Biomass Conversion Technologies Fix

HOMEWORK 3
Group 11 : Dawud Shibghotulloh (1906431481)

Irwan Kristiawan (1906321124)
Leonardus H Sijabat (1906321130)
BIOMASS : CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES
I. INTRODUCTION
Biomass can be converted into several useful forms of energy using different processes
(conversion technologies) which are described in this paper. Bioenergy is the term used to
describe energy derived from biomass feedstocks. Utilization of biomass into energy (in the
form of heat, gas, liquid fuels, and electricity) can be done with various technology conversion
paths. In general, experts divide it into several conversion paths according to the desired raw
material and final output (Turkenburget al., 2000; Soerawidjaja, 2009; Macqueen &
Korhaliller, 2011). By using certain technologies, various raw materials can be processed to
produce various types of renewable energy.
II. CONVERSION PROCESS

Several factors affect the choice of conversion process including the type, quantity, and
characteristics of biomass feedstock, end-use requirements, environmental regulations,
economics, location, and project-specific factors. It is the form in which the energy is required
and feedstock availability determines the process route.
Fig. 1. Waste-to-Energy technologies, based on (Kaltschmitt and Reinhardt, 1997)

Technology of Engineering
ENERGY SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
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1. DIRECT COMBUSTION
In biomass thermal conversion technology, the direct combustion process is the easiest and
most conventional process compared to others. Biomass is directly burned without certain
processes, as has been done at the household level by using wood fuel or wood waste, twigs,
and dried leaves as fuel for my cooking for cooking activities or for heating. At the industrial
/ factory level, direct combustion of biomass generally use innovative equipment or
technology, especially to drive turbine steams for the benefit of the industrial production
process, or by using additional generators to obtain electricity. This method is mostly carried
out in oil palm and sugar mills which utilize their waste as fuel. Although the way it works is
very practical, but in general the efficiency is very low, only around 20-25% (Kong, 2002).
At this time, direct combustion technology for biomass has evolved into another popular
form, namely converting solid biomass into briquettes or pellets to make it easier to use ,
shipping process, and storage. Direct combustion of certain biomass, for example coconut
shells, can produce briquettes and granular charcoal. By using certain designs, briquettes and
charcoal can be used as energy for cooking needs at the household and food industry scale.
The use of wood pellet input with an innovative furnace produces quite high efficiency (Dian
Desa, 2012), in addition the use of this type of technology can reduce emissions (Faaij, 2006).
1.1. DIRECT COMBUSTION PROCESS

This direct combustion process occurs by involving combustion of biomass with air
excess to produce hot exhaust gases. This hot gas is used to produce steam in the boiler.
Most (97%) of biopower plants in the world use the system direct combustion
(Demirbas, 2004). They burn bioenergy raw materials in a way directly to produce
steam and run turbines then produce electricity with generator. Steam from power
plants is also used for processing in factories or for heating room. The process of
burning biomass directly can be through two ways, namely: Raw materials biomass is
directly put into the furnace or boiler (direct combustion furnaces) , or biomass mixed
with coal and this process is also called Cofiring. The final result of this process is hot
and ashes.
a. Direct combustion furnaces

Feedstocks used are often residues such as woodchips, sawdust, bark, hogfuel,
black liquor, bagasse, straw, municipal solid waste (MSW), and wastes from the
food industry. Direct combustion furnaces can be divided into two broad categories
and are used for producing either direct heat or steam. Dutch ovens, spreader-stoker
and fuel cell furnaces employ two-stages. The first stage is for drying and possible
partial gasification, and the second for complete combustion. More advanced
versions of these systems use rotating or vibrating grates to facilitate ash removal,
with some requiring water cooling.
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Fig 2: Direct combustion furnaces
b. Fluidised bed furnaces
The second group, include suspension and fluidised bed furnaces which are
generally used with fine particle biomass feedstocks and liquids. In suspension
furnaces the particles are burnt whilst being kept in suspension by the injection of
turbulent preheated air which may already have the biomass particles mixed in it.
In fluidised bed combustors, a boiling bed of pre-heated sand (at temperatures of
500 to 900°C) provides the combustion medium, into which the biomass fuel is
either dropped (if it is dense enough to sink into the boiling sand) or injected if
particulate or fluid. These systems obviate the need for grates, but require methods
of preheating the air or sand, and may require water cooled injection systems for
less bulky biomass feedstocks and liquids. {WEC, 1992}
Fig 3 : fluidised bed furnaces
c. Cofiring
A modern practice which has allowed biomass feedstocks an early and cheap entry
point into the energy market is the practice of co-firing a fossil-fuel (usually coal)
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with a biomass feedstock. Co-firing has a number of advantages, especially where

electricity production is an output.
Firstly, where the conversion facility is situated near an agro-industrial or

forestry product processing plant, large quantities of low cost biomass residues are
available. These residues can represent a low cost fuel feedstock although there
may be other opportunity costs.
Secondly, it is now widely accepted that fossil-fuel power plants are
usually highly polluting in terms of sulphur, CO2 and other GHGs. Using the
existing equipment, perhaps with some modifications, and co-firing with biomass
may represent a cost-effective means for meeting more stringent emissions targets.
Biomass fuel's low sulphur and nitrogen (relative to coal) content and nearly zero
net CO2 emission levels allows biomass to offset the higher sulphur and carbon
contents of the fossil fuel. {Demeter et al. 1993}
Thirdly, if an agro-industrial or forestry processing plant wishes to make
more efficient use of the residues generated by co-producing electricity, but has a
highly seasonal component to its operating schedule, co-firing with a fossil fuel
may allow the economic generation of electricity all year round. Agro-industrial
processors such as the sugarcane sugar industry can produce large amounts of
electricity during the harvesting and processing season, however, during the off-
season the plant will remain idle.
This has two weakness, firstly, it is an inefficient use of equipment which
has a limited life-time, and secondly, electrical distribution utilities will not pay
the full premium for electrical supplies which can't be relied on for year round
production. In other words the distribution utility needs to guarantee year round
supply and may therefore, have to invest in its own production capacity to cover
the off-season gap in supply with associated costs in equipment and fuel. If
however, the agro-processor can guarantee electrical supply year-round through
the burning of alternative fuel supplies then it will make efficient use of its
equipment and will receive premium payments for its electricity by the distribution
facility.{GEF, 1992}
Fig 4 : Cofiring Process
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1.2. Advantages & Disavantages of modern firing
Table 1 : Advantages and disadvantages of modern firing (bulk goods vs bulk solids)
by INVENT, Biomass combustion process
2. BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
Biochemical conversion of biomass involves use of bacteria, microorganisms and enzymes
to breakdown biomass into gaseous or liquid fuels, such as biogas or bioethanol. The most
popular biochemical technologies are anaerobic digestion (or biomethanation) and
fermentation. Anaerobic digestion is a series of chemical reactions during which organic
material is decomposed through the metabolic pathways of naturally occurring
microorganisms in an oxygen depleted environment. Biomass wastes can also yield liquid
fuels, such as cellulosic ethanol, which can be used to replace petroleum-based fuels.
Fig 5. Biochemical Conversion Route for Biomass to Biofuels Process
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2.1. Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic digestion is the natural biological process which stabilizes organic
waste in the absence of air and transforms it into biofertilizer and biogas. Anaerobic
digestion is a reliable technology for the treatment of wet, organic waste. Organic waste
from various sources is biochemically degraded in highly controlled, oxygen-free
conditions circumstances resulting in the production of biogas which can be used to
produce both electricity and heat. Almost any organic material can be processed with
anaerobic digestion. This includes biodegradable waste materials such as municipal
solid waste, animal manure, poultry litter, food wastes, sewage and industrial wastes.
An anaerobic digestion plant produces two outputs, biogas and digestate, both
can be further processed or utilized to produce secondary outputs. Biogas can be used
for producing electricity and heat, as a natural gas substitute and also a transportation
fuel. A combined heat and power plant system (CHP) not only generates power but also
produces heat for in-house requirements to maintain desired temperature level in the
digester during cold season. In Sweden, the compressed biogas is used as a
transportation fuel for cars and buses. Biogas can also be upgraded and used in gas
supply networks.
Fig 6. Working of Anaerobic Digestion Process
2.2. Hydrolysis/Saccharification
In the hydrolysis step, the pretreated material with the remaining solid
carbohydrate fraction, primarily cellulose, is saccharified, releasing glucose. This can be
done with enzymes such as cellulases. Addition of other enzymes such as xylanases in
this step may allow for less severe pretreatment, resulting in a reduced overall
pretreatment and hydrolysis cost. Depending on the process design, enzymatic hydrolysis
requires from several hours to several days, after which the mixture of sugars and any
unreacted cellulose is transferred to the fermenter. Currently, the process concept under
development assumes that the cellulase enzymes are purchased from enzyme companies,
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like other consumable catalysts and chemicals. The current concept may also combine
the hydrolysis and fermentation steps.
In fermentation, part of the biomass is converted into sugars using acid or

enzymes. The sugar is then converted into ethanol or other chemicals with the help of
yeasts. The lignin is not converted and is left either for combustion or for thermochemical
conversion into chemicals. Unlike in anaerobic digestion, the product of fermentation is
liquid. Fermentation of starch and sugar-based feedstock (i.e., corn and sugarcane) into
ethanol is fully commercial, but this is not the case with cellulosic biomass because of
the expense and difficulty in breaking down (hydrolyzing) the materials into fermentable
sugars. Ligno-cellulosic feedstock, like wood, requires hydrolysis pretreatment (acid,
enzymatic, or hydrothermal) to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose into simple
sugars needed by the yeast and bacteria for the fermentation process
Fig 7 . Working of Fermentation Process
3. THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
Biomass is the only renewable resource that can be directly converted in to concentrated
energy products using thermochemical conversion. Biomass consists of organic and inorganic
matter and often significant amounts of moisture. Organic matter in biomass contributes to its
calorific value. Organic matter can be further classified into cellulose, hemicellulose, and
lignin. The inorganic matter is conventionally referred to as ash. Compared to conventional
fuels, the oxygen content of biomass is typically very high, approximately ranging from 20 to
50% by weight. The moisture content plays a very important role in selecting the appropriate
thermochemical conversion process. Heating value of biomass is heavily dependent on the
moisture content. The LHV value is negative for biomass with a high moisture content (80%),
since the heat released during the combustion process is not sufficient to evaporate all the
water. Therefore, biomass is usually dried under sunlight or through other methods, e.g., using
recycled thermal energy as part of feed preparation. Solar and air drying in the production
field is the preferred method of drying, primarily due to the lower cost. However, there are
several conversion routes that use wet biomass feedstocks without the need for drying.
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Whether a conversion process uses wet or dry biomass as the feedstock is an important criteria
for the classification of biomass conversion processes.
Fig 8. 1 a & b . Biomass Thermochemical Conversion
3.1. Carbonization
Carbonization is a slow pyrolysis process in which biomass is converted into a highly

carbonaceous, charcoal-like material. Typically, carbonization consists of heating the
biomass in an oxygen-free or oxygen-limited environment, and reaction conditions are
tailored to maximize the production of char. Traditionally, charcoal production is one of
the oldest chemical conversion processes known to mankind. Even today, charcoal
production continues on a large scale worldwide, and is still making use—in part—of
tradition charcoal kilns.
Fig 9 . Biomass Carbonization Process
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3.2. Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass occurring in the absence of oxygen. It

is the fundamental chemical reaction that is the precursor of both the combustion and
gasification processes and occurs naturally in the first two seconds. The products of
biomass pyrolysis include biochar, bio-oil and gases including methane, hydrogen,
carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. A wide range of biomass feedstocks can be used
in pyrolysis processes. The pyrolysis process is very dependent on the moisture content
of the feedstock, which should be around 10%. At higher moisture contents, high levels
of water are produced and at lower levels there is a risk that the process only produces
dust instead of oil. The efficiency and nature of the pyrolysis process is dependent on the
particle size of feedstocks. Pyrolysis processes can be categorized as slow pyrolysis or
fast pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis is currently the most widely used pyrolysis system. Slow
pyrolysis takes several hours to complete and results in biochar as the main product.
Fig 10. . Biomass Pyrolysis Process
3.3. Gasification
Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil-based carbonaceous materials at

high temperatures (>700°C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen
and/or steam into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. The carbon monoxide
then reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and more hydrogen via a water-gas shift
reaction. Adsorbers or special membranes can separate the hydrogen from this gas stream.
Thermal conversion of organic materials at elevated temperature and reducing conditions
to produce primarily permanent gases, with char, water, and condensibles as minor
products. Primary categories are partial oxidation and indirect heating
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Fig 11 . Biomass Gasification Process
3.4. Direct Liquifaction
Direct liquefaction (particularly hydrothermal processing) occurs in a non-oxidative

atmosphere, where the biomass is fed into a unit as aqueous slurry at lower temperatures,
with bio-crude in liquid form being the product. The primary focus of these particular
processes is to produce a liquid product that is a hydrocarbon with atomic H:C ratio of
~2, and a boiling range of 170-280 °C. Many of the processes developed are based on
coal-to-liquids processing. The main purposes in taking coal and biomass into a liquid is
to produce liquids, to remove some of the less desirable components (i.e., sulfur, oxygen,
nitrogen, minerals), and to make a higher energy density material that will flow. One of
the primary processes to convert coal into liquids directly is through a combination of
thermal decomposition and hydrogenation under pressure.
Fig 11 . Biomass Direct Liquifaction Process
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3.5. Transesterification
In transesterification, biodiesel is formed. Takes the place of petroleum or used as a mix.

Takes vegetable oil, animal fat, or grease and turns it into a fatty acid methyl ester by
taking the alkoxy group and replacing it with the alcohol. Usually this process is base
or acid catalyzed. The transesterification process is a reversible reaction and carried out
by mixing the reactants – fatty acids, alcohol and catalyst. A strong base or a strong acid
can be used as a catalyst. At the industrial scale, mostly sodium or potassium
methanolate is used. The end products of the transesterification process are raw
biodiesel and raw glycerol. In a further process these raw products undergo a cleaning
step. In case of using methanol as alcohol FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) biodiesel is
produced. The purified glycerol can be used in the food and cosmetic industries, as well
as in the oleochemical industry.
Fig 12 . Biomass Transesterification Process
Above figure shows a schematic of the process for making biodiesel. Glycerol is formed
and has to be separated from the biodiesel. Both the glycerol and biodiesel need to have
alcohol removed and recycled in the process. Water is added to both the biodiesel and
glycerol to remove unwanted side products, particularly glycerol, that may remain in the
biodiesel. The wash water is separated out similar to solvent extraction (it contains some
glycerol), and the trace water is evaporated out of the biodiesel. Acid is added to the
glycerol in order to provide neutralized glycerol.
III. BIOMASS POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA

As an agricultural country, the energy potential from biomass resources in Indonesia is
relatively abundant. Solid biomass waste from forestry, agriculture and plantations are the
most potent first waste than waste e.g. rice, maize, cassava, coconut, oil palm and sugar cane.
The amount of solid biomass waste potential in Indonesia is 49,807.43 MW. In addition to
forestry and agricultural waste, livestock waste and urban waste obtain to processed biomass
energy producer.
From all sources of biomass, wood is a biomass which has long been known by the
public. Wood as biomass is renewable fuel. With an estimated Indonesia produced 146.7
million tons of biomass per year, or equal to 470 GJ /years. The main source of biomass
HOMEWORK 3
energy in Indonesia is produced from rice residues to provide energy potential of 150 GJ /
year, rubber wood with 120 GJ / year, sugar residues with 78 GJ / year, palm oil residues, 67
GJ / year, And the rest with smaller than 20 GJ / year are from plywood and veneer residues,
logging residues, sawn timber residues, coconut residues, and agricultural wastes.
Table 1 : Major biomass Residues Potential as Energy Sources
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Table 2 : Potential for biomass technologies in rural industry
Fig 13. Potential market for biomass power generation (ZREU, 2000)
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IV. BIOMASS ENERGY POLICIES IN INDONESIA

The government has launched roadmap of bioenergy production from 2015 to 2025 in order
to be more specific, as shown in Table 2. Regarding the blending of biofuel, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources releases a biofuel usage mandatory road map, as mentioned in
the Ministry Regulation no. 32 / 2008.
Table 3 : Bioenergy road map
In order to support the development and utilization of bioenergy, the government has
released a decree on 31 January 2012 which states that PLN (state owned electric company,
which is the one and only electric company in Indonesia) is obliged to buy electricity
generated from biomass wastes (including biogas) and MSW (Municipal Solid Wastes) or
excess power from business units with minimum tariffs according to the following table 4. It
is really expected that companies which have excess electrical power from their own biomass-
fired power plants can sell it with attractive prices to PLN. Barriers for Biomass Energy :
1. High subsidy for electricity and fossil fuels, especially liquid fuels for transportation, keeps
their prices low. People never consider using bioenergy because fossil fuels and electricity
are cheap. They do not think about energy efficiency either. Currently the government does
not think about shifting subsidy from fossil energy to bioenergy.
2. High investment cost for new bioenergy installations. Strong financial support from the
government is really desired to encourage investors and reduce their business risks.
3. Lack of financial institutions (banks) which are interested in biomass development projects.
Feasibility studies for bioenergy implementation are mostly not attractive for bank loan.
4. Lack of coordination among related institutions / ministries and companies.
5. Efficiency and reliability of existing biomass technology is still lower than that of fossil
fuels.
6. Low capability and acceptance of rural institutions. Most people are reluctant to change
their habits. They tend to wait and see before implementing new issues.
7. Fossil fuels are excellent fuels, while biomass is not. It is reasonable because fossil fuels
materialize after millions of years, while biomass only several years.
8. Limited funding for bioenergy researches and developments from the government.
Companies should be involved to support R&D in bioenergy.
V. SUITABLE RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGY OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN

INDONESIA
Perhaps the most useful technology for utilization of biomass is Direct Combustion and
Thermochemical Conversion for heat and power (typically electricity). Electric energy is
the best form of energy because it can be used for almost all requirements. The total amount
of electricity generated from renewable energy resources in 2010 was 8,772.5 MW, while
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those from biomass was around 1,709 MW or 19.48%. It was the second rank after Hydro
power, then followed by Geothermal power as the third. In 2013, electricity generated from
biomass amounted totally to 1,716.5 MW, consisted of 90.5 MW on grid and 1,626 MW off
grid electricity. Off grid electricity was utilized internally by power plant’s owners, as shown
by the following three examples of biomass fired cogeneration plants. The first is in a Particle
Board Factory in Central Java, which uses wood chips, saw dust, forestry products and
agricultural wastes as fuels to produce hot combustion gases. Steam and hot oil are then
delivered, where the former is used for electricity generation of 4 MW and the latter is applied
for heating process. The second example comes from a Palm Oil Factory in Dumai (Riau
province), where palm kernel shells of around 59,400 ton/year is used as fuels. Steam of 40
ton/h and 50 bar is produced. Around 20% of the generated steam is used for heating of
bleached palm oil and 80% for electricity generation of 3 MW. The steam exhausted from
turbine, with lower pressure and temperature, is used for heating of stearin, fatty acid and
others. The last example is a wood waste and empty fruit bunch fired cogeneration plant in a
Plywood and Timber Factory in Sanggau (West Kalimantan province). The generated
electrical power is 7 MW.
In accordance with satisfactory national economic development in the last decades,
more and more transport vehicles are utilized. Consequently, more and more fuels are
consumed in Indonesia. In the year 2013 crude oil consumption was 1,368 barrels per day,
whereas the daily production was only 942 barrels, and thus the deficit was 426 barrels daily.
It is estimated that in 2020 the consumption will climb to 1,636 bpd and the production drop
to 676 bpd, which make a deficit of 960 bpd. Those deficits are balanced simply by import
although such a choice is really unfavorable for the national economy. One of many means
for reducing oil import is blending of conventional fossil fuels with locally available biomass
oils. The higher the biomass oil content, the less will be the imported fossil fuels. Blending
product of pure ADO (automotive diesel oil) and biodiesel (FAME) is called BioSolar. It was
introduced in 2006 and the trend is constantly increasing. The share in 2011 was 16.79%,
while ADO share was 21.51%. Fortunately, Palm Oil is more than enough to produce
biodiesel. Coconut oil is appropriate as well, however with less interesting productivity
compared to palm oil.
Table 6 : Installed Capacity of Biomass-fired Power Plants

(source : Statistic of NRE, MEMR, 20111)
Fig 14. Biomass (wood) Power Plant in Pontianak
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Table 7 : Biomss based on-grid power plants (until 2012)
Fig 14. Biomass (Bamboo) Power Plant

in Mentawai Island
VI. SOURCES :
1. Greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems, Elsevier Science, 2017
Turkenburget al., 2000; Soerawidjaja, 2009; Macqueen & Korhaliller, 2011
2. http://www.fao.org
3. Konversi Biomassa untuk energi alternatif Indonesia : tinjauan sumber daya, teknologi,
manajemen dan kebijakan, LIPI
4. https://biomassboard.gov/pdfs/de_foa_0000337.pdf U.S. Department of Energy Golden

Field Office ( Integrated Process Improvements for Biochemical Conversion of Biomass
Sugars: From Pretreatment to Substitutes for Petroleumbased Feedstocks, Products and
Fuels )
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/biochemical-conversion Prabir Basu,

in Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis, 2010
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6. https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/biochemical-conversion-technologies/ BioEnergy
Consult
7. https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/biomass-pyrolysis-process/
8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444632890000119
9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444632890000119?via%3Dihu
b
10. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee439/node/676
11. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee439/node/684
12. ABDULLAH, K. (2006).Biomass Energy Potentials and Utilization in Indonesia. IPB

and IRES, Indonesia.
13. CHALLENGES AND POLICY FOR BIOMASS ENERGY IN INDONESIA,

International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 15, Issue 5 (April). 2018
14. The Future of Biomass Energy in Indonesia, Harwin Saptoadi Department of

Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

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HOMEWORK 3

Group 11 : Dawud Shibghotulloh (1906431481)

BIOMASS : CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES

II. CONVERSION PROCESS

Fig. 1. Waste-to-Energy technologies, based on (Kaltschmitt and Reinhardt, 1997)

1.1. DIRECT COMBUSTION PROCESS

a. Direct combustion furnaces

Fig 2: Direct combustion furnaces

b. Fluidised bed furnaces

Fig 3 : fluidised bed furnaces

with a biomass feedstock. Co-firing has a number of advantages, especially where

Firstly, where the conversion facility is situated near an agro-industrial or

Fig 4 : Cofiring Process

1.2. Advantages & Disavantages of modern firing

Fig 5. Biochemical Conversion Route for Biomass to Biofuels Process

2.1. Anaerobic Digestion

Fig 6. Working of Anaerobic Digestion Process

In fermentation, part of the biomass is converted into sugars using acid or

Fig 7 . Working of Fermentation Process

Fig 8. 1 a & b . Biomass Thermochemical Conversion

Carbonization is a slow pyrolysis process in which biomass is converted into a highly

Fig 9 . Biomass Carbonization Process

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass occurring in the absence of oxygen. It

Fig 10. . Biomass Pyrolysis Process

Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil-based carbonaceous materials at

Fig 11 . Biomass Gasification Process

3.4. Direct Liquifaction

Direct liquefaction (particularly hydrothermal processing) occurs in a non-oxidative

Fig 11 . Biomass Direct Liquifaction Process

In transesterification, biodiesel is formed. Takes the place of petroleum or used as a mix.

Fig 12 . Biomass Transesterification Process

III. BIOMASS POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA

Table 1 : Major biomass Residues Potential as Energy Sources

Table 2 : Potential for biomass technologies in rural industry

IV. BIOMASS ENERGY POLICIES IN INDONESIA

V. SUITABLE RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGY OF BIOMASS ENERGY IN

Table 6 : Installed Capacity of Biomass-fired Power Plants

Fig 14. Biomass (wood) Power Plant in Pontianak

Table 7 : Biomss based on-grid power plants (until 2012)

Fig 14. Biomass (Bamboo) Power Plant

4. https://biomassboard.gov/pdfs/de_foa_0000337.pdf U.S. Department of Energy Golden

5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/biochemical-conversion Prabir Basu,

12. ABDULLAH, K. (2006).Biomass Energy Potentials and Utilization in Indonesia. IPB

13. CHALLENGES AND POLICY FOR BIOMASS ENERGY IN INDONESIA,

14. The Future of Biomass Energy in Indonesia, Harwin Saptoadi Department of

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