system that is more complex than
small grasshoppers which impacts on oxygen demand. This shows that the breathing speed of an
organism depends on the body size of the organism.
2. Comparison of the rate of respiration of large cockroaches and small cockroaches
Compare two similar organisms with different body sizes, namely between large body
cockroaches and small cockroaches. Based on observations obtained data that the average speed of
breathing of large cockroaches is 0.1033 scale / minute. In this experiment our group did not have a
small cockroach so we could not compare it.
3. Comparison of the Rate of Respiration of the Great Grasshopper and the Big Cockroach
Comparison of two different organisms but with the same body size that is between large
grasshoppers and large cockroaches. Based on observations obtained data that the respiration rate of
large grasshoppers is 0.1386 scale / minute and large cockroaches are 0.1033 scale / minute. This
happens because of differences in the activity of each organism. Grasshoppers need more oxygen in
order to fly and jump, while cockroaches, the majority of which are not like grasshoppers, are only
walking and settling in one place. This shows that the breathing speed of an organism depends on the
activity and type of organism.
4. Comparison of the rate of respiration of small grasshoppers and small crickets
Comparison of two different organisms but with the same body size between small grasshoppers
and small crickets. Based on observations obtained data that the small locust respiration rate is 0.06872
scale / minute and small crickets are 0.162 scales / minute. This happens because the grasshoppers used
are smaller than the small crickets that are used because of that little oxygen needs.
5 Comparison of Sprout Respiration Rate in the amount of 3 and seeds 5
Comparison of the same two organisms, namely between sprouts which number 3 and 5. Based on
observations obtained data that the sperm respiration rate which amounted to 3 is 0.0456 scale / minute
and sprouts which amounted to 5 are 0.0505 scale / minute. This shows that the more the amount of
sprouts that are inserted in the respirometer tube the faster it will also be respected.
6. Comparison of rates of plant and animal respiration
Comparison of two different organisms, namely the number 5 sprouts with large grasshoppers.
Based on observations it was found that sprout respiration velocity of 5 was 0.0505 scales / minute and
large crickets were 0.1427 scales / minute. This shows that animals have more oxygen than plants. This
happens because animals actively move while plants move passively.
 D. Conclusion
Based on the practicum that has been done, some conclusions can be drawn as follows. Every
organism needs oxygen to breathe because oxygen is used as a food oxidizer in the body of a living
thing to be converted into energy. and the oxygen requirements of each living thing vary depending on
body size, species, activity, and the completeness of the organs of living things. The suggestions for
further practicum are as follows. It is better for the practitioner to pay more attention to the cleanliness
of the scale glass pipe so that there is no error in reading the scale. It is expected that the assistant can
improve his guidance so that the practitioner can make observations properly and correctly. Expected
to the laboratory to provide a more complete and good practice tool so that the lab runs smoothly.

E. Reference
Debbie, Hadley. 2013. Internal Anatomy of an Insect.
http://insects.about.com/od/morphology/ss/internalanatomy_5.htm. accessed on 06.00 am

Fried, George. 2003. Biologi. Erlangga. Jakarta.

Kaufman, Peter. 1989. Their Biology and Importance. New York : Harper and Row.

Knobloch, Irving Wiliam. 1967. Readings in Biological Science. Appleton Century Crofts. United State
of America.

Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum. 2013. Guide Book of Basic Biology.Makassar: Biology Department
Faculty Mathematic and science state university of Makassar.

Attachment

1. What is the function of KOH which is wrapped in cotton?

Answer: to absorb CO2 released by Oranism when breathing.

2. What is the function of eosin in this experiment? Can eosin be replaced with another liquid? Explain.

Answer: eosin functions to determine the respiration speed of the tested organism. Eosin solution can
be replaced with bromtimol blue or the other, depending on the physical and chemical properties of the
material.

3. How do you know the eosin volume used in the experiment above?

Answer: by looking at the movement to the last scale.

4. Is there a difference in the amount of oxygen needed based on the type of organism?

Answer: there is. Animal respiration is faster than plants. Means animals need more oxygen than
plants. This is caused by the size of animals that are larger than plants, besides that basically animals
are stronger to inspire than plants.

5. Is there a difference in the amount of oxygen needed based on the size of the organism?

Answer: there is. Larger organisms have a large respiration rate. Means large organisms need more
oxygen than small organisms.