Lecture 2

2018/2019
 2C/1L, MDCR
 Attendance at minimum 7 sessions (course +
laboratory)
 Lectures- associate professor Radu Damian
 Friday 09-11, ? III.34, II.13
 E – 50% final grade
 problems + (2p atten. lect.) + (3 tests) + (bonus activity)
▪ 3p=+0.5p
 all materials/equipments authorized
 Laboratory – associate professor Radu Damian
 Wednesday 12-14, II.12 odd weeks
 L – 25% final grade
 P – 25% final grade
 http://rf-opto.etti.tuiasi.ro

 Not customized
 factorul “andrei” = -2p

2017/8
COMPETENT: Care este bine
informat într-un anumit domeniu;
care este capabil, care este în
măsură să judece un anumit
lucru. [DEX]
> 2010 < 1950
dB = 10 • log10 (P2 / P1) dBm = 10 • log10 (P / 1 mW)

0 dB =1 0 dBm = 1 mW

+ 0.1 dB = 1.023 (+2.3%) 3 dBm = 2 mW

+ 3 dB =2 5 dBm = 3 mW
+ 5 dB =3 10 dBm = 10 mW
+ 10 dB = 10 20 dBm = 100 mW

-3 dB = 0.5 -3 dBm = 0.5 mW

-10 dB = 0.1 -10 dBm = 100 W
-20 dB = 0.01 -30 dBm = 1 W
-30 dB = 0.001 -60 dBm = 1 nW
[dBm] + [dB] = [dBm]

[dBm/Hz] + [dB] = [dBm/Hz]

[x] + [dB] = [x]

 Complex numbers arithmetic!!!!
 z = a + j · b ; j2 = -1
 typically
 f ≈ 1÷3GHz – 300GHz
 λ ≈ 1mm – 10cm
 Electrical Length (Phase Length)
 l – physical length
 E = β·l – electrical Length

2 l
E   l   l  2   
  V, I vary
~ useless
E   l 
2
c0

 l  f  r 
 Dependency
 antenna gain
 Radar cross-section
 Behavior (and
description) of any
circuit depends on
his electrical length
at the particular
frequency of
interest
 E≈0  Kirchhoff
 E>0  wave
propagation
2 l
E   l   l  2   
 
 B
 E    Constitutive equations
t
D D  E
 H  J B  H
t
J  E
 D  
• Vacuum
 B  0 0  4  107 H m
  0  8,854  1012 F m
 J  
t
1
c0   2,99790 108 m s
 0  0
 1 , 1 1 , 1
h
C
n
S0
S S
n l
2 , 2
h 2 , 2
a) b)

n  E1  E2   0 n  D1  D2    S
n  H1  H 2   J S n  B1  B2   0

 If one of the media is a perfect conductor

(metal) all fields are annulled inside
 X
X  X 0e jt  j   X
t
 
g     f t   e  jt
dt f t    g    e jt d
 

 Maxwell’s Equations more simple

1
 2 E   2 E  j J  

2 H   2 H    J

E 

 H  0
 particular cases where analytical solution exists
 harmonic signals, Fourier Transform, frequency
spectrum


X  X 0e j  t X
 j   X

g     f t   e  jt
dt f t    g    e jt d

t 

G F  
 
g     f t   e  jt dt

 G F  
 
F     f t   e  jt
dt g t    G   e jt d
 
 Helmoltz equations or Wave equations
Medium void of free electric charges

2 E   2 E 0
 2 H   2 H 0
 2   2  j
γ – propagation constant (known also as phase constant or wave number)
 Electric field only in Oy direction,  through judicious choice
wave traveling after Oz direction  of the coordinate system
E y  E e  z  E e z
    2  j    j  
Wave Propagation If we have only the positive direction wave E+=> A
E y  Ae   j z
Harmonic Field
E y  A e z  e j t  z  Wave Propagation
(simultaneous space and
Circular Polarization time variation)
Amplitude

Attenuation
E y z1   Ct  e z1  e j t  z1  E y z2   Ct  e z2  e j t  z2 
W , P ~  E2
P2 Ct 2  e 2 z2
A  2 2 z  e 2  z2  z1 
P1 Ct  e 1

A[dB]  10 log10
P2
P1

 10 log10 e 2  z2  z1  
A[dB]  20    z2  z1 log10 e  8.686    z2  z1 

A / L[dB / km]  8.686    0

 Attenuation usually expressed in dB/km
 most of the time a positive value is used
 “-” sign = implied by the word used
   E   j  H
j  E y
Hx 

Lossless Medium, σ = 0   j  
Ey 
  intrinsic impedance of the medium
Hx 

E y  A e z  e j t  z  constant phase points:   t    z   const

dz  1
Phase velocity vp   
dt  
dz d
Group velocity vg   in dispersive media where β = β(ω)
dt d
 Phase velocity – virtual speed at which a constant phase
point travels (in certain conditions might be greater than
the speed of light)
 Group velocity – speed at which the signal (energy,
information) propagates (always less or equal to the speed
of light in that medium)
 In vid
0
0   377 v  vg  c0 c0 
1
 2,99790 108 m s
0  0  0
2 c0 2 1
0   T 
 f  f
Space periodicity Time periodicity

 In mediu nedispersiv εr
1 1 c
c   0
  0  0 r  0 r
c0
n  r refractive index of a medium c
n
21 c 2 c0 0
T     
 f  f r  f r
    z   z Electric field only in Oy direction,  through judicious choice
Ey  E e E e wave traveling after Oz direction  of the coordinate system

    2  j    j  

 wave E y  E   e z  e j t  z 

 incident   t    z   const
 reflected   z j t    z 
points of
Ey  E  e e constant
 wave phase

 direct   t    z   const
 inverse
 wave
E y  E   e z  e j t  z   E   e z  e j t   z 
 incident
 reflected H z  H   e z  e j t  z   H   e z  e j t   z 

 wave
 direct
V z   V   e z  e j t  z   V   e z  e j t   z 
 inverse
I z   I   e z  e j t  z   I   e z  e j t   z 

V z   V   e j t  z   V   e j t   z 
 Electromagnetic fields with harmonic time
dependence
 Maxwell’s Equations simplified
X  
X  X 0e jt  j   X g     f t   e  jt
dt f t    g    e jt d
t  

 In delimited media the solutions of Maxwell’s

Equations must also verify boundary
conditions
 solutions must respect some supplemental
conditions
 1 , 1
 Electric field must always be C
h
1 , 1

normal on an electric wall or S S

S0
n

annulled n
2 , 2
l

2 , 2
 Magnetic field must always
h
a) b)

be tangent to an electric wall

or annulled
 Similar with Fourier Transform g     f t   e  jt dt 
f t    g    e jt d

  

E , E   Ai  Modi
 
Ai  E, Modi
1
 particular cases where analytical solution exists
 harmonic signals, Fourier Transform, frequency
spectrum


X  X 0e j  t X
 j   X

g     f t   e  jt
dt f t    g    e jt d

t 

G F  
 
g     f t   e  jt dt

 G F  
 
F     f t   e  jt
dt g t    G   e jt d
 
 particular cases where analytical solution exists
 wave in a single direction E E , E E     

 wave
▪ incident E y  E   e z  e j t  z   E   e z  e j t   z 
▪ reflected
EIN  E1 e  z  E1 e z EOUT  E2 e z  E2 e z
 wave
▪ direct
▪ inverse E1 e  z E2 e   z
EIN EOUT
E1 e  z E2 e  z

E  E  
 particular cases where analytical solution exists
 modes in delimited media Bi  Ai 

E   Ai  Modi Ai  E, Modi
1

EIN EOUT

Ai  EIN , Modi
A1 B1

AN BN
N

Bi  Ai  EOUT   Bi  Modi
1
 TEM wave propagation, at least two conductors
I(z,t)

V(z,t)

z
 TEM wave propagation, at least two conductors
I(z,t) I(z+Δz,t)

R·Δz L·Δz

V(z,t) G·Δz C·Δz V(z+Δz,t)

Δz
 time domain
vz, t  iz, t 
  R  iz, t   L 
K II
z t
iz, t  vz, t 
 G  vz, t   C  KI
z t

 harmonic signals
dV z 
 R  j    L   I z 
dz d

dI z 
dz
 G  j    C  V z 
dz
 d 2V z  2
2
  V z   0
dz
   j  R  j    L G  j    C 
d I z  2
2

2
   I z   0
dz

2 E   2 E 0
E y  E e  z  E e z
 H   H 0
2 2

 2   2  j
 V z   V0 e z  V0 e z

I z   I 0 e z  I 0 e z
   j  R  j    L G  j    C 

V z   V0 e z  V0 e z

dV z  I z  


V    z
0 e  V0 e z 
 R  j    L   I z  R  j   L
dz
R  j   L R  j   L
Z0    Characteristic
 G  j   C
impedance of the line
V0 V0
 Z0    2 
I0
I0  vf   f
 
 R=G=0
   j  R  j    L G  j    C   j    L C

  0 ;     LC

R  j   L L
Z0    Z0 is real
G  j   C C

V z   V0 e j z  V0 e j z 2

 vf 
1
V0  j z V0 j z   LC LC
I z   e  e
Z0 Z0
 ΓL V z   V0 e j z  V0 e j z
V0  j z V0 j z
I z   e  e
Z0 Z0

V 0 V0  V0

Z0 ZL ZL  ZL    Z0
I 0 V0  V0 

 voltage reflection
l coefficient
0 V0 Z L  Z 0
  
V0 Z L  Z0

 Z0 real
  voltage reflection coefficient seen at the
input of the line
V0 z 
V z   V0 e
  j   z  j   z
 V0 e    z   
V0 z  
ΓIN ΓL V 0  V0  V0 0  L  0
V
V0
V  l   V0 e j l  V0 e j l
V0  e  j l
Zin Z0 ZL  l   IN   j l  0  e 2 j l
V0  e

 l   0  e 2 j l  0

-l 0  l   0 e2 j l

 V z   V0 
e  j   z
  e j   z
 I z   
V0  j z
e   e j z 
Z0

 time-average Power flow along the line

 Total power delivered to the load = Incident

power – “Reflected” power
 Return “Loss” [dB]
 ΓL V  l   V0 e j l  V0 e j l
V0 j l V0  j l
I  l   e  e
Z0 Z0

V  l  1    e 2 j l
Zin Z0 ZL Z in  Z in  Z 0 
I  l  1    e 2 j l

 the input impedance

-l
seen looking toward
0 the load

Z in  Z 0 
Z L  Z 0   e j l  Z L  Z 0   e  j l Z L  j  Z 0  tan  l 
Z in  Z 0 
Z L  Z 0  e j l  Z L  Z 0  e j l Z 0  j  Z L  tan  l 
 the input impedance seen looking toward
the load

Z L  j  Z 0  tan   l
Z in  Z 0 
Z 0  j  Z L  tan   l
  input impedance of a length l of transmission
line with characteristic impedance Z0 , loaded
with an arbitrary impedance ZL
ΓL
Z L  j  Z 0  tan   l
Z in  Z 0 
Z 0  j  Z L  tan   l
Zin Z0 ZL

-l 0
  input impedance is frequency dependent
through   l
 2
vf   f 
ΓL  
2 2  f 2  l
 l  l  l  f
 vf vf
frequency dependence is periodical, imposed
Zin Z0 ZL by the tan trigonometric function

Z L  j  Z 0  tan   l
Z in  Z 0 
Z 0  j  Z L  tan   l
-l 0
  l = k·λ/2  l 
2
 l  k  tan  l  0 Z in  Z 0

 l = λ/4 + k·λ/2 tan  l   Z 02
Z in 
ZL
ΓL
 quarter-wave transformer

Zin Z0 ZL
Z L  j  Z 0  tan   l
Z in  Z 0 
Z 0  j  Z L  tan   l
-l 0
 ZL = 0
 purely imaginary for any
length l
 +/-  depending on l value

Zin  j  Z 0  tan   l

Z L  j  Z 0  tan  l 
Z in  Z 0 
Z 0  j  Z L  tan  l 
 ZL = ∞ → 1 / ZL = 0
 purely imaginary for any
length l
 +/-  depending on l value

Zin   j  Z 0  cot   l

Z L  j  Z 0  tan  l 
Z in  Z 0 
Z 0  j  Z L  tan  l 
V z   V0 
e  j   z
  e j   z
 V z   V0  e j z  1   e 2 j z    e j

V z   V0  1   e 2 j z

maximum magnitude value for e

  2 j   z
1 Vmax  V0  1   

Vmin  V0  1   
  2 j   z
minimum magnitude value for e  1
 SWR is defined as the ratio between maximum and
minimum
 (Voltage) Standing Wave Ratio
Vmax 1  
VSWR  
Vmin 1  
 real number 1 ≤ VSWR < 
 a measure of the mismatch (SWR = 1 means a matched line)
 ΓL
Z L  j  Z 0  tan   l
Z in  Z 0 
Z 0  j  Z L  tan   l

Zin Z0 ZL
V z   V0 e z  V0 e z

I z   I 0 e z  I 0 e z
-l 0
 l   0 e2 j l
in  L  e2 j l
Impedance Matching
 Feed line – input line with characteristic
impedance Z0
 Real load impedance RL
 We desire matching the load to the fider with
a second line with the length λ/4 and
characteristic impedance Z1 Z  Z 1  e  2 j l

1  e 2 jl
in 1

V0 R L  Z1
O   
V0 RL  Z1
R L  jZ1 tan(l )
Z in  Z1
Z1  jR L tan(l )
 Z in  Z 0
in 
Z in  Z 0
2   Z12
 l    Z in 
 4 2 RL

Z12  Z 0  RL
in  2 in  0 Z1  Z 0 RL
Z1  Z 0  RL
 In the feed line (Z0) we have only progressive
wave
 In the quarter-wave line (Z1) we have standing
waves
  Bandwidth depends on the initial mismatch

increased bandwidth
for smaller load
mismatches
 ADS Simulation
f  0.88GHz

3GHz  3 105

f 0.88
  0.2933
f0 3
 The quarter-wave transformer can match any
real load to any feed line impedance
 If a greater bandwidth for the match is
required we must use multiple sections of
transmission lines transformers:
 binomial
 Chebyshev
 Z1  Z 0
1 
 We also assume that all impedances Z1  Z 0
increase or decrease monotonically Z n1  Z n
across the transformer n 
Z n1  Z n
 This implies that all reflection coefficients
will be real and of the same sign n  1, N  1
 Previously, 1 section   1  3  e2 j  ZL  ZN
N 
ZL  ZN
   0  1  e2 j  2  e4 j    N  e2 jN
 Similarly Lab. 1

f  2.169GHz

3GHz  3.5 106

 Similarly Lab. 1

f  3.096GHz

3GHz  4.17 105

2.282GHz  0.09925
 Microwave and Optoelectronics Laboratory
 http://rf-opto.etti.tuiasi.ro
 rdamian@etti.tuiasi.ro