Basic Electronics

Resistor

1
Electrical Resistance ?
• Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures
how the device or material reduces
the electric current flow through it.
• The resistance is measured in units of ohms (Ω).

2
Resistors
• A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit.
• Resistors are made up of different material like carbon.
• In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust
signal levels and terminate transmission lines among other uses.
• The electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms/kilo
ohms/mega ohms.
• The symbol for an ohm is the Greek capital-omega: Ω.
• The (somewhat roundabout) definition of 1Ω is the resistance between
two points where 1 volt (1V) of applied potential energy will push 1
ampere (1A) of current.
• Standard Symbols of Resistor are…
3
Ohm’s Law
• In 1827 a German Scientist George Ohm Introduced a law
which consists of the relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance.
• This equation, I =V/R, tells us that the current, I, flowing
through a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage, V,
and inversely proportional to the resistance, R.
• In other words, if we increase the voltage, then the current
will increase. But if we increase the resistance, then the
current will decrease.

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Ohm’s Law Verification

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 Battery =9 V
Practical Application LED=30mA

Example 1: Example 2:
Battery = 9v R=100 Ω
LED=30mA
I=30mA
R?
As per Ohms V?
Law As per ohms Law
R=V/I V=IxR 0.03x100
R=9/0.03 V=3
R=300 Ω 6
Resistor Colour Codes

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Resistor Colour Codes (Continued…)

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Types Of
Resistors
Fixed Resistor Variable Resistor Dependent Resistors
Wire Wound
Thermistor
Potentiometer
Carbon
Composition

Photo Resistor
Metal film Rheostat
LDR
Metal Oxide
Film Trim pot
Varistor VDR
Foil

SMD
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Fixed Resistors…
Carbon Composition Resistor

• These resistors are cylindrical rods made of non conductive

powdered ceramic mixed with fine carbon particles.
• The resistor value depends on the composition of the ceramic
material.
• A higher quantity of ceramic content will result in more
resistance. 
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Fixed Type Resistors…
Carbon Film Resistor

• This type of resistor is commonly used this resistor is formed by depositing a

carbon film layer on an insulating substrate.
• These resistors are quiet accurate in result.

Metal Film Resistor

• Metal film resistors are axial resistors with a thin metal film as resistive
element.
• The thin film is deposited on usually a ceramic body. 11
Fixed Type Resistors…
Metal-oxide film resistors
• Metal-oxide film resistors are made of metal oxides which results in a higher
operating temperature and greater stability/reliability than Metal film.
• They are used in applications with high staying power demands.

Wire Wound Resistor

• This type of resistor is one of the old type of resistor

• In this resistor a resistive wire is wounded or wrapped around it which
causes resistivity in current.
• These resistor are accurate in performance.
• These resistors are suitable for high frequency applications.
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Fixed Type Resistors…
Foil Resistor
• A foil resistor is a high precision component to limit electric current.
• The opposition to current flow is provided by a very thin piece of metal.

SMD(surface Mount Device)

• An SMD is any electronic component that is made to use with SMT, or Surface
Mount Technology.
• SMT was developed to meet the ongoing desire for printed circuit board
manufacture to use smaller components and be faster, more efficient, and cheaper.
• SMDs are smaller than their traditional counterparts.
• They are often square, rectangular or oval in shape, with very low profiles.
• Instead of wire leads that go through the PCB, SMD’s have small leads or pins that
are soldered to pads on the surface of the board. 13
Variable Resistor
• Their resistance can be varied from low to high value .
• They are classified as trimmers, rheostats, potentiometer.
• They are used in TV sets radios etc.
• As different controls like volume control brightness control etc.
• These are three terminal resistors with one fix terminal each end of
resistive element & third terminal movable or variable.
• Thus resistance value can be varied between zero to certain maximum
value, which is printed or embased on resistors.

• Symbol: 14
 Variable Resistor

potentiometer
• A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3
terminals.
• Two terminals are connected to both ends of a resistive element, and the
third terminal connects to a sliding contact, called a wiper, moving over
the resistive element.
• The position of the wiper determines the output voltage of the
potentiometer.
• The potentiometer essentially functions as a variable voltage divider.
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Variable Resistor(Rheostat)
• A rheostat is a variable resistor which is used to control current.
• They are able to vary the resistance in a circuit without interruption.
• The construction is very similar to the construction of a potentiometers.
• It uses only two connections, even when 3 terminals (as in
a potentiometer) are present.
• The first connection is made to one end of the resistive element and the
other connection to the wiper (sliding contact). 
• Therefore they are mostly constructed as wire wound resistors. 
• Resistive wire is wound around an insulating ceramic core and the wiper
slides over the windings.
• Rheostats were often used as power control devices, for example to
control light intensity (dimmer), speed of motors, heaters and ovens. 16
Variable Resistor(Trimpot)
• Trimmer potentiometers and preset resistors are small variable
resistors which are used in circuits for tuning and (re)calibration.

Trimpots or presets are normally mounted on printed circuit boards

and adjusted by using a screw driver.

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Thermistor
• A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature.
• The word is a combination of thermal and resistor.
• Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiter,
temperature sensors (Negative Temperature Coefficient or NTC type
typically), self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating heating
elements.
• (Positive Temperature Coefficient or PTC type typically).

Thermistors are of two opposite fundamental types:

• With NTC, resistance Decreases with temperature to protect against
inrush overcurrent conditions. Installed series in a circuit.
• With PTC, resistance Increases with temperature to protect
against overvoltage conditions. Installed parallel in a circuit. 18
 Photo
Resistors
• Photo resistors are light sensitive resistors whose resistance decreases as
the intensity of light they are exposed to increases.
• Photo resistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDR), are light
sensitive devices most often used to indicate the presence or absence of
light, or to measure the light intensity.
• In the dark, their resistance is very high, sometimes up to 1MΩ, but when
the LDR sensor is exposed to light, the resistance drops dramatically, even
down to a few ohms, depending on the light intensity.
• Resistance photo Resistor can be directly or inversely propotional to light.
• Mostly these kind of resistros are used in street lights or other auto
devices depends on light.
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Varistor Resistor

• A varistor is a voltage dependent resistor (VDR).

• The resistance of a varistor is variable and depends on the voltage
applied.
• The word is composed of parts of the words “variable resistor”.
• Their resistance decreases when the voltage increases.
• In case of excessive voltage increases, their resistance drops
dramatically.
• This behavior makes them suitable to protect circuits during
voltage surges.
• . The most common type of VDR is the metal oxide varistor or
MOV. 20