“Technological University of

Altamira”
TEAM MEMBERS:
o Álvarez Rodríguez Erick Alejandro
o Del Ángel Cruz Omar Jared
o Medina Hernández Hugo Enrique
o Ramírez Cruz Jesús Javier
o Rodríguez Ruíz Walter Xavier
o Sánchez Romero Evelyn Lizeth

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

TEACHER: CARLOS MERCADILLO AGUILAR

PRACTICE 1
GROUP: MEC-2°C

1
 ANTECEDENTS

1. THEORY ABOUT RESISTANCE

Resistors are the most commonly used components in
electronic circuits and devices. The main purpose of a
resistor is to maintain specified values of voltage and
current in an electronic circuit. A Resistor works on
the principle of Ohm’s law and the law states that
the voltage across the terminals of a resistor is
directly proportional to the current flowing through
it.

The unit of resistance is Ohm. The Ohm symbol shows

resistance in a circuit from the name Georg Simon Ohm
– a German physicist who invented it.

Resistance is the hindrance to the flow of electrons in material. While a potential

difference across the conductor encourages the flow of electrons, resistance
discourages it. The rate at which charge flows between two terminals is a
combination of these two factors.
If two different conductors are placed in a circuit, then the amount of current found
to flow in each may not be the same. There are a number of reasons for this:
1. The first is that the ease with which electrons are able to move within the
structure of the material. If the electrons are bound tightly to the crystal lattice,
then it will not be easy to pull them free so that there can be a drift of electrons
in a particular direction. In other materials there are very many free electrons
drifting randomly around the lattice. It is these materials that allow a current to
flow more easily.
2. Another factor that affects the electrical resistance of an item is its length. The
shorter the length of material, the lower its overall resistance. From the analogy
with a pipe the longer the pipe the more resistance to the water flow there will
be.
3. The third is the cross sectional area. The wider the cross sectional area the
lower the resistance. Again comparing it to a water pipe, the wider the bore,
the easier it is for water to flow through it.
In most cases conductors are required to carry current with as little resistance as
possible. As a result, copper is widely used because current flows easily within
its structure. Also its cross sectional area is made wide enough to carry the
current without any undue resistance.
In some instances, it is necessary to have elements which resist the flow of
current. These items are called resistors and they are made out of materials
which do not conduct electricity as well as materials like copper or other metals.

2
RESISTANCE NOTATION
The basic unit of electrical resistance is the Ohm as already mentioned. This is often denoted
by the Greek symbol Ω. In addition to this the basic unit can be prefixed by multipliers. This
is because the range of values for electrical resistance can span many decades and it is
necessary to have an easy notation that does not rely on counting the numbers of zeros in a
number as this would easily lead to mistakes.

MULTIPLIER MEANING NAME

R units Ohms Ω

K thousands Kilo Ohms k Ω

M millions Mega Ohms M Ω

DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESISTORS AND ITS COLOR CODE

CALCULATION IN ELECTRONICS
There are different types of resistors available in the market with diverse rating
and sizes. For example:

1. Wire wound resistors

2. Metal film resistors
3. Thick film and Thin film resistors
4. Network and Surface Mount Resistors
5. Variable Resistors
6. Special resistors
7. Wire wound Resistors

Wire wound Resistors

These resistors vary in physical appearance and size.
These wire-wound resistors are commonly a length of
wires usually made of an alloy such as nickel
chromium or copper-nickel manganese alloy.

Metal film Resistor

These resistors are made from metal oxide or small rods of
ceramic-coated metal. These are similar to carbon-film resistors
and their resistivity is controlled by the thickness of the coating
layer.

3
Thick film and Thin Film Resistors
Thin film resistors are made by sputtering some
resistive material on to an insulating substrate (a
method of vacuum deposition), and are therefore
more expensive than the thick film resistors.

Usually thick film resistors are made by mixing

ceramics with powered glass, and these films have
tolerances ranging from 1 to 2%, and a temperature
coefficient between + 200 or +250 and -200 or -250. These are widely available
as low-cost resistors and compared with the thin film, thick film resistive element
is thousands times thicker.

These resistors are preferred for microwave active and passive power
components such as microwave power terminations, microwave power resistors
and microwave power attenuators. These are mostly used for applications that
require high accuracy and high stability.

Surface mount Resistors

Surface mount resistors come in a variety of
packages size and shape agreed by the EIA
(Electronic Industry Alliance). These are made by
depositing a film of resistive material and don’t
have enough space for color-code bands owing to
small size.

The tolerance may be as low as 0.02% and

consists of 3 or 4 letters as an indication. The smallest size of the 0201 package
is a tiny 0.60mm x 0.30mm resistor and this three number code works in a similar
way to the color code bands on wire-ended resistors.

Network Resistors
They are a combination of resistances that give identical
value to all pins. These resistors are available in dual
inline and single inline packages. Network resistors are
commonly used in applications such as ADC (Analog to
digital converters) and DAC, pull up or pull down.

4
Variable Resistors
Most commonly used types of variable resistors are potentiometers
and presets. These resistors consist of fixed value of resistance
between two terminals and are mostly used for setting the sensitivity
of sensors and voltage division. A wiper (moving part of the
potentiometer) changes the resistance that can be rotated with the
help of a screw driver.

COLOR CODE CALCULATION

4 Bands Resistor Color Code Calculation
In the above 4 bands resistor:
-The first digit or band indicates, first significant figure of
component.
-The second digit indicates, second significant figure of
component.
-The third digit indicates the decimal multiplier.
-The fourth digit indicates tolerance of value in percentage.

To calculate the color code of the above 4 band resistor,

the 4-band resistors consist of colors: yellow, violet, orange,
and silver.
Yellow-4, violet-7, red-2, silver –10%.
The color code value of the above resistor is 47×103
=4.7Kilo Ohms, 10%.

5 Bands Resistor Color Code Calculation

In the above 5 bands resistors, the first three colors indicate significant values,
and the fourth and fifth colors indicate multiplying and tolerance values.
To calculate the color code of the above 5 band resistor, 5 band resistors consist
of colors: blue, grey, black, orange, and gold.
Blue- 6, Grey- 8, Black- 0, Orange- 3, Gold- 5%.
The color code value of the above resistor is 68×103 = 6.8Kilo Ohms, 5%.

6 Bands Resistor Color Code Calculation

In the above 6 bands resistors, the first three colors indicate significant values;
the Fourth color indicates multiplying factor, the fifth color indicates tolerance and
the sixth indicates TCR.
To calculate the color code of the above 6 color-band resistor,
6 band resistors consist of colors: green, blue, black, yellow, gold, and orange.
Green-5, blue-6, Black-0, yellow-4, Orange-3.
The color code value of the above resistor is 56×104 =560Kilo Ohms, 5%.

5
RESISTOR Nominal Max and min. Tolerance Measure with multimeter
value acceptable range Actual value
values

100 Ω 95 Ω to 105 5%
Ω

330 Ω 313.5 Ω to 5%
346.5 Ω

560 Ω 532 Ω to 5%
588 Ω

470 Ω 446.5 Ω to 5%
493.5 Ω

6
RESISTOR Nominal Max and min. Tolerance Measure with multimeter
value acceptable range Actual value
values

1k Ω 950 Ω to 5%
1050 Ω

CONCLUSION
In this practice we observed the different values of resistors. When
we started this practice, we looked the resistors and its color bands.
Before we researched the color band to understand what is the value
of every resistor, is was not complicated. For someone of my team,
this topic was new for him, and we explained him. After that we
measured the resistors with the multimeter and then we observed that
it was coincided with the tolerance range. Every resistor was in good
conditions. This practice was easy. So my team is waiting for the next
practices.