Drug effects

Desired effects - also called the therapeutic effect. This means that the medication is doing what
it is supposed to. Almost all medications that have a systemic effect on the body will cause side
effects

Adverse effect - Unexpected or unintended response; Unforeseen or dangerous reaction to a

drug; Change the dosage, stop the drug, administering antidote; Mild to severe – anaphylaxis or
cardiovascular collapse; Must always be reported and documented

Side effect - Response not related to drug’s primary action; Predictable, known to occur –
problem occurs in addition to the desired effect; Not a reason to discontinue – inform patients to
report any side effects; Example: diphenhydramine – antihistamine with side effect of
sleepiness; also treats insomnia

Toxic effect - occurs when drug exceeds therapeutic range through an overdose or
accumulation of drug

Placebo effect - (or dummy pill) is an inert (inactive) substance, typically a tablet, capsule or
other dose form that does not contain an active drug ingredient.

Drug dependence - during need for continuous use if a behavior or a mood altering drug that
lead to abuse ex. Antipsychotics

a. Psychic dependence - craving requiring periodic or continued use of a drug for pleasure
or relief
b. Physical dependence - appearance of characteristic symptoms when the drug is
suspended or terminated

Tachyphylaxis - rapidly developing tolerance to drugs

Drug allergy - response occurring when drugs are from protein sources and combined with body
protein and induce an allergen-antibody reaction that releases vasoactive intermediates that
cause fluid transudation to tissues

Anaphylaxis - is a serious, life-threatening allergic reaction. The most common anaphylactic

reactions to foods, insect stings, medications and latex. If you are allergic to a substance, your
immune system overreacts to the allergen by releasing chemicals that cause allergy symptoms.

Urticaria - generalized pruritic skin eruptions or giant hives

Angioedema - fluid accomodation in perioorbital, oral, and respiratory tissues and possible
wheezing as bronhial constriction progress
Arthus reaction - localized area of tissue necrosis caused by disruption of blood supply occurs
when espasticity, occlusion, and degeneration of blood vessels and precipitated by injection of a
drug into a site having large quantities of bivalent antibodies

CHOLINERGIC ADRENERGIC

Nervous system Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System

neurotransmitte Acetylcholine, Gamma-Aminobutyric Epinephrine, Norepinephrine,

rs Acid Dopamine

Specific Muscarinic receptor A1 - vascular smooth muscles

Receptor M2 - heart (blood vessels)
M3 - gut (GI tract), airway, bladder A2 - pancreatic islets, CNS neurons
B1 - myocardium (heart)
B2 - bronchioles (airway)

Eyes (pupils) Constriction (miosis) Dilation (mydriasis)

GI tract
Hypermotility, gastric secretion, motility
salivation

Bladder Urinary bladder contraction Urinary bladder relaxation

Heart rate

Blood pressure

Blood vessels vasodilation vasoconstriction

Bronchi bronchoconstriction bronchodilation

BP formula: CO x TPR
CO = SV x HR
Calculations:

1. Convert ​2oz ​into tablespoon (tbsp) and teaspoon (tsp).

2. D: 375 mg of clopidogrel Q8
S: 75mg/tab
How many tablets will you give the patient every 8 hours? Every day?

3. D10 water 150cc/hr, drop factor of 15gtts/min. Compute for flow rate

4. A. Order is 800ml of PNSS for 4 hours using DF of 20gtts/min

B. after 2 hours, 500ml was infused. Adjust the flow rate

5. Dobutamine 30mcg/kg/min for a patient that weighs 50kg.

a. How many mg in 1 hour?

b. How many mg in 1 day?

6. Amophylline 450mg in 200ml to be infused in 1 hour with DF of 20gtts/min. Stock is 100mg/ml
in 5ml ampoule. Compute flow rate

7. PLR 1000cc at 125cc/hr. DF is 20gtts/min. Compute flow rate

8. How long is 2500ml of PNSS of to be infused at 75cc/hr

9. D5LR 500ml infusing at 25mgtts/min. How many hours to administer?

10. MgSO4 drip 6g + 50ml D5 water to run for 50mins via soluset. What is the flowrate?

11. 29 y/o G2P1 mother, complaining of headache with BP 150/100.

Oder 3g of MgSO4 through IM on each buttocks
stock : MgSO4 250mg/ml in 20ml vial
Convert the following:
1. 1.2 g to mg

2. 900 mgs to g

3. 750ml to l

4. 3 g to mcg

5. 3.8 l to ml

6. 5000 mcg to mg

Problem Solving
​ . Captopril is available in 25mg tablets. The charted dose is 12.5mg. How many
1
tablets will you administer?

2. Pholocodine linctus is available as 10mg/5ml. The charted dose is 5mg. What

volume will you administer?

3. Flucoxacillin syrup is available as 250mg/5ml. The charted does is 600mg. What

volume will you administer?

4. Apo-Sulfatrim (Co-trimoxazole) is available as 480mg tablets. The charted dose is

960mg. How many tablets will you administer?

5. Digoxin is available as 625µg tablets. The charted dose is 1.25 µg. How many
tablets will you administer?
6. Nivaquine syrup is available as 68mg/5ml. The charted does is 200mg. What
volume will you administer?

7. Famotidine is available as 20mg tablets. The charted dose is 40mg. How many
tablets will you administer?

8. Brufen is available as 400mg tablets. The charted does is 1.2g. How many tablets
will you administer?

9. Sudafed elixir is available as 30mg/5ml suspension. The charted dose is 15mg.

What volume will you administer?

10. Strepsils dry cough liquid is available as 10mg/10ml. The charted does is 5mg.
What volume will you administer?

Conversions
1. Digitalis is available as 2.5µg tablets. The charted dose is 1.25 µg. How many
tablets will you administer.

2. Aldactone is available as 100mg tablets. The charted does is 0.05g. How many
tablets will you administer?

3. Apo-Prednisone (Prednisone) is available as 2.5mg tablets. The charted does is

0.005g. How many tablets will you administer?

4. Losec is available as 10mg capsules. The charted dose is 0.02g. How many
capsules will you administer?
5. Ospamox suspension is available as 125mg/5ml. The charted dose is 0.4g. What
volume will you administer?

6. Fucidin suspension is available as 250mg/5ml. The charted does is 0.75g. What

volume will you administer?

7. Bezalip is available as 200mg tablets. The charted dose is 0.40g. How many tablets
will you administer?

8. Aspec (enteric coated Aspirin) is available as 300mg tablets. The charted dose is
1.2g. How many tablets will you administer?

9. Flagyl S suspension is available as 200mg/5ml suspension. The charted dose is

0.8g. What volume will you administer?

10. Benzylpenicillin is available in 600mg vials The patient is prescribed 1.2 g. What do
you give?

Conversions ratios and percentages

1. Dextrose is available as a 1% solution. The charted dose is 50mg. What volume will
you administer?

2. Isuprel is available as 1: 10000 solution. The charted dose is 10mg. What volume
will you administer?

3. Dextrose is available as a 2% solution. The charted dose is 100mg. What volume

will you administer?
4. Adrenaline is available as 1: 1000 solution. The charted dose is 1mg. What volume
will you administer?

5. A drug is available as a 5% solution. The charted dose is 750mg. What volume will
you administer?

6. Adrenaline is available as 1: 10000 solution. The charted dose is 10mg. What

volume will you administer?

7. A drug is available as a 2% solution. The charted dose is 500mg. What volume will
you administer?

8. Isuprel is available as 1: 2000 solutions. The charted dose is 1mg. What volume
will you administer?