Perform Mensuration

and Calculations
 Objectives
• Properly select measuring instruments

• Carry out measurements and calculations

• Find out the possible defects of resistors

Electrical Units
• Amperage (Amps) - a unit of measurement of

electrical current flow.

• Ampere (amp) - a unit of measurement which

describes the amount of electric current

passing a certain point at a particular time.

Electrical Units
• Centimeter (cm) - hundredth of a meter.

• Inch - a portion of a foot, which is an English

unit of linear measurement.

• Millimeter (mm) - one-thousandth of a meter.

Electrical Units
• Ohm - unit of measurement used to
express resistance.

• Volt (V) - a unit of measurement of electrical

pressure or better known as voltage.
 Electrical
Measuring Tools
and Instruments
 Measurement
The process or result of determining the ratio
of a physical quantity, such as a length, time,
and temperature to a unit of measurement.
The science of measurement and its
application is called metrology.
Micrometer
is used to measure the
diameter of wires in
circular mils. It can
measure small and big
sizes of wires and cables.
Wire Gauge
is used in determining the
size of wires. The gauge
ranges from 0 to 60 awg
(American wire gauge).
Ruler
is used to measure length,
width, and thickness of
short flat object.
Ammeter
is an instrument used to
measure the amount of
electrical current in a
circuit.
Voltmeter
is an instrument used to
measure electrical pressure
or voltage of a circuit.
Clamp Ammeter
it is used to measure
current flowing in a
conductor. It is clamped or
hanged in a conductor.
Volt-ohmmeter (VOM)
Also known as Multi-tester; is
used to measure the voltage,
resistance, and current of a
circuit. It is connected in parallel
or series with the circuit
depending on what to measure.
Functions of Different
ohmmeter Ranges
Range r × 1
Measuring low resistance not exceeding
500 ohms.

Range r × 10
More accurate for measuring resistance higher
than 100 ohms but not more than 1000.
Range r × 1k
Used for measuring resistance from
values 1K but not more than 200K.

Range r × 10k
Used for measuring resistance from
values 10K up to 10M.
In actual practice, the resistance of a good
resistor measured by an ohmmeter
may not be the exact value indicated
by the color on its body.
The difference is due to what is
called tolerance. A resistor is considered
defective if its value differs by 20% from
its commercial or
color-coded value.
 The Ohmmeter is highly sensitive when used for
measuring very high resistance (Ranges R × 1K and R × 10K).
Care must be taken not to hold the metallic
part of the test leads. Holding these parts
of the test leads with your fingers
or both hands will result an inaccurate and
misleading resistance reading because your
body resistance will be parallel with the
resistor or component under test.
VOM Safety Measures
 Vom safety measures
• Do not use the VOM when the probes are damaged.
• To avoid damage, do not use the VOM when the
circuit has more than 4800 watts.
• Be careful in using the VOM with voltages above 60 V DC
and 30 V AC These values can already cause electric
shock.
 Vom safety measures
• Be careful with exposed conductors when doing the
measurements.
• Never hold the VOM when doing the current and
voltage measurements.
• Put the VOM on an insulated surface.
VOM Safety
Resistor Measures
color coding
Basics of Resistor
• A resistor is a passive two-
terminal electrical component
that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit
element.
Resistor color coding

Resistors and capacitors are examples of two-terminal

components that are, used extensively in electronic circuits.
Resistors are probably the most common components
in an electronic equipment.
A resistor is manufactured with a specific value of
ohms for its resistance (R).
The construction used most often is the carbon-composition
type.
 Resistor color coding
As far as their ability to conduct electric current is concerned,
all materials can be classified as being insulators,
semiconductors, or conductors insulators,
such as rubber and glass will not readily
conduct an electric current. Conductors such as copper and
aluminum conduct a current with almost no opposition.
Semiconductors conduct electric current but with
some opposition. A resistor is an example of a semiconductor
component.
Fixed Resistor
• It is any resistor whose
resistance is not adjustable
or variable, but was fixed
during manufacture. It
limits the current in a
circuit.
Variable Resistor
• It varies the current or
voltage.
It is used as volume control
and contrast and tone
controls.
Schematic Symbols for Resistors
Carbon composition Resistor
• This is the most commonly used
type of resistor. In this device,
the resistance element is
composed of fine particles of
carbon and graphite mixed to a
ceramic-type care referred to as
"slug."
Metal glaze resistor
• In this type of resistor, the
resistance element consists of a
film (layer) of glass and metal
fused to a crystalline ceramic core
or substrate. Resistors having this
type of construction features are
known as precision resistors.
Glass-tin oxide resistor
• This is manufactured by fusing tin-
oxide to the surface of the glass
form (the substrate). This
construction provides excellent
resistor stability under severe
conditions of temperature and
humidity.
Precision wire-wound resistor
• This is manufactured in wider
range of resistance values with
tolerances extending to as low
as ±0.05%. Because of this and
of its relatively small size, it is
widely used where accuracy and
space factors are important
design considerations.
Power Rating of a Resistor
A resistor should have a wattage rating high
enough to dissipate the power produced by
the current flowing through the resistance.
The power rating is a physical property
depending on the resistor construction,
especially the physical size.
Factors Affecting the Wattage of Resistors
• Larger physical size indicates a higher power
rating.
• Higher wattage resistor can operate at higher
temperature.
• Wire-wound resistors are physically larger with
higher voltage rating than carbon resistors.
Common Defects of
Resistors
 Defects of Resistor
1. Open - When a resistor is open in a circuit,
there is no flow of power in the entire series path.
Thus, the meter pointer of an ohmmeter will not
move.

Note: Use all the ranges Rx 1 up to Rx 10K.

 Defects of Resistor
2. Change value - This exceeds the maximum and
minimum tolerance percentage.
Such value means that the resistor is defective.

How is it important for you to be able

to perform mensuration and
calculations? How could you apply it?