Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011 _Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011FOREWORD This Code of Practice ("Code") provides guidelines on determination of dead loads and minimum imposed loads for design of building, building works, streot and street works. Floor uses and corresponding minimum imposed loads stipulated in the Building (Construction) Regulations are also included in the tables in Section 3 of this Code for easy reference Although provisions in this Code are not statutory save those that are quoted from the Building (Construction) Regulations, compliance with the requirements of this Code is deemed to satisfy the relevant provisions of the Buildings Ordinance and the related regulations. ‘This Code was finalized by a Review Committee. and was prepared by the Buildings Department on the basis of the consultaney study on the Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Streets condueted by the consultant C M Wong & Associates Lid commissioned by the Buildings Department and oversen by a Steering Committee with members from the academia, professional institutions and relevant Government departments. Review Committee Chairman Ir DeCM Koon Buildings Department Members Irken KS Ng s Department IrC M Tau nes Department Ir W M Yeung ngs Department IWC Keun Department IrPC Yan Architectural Services Department IrProfJ § Kuang Kong University of Science and Technology In Gabriel LK Yu stitution of Engineers Mr Daniel Y P Pong ra stitute of Surveyors eeretary Ir F Mak Buildings Department Steering Committee Chairman Ir Joseph C C Chan ss Department Members Ir Paul TC Pang Buildings Department IrM L Cheng, s Department IrDr HW Pang Department Ir K Chan Highways Department IPC Yan Architectural Services Department IrDrk W Chan Hong Koni InProfJ$ Kuang Hong Kong University of Scienee and Technology MrH W Che Hong Kong Institute of Architeets IrK K Kwan Hong Kong Institution of Engineers MrY M Chan Kong Institute of Surveyors Scoretary Ir F Mak Buildings Department ‘The contribution and the effort given by members of the Steering Commitice and the Review Comuutte, are sincerely acknowledged Buildings Department 2011CONTENTS, 1 GENERAL LL Scope: 12 Symbols 2 DEADLOADS 21 General 2.2 Determination of Dead Loads 3 IMPOSED LOADS 31 General 3.2 Class 1 to 5: Imposed Loads for Domestic. Office. Commercial, Administration and Industrial Floor Uses 3.3 Class 6: Imposed Loads for Vehicular Traffic and Parking Areas 34 Class 7: Imposed Loads for Roofs Class 8: Imposed Loads for Affiliated Building Elements 6 Partitions (positions of which are not indicated on building plan) Reduction of Distributed Imposed Loads on Beams and Vertical Members. Horizontal Imposed Loads on Protective Barriers Surcharges and Lateral Loads on Earth Retaining Structures 3.10 Dynamic Loads 4 IMPOSED LOADS NOT PRESCRIBED IN THIS CODE 41 General 42 Approaches. APPENDICES Appendix A Densities of Materials Appendix B- ESamples of Loaded Lengths for Different Structural Destan Class 6B. 6C and 6D. Appendix C Loading Curves for Area Class 6B, 6C and 6D Parameters far An uiGENERAL, Scope This Code specifies the dead and imposed loads for building. street, building works and street works in Hong Kong Where the imposed loads for specific uses are not preseribed in the Building (Construction) Regulations of Section 3 of this Code. the imposed loads to be adopted for design must be based on reliable information or data or as described in Section 4. and subject to the acceptance of the Building Authority Examples of reliable information are (a) ‘The “Port Works Design Manual” published by the Civil Eng) Department for loading on marine structures: and (b) The “Structures Design Manual for Highways and Railways” published by the Highways Department for loading on highway and raihway structures. ing Development Examples of reliable data are (a) research results from recognized academic institutions (b) reference from intemational standards or codes of practice: (©) reports from aceredited testing laboratories. and (a) technical Literatures from suppliers:manufacturers. All values of loads given in this Code are unfactored values and may be taken as characteristic loads when carrying out design using limit state method Construction loads are not covered by this Code and the designer should consider the relevant construction loads and effect thereof as part of their design symbols qe uniformly distributed load in kPa Q. concentrated load in kN. oF line Load in kNim. as appropriate M gross mass of the heaviest vehiele to be accommodated in ke v velocity ofthe vehicle normal to the barrier in mis & deformation of the vehicle in mm deflection of the barrier in mm vy factor in determining the horizontal imposed loads on barriers located at the lower end of straight ramp24 241 DEAD LOADS General Dead loads shall include selfweight of all. items of permanent nature that will act continuously throughout the service hfe of the building, street, building works, street works and the variations of its magnitude with time are insignificant It shall be taken to include but not limited ( the following (a) the structure: (b) all other structural elements that are affixed to the structure (e.2. windows. claddings and other forms of permanent construction) (©) non-sinietural elements (eg. finishes. roofings, surfacing and coverings. linings, kerbs suspended ceilings. insulation, earth and ballast) (a) permanent equipment including fixtures and fittin reticulated servi (©) partitions the positions of which are indicated on the building plans submitted to the Buildings Department (“BD”) for approval: and (H) soil fill, waterproofing and drainage system for gardening, greenery or planting. gs (eg, permanently fied wiring and The weights of tanks and other receptacles shall be considered as dead loads. The contents of tanks and receptacles shall be considered as imposed loads, When there is doubt to the permaneney of loads, such loads should be treated as imposed loads while reduction of which under clause 3.7 should not be taken on beams and vertical members Determination of Dead Loads General Dead loads shall be calculated from the design or known dimensions of the structures and the density of the materials used. The density of some common materials is given in Appendix A for reference. For materials not included in Appendix A. the determination of their density shall be based on reliable data, Some common items for assessment of dead loads are described in more de 5 ils in clause 2.2.2 10 Partitions Partitions indicated on the building plans submitted to BD for approval are considered as permanent partitions. Their weight shall be considered as dead loads and calculated according to the layout shown on the building plans Where partitions are envisaged but the location of which are not indicated on the building plans. the weights of these partitions shall be considered as imposed loads and to be calculated in accordance with clause 3.6 Roofings The weight of roofings such as waterproofing membrane. protective sereeding, and tiles shall be calculated from the weight of the component materials and their geometry such as the thickness and area. Where a roof is to be provided with greenery. the weight of soil, waterproofing and drainage system, and plants for greenery shall be taken as dead ToadsClacleings and Finishes ite slabs or limestone Claddings shall include aluminium or metal cladding. polished gr: ing and their fixings. Finishes shall include in-situ finishes (e.2. plaster pre-fabricated wall-pane! fn yended ceilings. timber and other floor finishes. Niches in Colnmbaries The weight of niches in columbaria shall be determined according to the material used for the construction of niches and the weight of the ums, For lightweight niches, such as niches made of wood of lightweight motals, the weight shall be not less than 2.0 kNim length for each mitre height. For heavy weight niches, such as niches made of conerete, the weight shall be not less than 4.5 kNim length for each metre heightIMPOSED LOADS General Under the Building (Construction) Regulations. the imposed load on any building, street. building works or street works shall be the greatest applied load likely to arise from their intended use or purpose during the service life of the burlding, street, building works or street works (including forces exerted by the adjacent ground but excluding dead loads and wind loads). The values of imposed loads are categorized and given in this Section according to specific use of the related floor or structure. and they shall be considered as the minimum values (0 be adopted in design, Where higher values are anticipated or considered more appropriaty. based on knowledge of the intended use of the floor or the intended installation of equipment. machinery or displayed items. they shall be considered in determining the imposed leads on the floor The imposed loads as given in clause 3.2 to 3.5 shall be (a) a.uniformly distributed load. gt. in kPa: or (b) concentrated load or line load. Qs. in KN or kNim, as appropriate whichever shall produce the most adverse effect The uniformly distributed loud. ge, and the concentrated load or line load, Qs, shall be considered separately The uniformly distributed load. qt. shall be applied to one or more areas such that the most adverse effect will be produced for the design parameter under consideration, The concentrated load or line load. CQ. shall be applied in a position that will produce the most adverse effect for the design parameter under consideration. The concentrated load shall be assumed to be uniformly distributed over a comtact area as specified in this Code. The line load shall be applied in the manner as specified in this Code Reduction of distributed imposed loads in accordance with clause 37 may be applied as appropriate Allowance for partitions (where positions of which are not indicated on building plan) and horizontal imposed loads as specified in clause 3.6 and 3.8 respectively shall be considered as appropriate Floor uses are categorized into eight classes as shown in Table 3.1 Class 1 to 5: Imposed Loads for Domestic, Office, Social, Commercial, Administration and Industrial Floor Uses Imposed loads with examples of specific use for Class Ito S are given in Table 32 The concentrated loads Q; given in Table 3.2 shall be applied on plan over any square with a 50mm sideTable 3.1 Classification of Floor Uses i Toon eo oT 2 Fou for fis an other noah wor 7 Fioos for shppine puposs 3 Floors for storage. equipment, plant and industrial use 6 Areas for vehicular trafic 7 Roofs Affiliated building clements rable32 Minium Imposed Loads Class Use Examples of Specific Use qs (kPa) Qs (KN) 1 Floors for Domestic uses 20 20 domestic use | Dormivories 20) 20 and ie siting rooms, bedrooms and wider | et moons ntl nots 20 20 wsthiouses ‘Wards, bedrooms andl toilet rooms in hospitals, nursing homes and 20 ) residential care homes for elderly ' persons aeooms (load Irom Taouza in bathrooms shall be assessed 20 20 separately and on ii idl basis) Panties! 20 20 Kitchens" 2 20) 2 | Floors for | Medical consulting or weatment 15 30 offices and rooms * ether non-T Hospital operating theatesand Nery | 9 so industial | Reh 2 work places - - Laboratories 30 3 Light workroomns wath neither xo 1s power-driven machines nor storie Offices for general use 30 45 Rooms for iiweight electrical and cleetronie stallions so 6 Rootns for meters nd not for so 1s slorze! Panties! 30 45 Banking halls 40) 35 Kitehens al lamndries notin 40 4s domestic buuldines Projection rooms! 50 45Table 3.2 (continued) Class Use Examples of Specific Use qu (kPa) Oy (KN) Floors where people may i: Floors with tables ‘Childcare centers und kindergartens ‘Classrooms, lecture rooms. tutorial oom, computer EOOMS 45 Infernet computer sen ices centres! 45 Leisure. eereational and amusement areas that cannot be used for assembly purposes (2 private clubs with cubicles and restricted mumber of puttons) Massage rooms. sauna rooms’. bath houses (load from water pools and Fountains. iF any. to be assessed separitely) 45 Reading moms without book storie Cafes! majong parlours annusemient games centres! Restaurants, nighi-clubs, lounges. bars. canteens. Last lod shops and ning rooms not in domestic premises, 40 ad the use 0 _purpases are nakthely to occu) 3 Floors fixed if ¢ for ether ssc anes with fived seat to a5 Chapels, churches and places of| ‘ 5 ‘worship with fixed seat 40 + Concert halls To 1s Conference rooms a” 1s waiting rooms ‘Gmnndstands (refer to lanse 382 co 1s for ational loads) Palic halls. theatres. cinemas a SC: Hours withont bse for movin peopl CColumbaria (areas other than for ‘ 5 hiches} iw 1 A galleries and amiseumis 30 iS Assembly areas without fixed : : seating, refuge floors, ° + Footbriduesbetneen buildings Footpais, teraces plas, eas so 45 se for postin tli (Open ateas in gardens (neloding short ges tur stae or Poot 50 4s 6Table 3.2 (continued) Class Use Examples of Specific Use 4 (kPa) (kN) 3 | Floors De Hors with possible phisical acivities wire Billiard rooms and bowling alleys 0 3 people HT Dance practive rooms 30 5 Dance halls. Karaoke establishments, discotheques 50 45 nasi Ice rinks (weight of ice shall be assessed separately) ball courts! 50 45 olf driving ranges! ‘elevision studios wsed as os vo + aoenine Department stores. supermarkets He | inatkets, shops for display and sale 50 45 Parposss | of merchandise” Floors Tor | Library rooms with Book sto So 1s storag (excluding brary stack ooms) equipment, Offices forstorage and nomial So 1 pliniand | filing purposes industria Tobe uses) ddefennined 2.5 foreach Refuse storage! inetre of " storage Height! | terial but not less than 8.0) Tobe Stack rooms in book stores and libraries 35 foreach metre of storage height bout nat less determined according to the weight of snterial. but ran 10.0 tant not Tess ta v0) Tobe soforeaen | determined foreach | SS Cold storage storage height | He wciehtof stora bout not less than 15.0 snaterial. but not less than 9.0 Paper storag 8.0 foreach metre of storage height Tobe determined material. but not less that 5‘Table 3.2 (continued) Class ] Use Examples of Specific Use atktay | Qe(kN) 3] Floors for Tobe storige determined equipment uo foreach plant and | Batery coon an uninterruptible | MM for each industrial | power supply rooms s uses snateia. but not ess than v0 Tobe General storage other than those 2.5 foreach specified in his eis, inching metre of storage in warehouses siorime heh’ | St tot ess than ov Plan ons boiler ons. Ean : oo rooms, motor rooms and the like Workshops Tnetries and other bualings or parts of bu similar category for industal use (a) fo ight weight loads so vo (0) for medium weight loads 73 vo (c) for heavy weight loads Woo oo [ator paming plans bs 0 Noves 1 Spec uses tha ae no ped nthe Bung (Constucton Regulations « sacking of storage aa, reference shall be made othe aprons exampe of spe use and the ceoneesponding imposed load get in Cass § all be she height of the space between the following: the Moor, and a physicl hirofsomage formed by a esling salt of a Poor, root or other obstction 3 Storage height in Clas csotstant io he Class 6: Imposed Loads for Vehicular Traffic and Parking Areas Areas for vehicular traffic and parking (such as earriageways. floors. driveways, ramps carparking, garages, loading and unloading bay) are further categorized into five sub-classes acconding to the gross weight of the heaviest vehicle running on the areas. The categorization is in accordance with the Road ‘Traffic (Construction and Maintenance of Vehicles) Regulations (Cap. 374) and the sub-classes are shown in Table 3.3Table 3.3, Classification of Vehicular Traffic and Parking Areas Class Specific Use Examples of Vehicles 6 chicles not exeeedin Private cars. lavies. van-type Hight on pods vehicles, motor eyeles ‘Areas coessble to vehicles not exceed 6B 1k gross weight vas ccessible 1o vehicles not excoo Medium goods vehicles, single- 6c | Ateasaecesible 1 veiles nt es ceed VTeched Cases doublegiecked 2U.0OU ky gross weight uses buses. Areas accessible to vehicles not exceed Fare engines. tcl op | Areas accessible To velicles HO ence vehicles, rigid I 30,000 ky gross weight Areas accessible 10 vehicles oll 6A, 08.0C oF are classified as Class 6B. 6C or 6D depending on the type of vehicular use for the subject area Loading and unloading areas including the driveway that lead to these area Areas aveessible (0 fire engines shall. in addition. be checked for the effect due to a concentrated load of 230 kN uniformly distributed on plan over an area of 950: mm X750 mm. Imposed loads for areas for vehicular traffic and parking are given in Table 34 to 3.6 Vehicular Traffic and Parking Area Class 64 Imposed loads for Area Class 6A ate given in Table 3.4 Table 34 Minimum Imposed Loads for Area Class 6A. Class 4% (kPa) @ (kN) A iw 20 In Table 3.4. the concentrated load. Q,, shall be applied on plan over any square with a mm side Where provision for double-deck parking is required for Area Class 6A. the uniformly distributed load, q. shall be twiee the value given in Table 3.4 Vehicular Traffic and Parking Area Class 6B, 6C and 6D Imposed loads for Area Class 6B. 6C and 6D are given in Table 3.5 and Table 3.6 Table 35 Minimum Imposed Loads for Area Class 68, 6C and 6D. Class as (KPa) 0: (kN) ir) Se Tbe ae son 6c See Table 3.6 60.0 D See Table 6 x00Table 3.6 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Load, q, (kPa), for Area Class 6B, 6C and 6D ded Length L (mm) c ass 6D 466 4 at 3 DIN 219 rz} 162 151 BA ILS 109 Tn 6 SDorabove 32 Note. Uniformly distibued lead for intermediate loaded length ean be obtained either by fnear interpolation usin ‘alos in Table 3.60 fom the loading curves shown i Apends The loaded length of the structural member under consideration shall be the shorter side of the loaded area. It shall also be the full base length of the adverse area. Where there is more than one adverse area, for example in the case of continuous construction, the maximum effet shall be determined by consideration of the adverse area or combination of adver areas using the load appropriate to the full base length or the sum of the full base Lengths of ‘any combination of the adverse areas selected. Examples of loaded length for different structural design parameters are shown in Appendix B, Exception (0 the above is at area where the direction of traffic will not be changed (except for reverse flow) during the life of the structure because of piyysical constraint (e.g. access ramp). In such exceptional case, the loaded length ean be measured along the direction of traffic. 3.363 In Table 3.8 the cone, square with @ 200 mm si applied on plan ov trated load. Qs for Area Class 6B shall be applied on plan over any ic. The concentrated load. Qs, for Area Class 6C and 6D shall be any square with 300 mnt sik Vehicular Traffic and Parking Area Class 6 Imposed loads for Area Class 6E shall be the appropriate highway loading in accordance with the latest edition of the “Structuws Design Manual for Highways and Railways (SDM) published by the Highways Department, The appropriate highway loading may be HA or HB loading depending on the intended use. If the structure is not designed for HB loading then HA loading derived from the SDM with the following modifications are considered acceptable (a) for the purpose of transforming the loading intensity per lane, as shown in Figure 3 Table 17 of the SDM. to uniformly distributed load. a notional lane width of 3 m shall be adopted(b) tc) (dd) te) ct) the knife edge load shall be taken as 40 kN/m applied in the direction perpendicular to the loaded length: the uniformly distributed load and the knife & that will produce the most adverse effet. : load shall act together at the position all notional lanes that will produce most adverse effect shall be fully loaded the single wheel load of 100kN shall be applied on plan over any square with a 30 mm side, and in a position that will produce the most adverse effect. and shall be assessed separately from the uniformly distributed imposed and knife edge load: and the secondary imposed loads arising from vehicles. like centrifugal. traction. braking and skidding loads from vehicular traffic need not be considered in the design of car parking structures, 3.4 Class 7: Imposed Loads for Roofs 34.1 Roofs including canopies are further categorized into four sub-classes according to their specific uses a own in Table 3.7 Table 3.7 Classification of Roofs and Canopies Class Specific Use 7 7A Tnaccessible rols and Nat roofs (where no access is provided 10 the roof except suc access as may be necessary for naunteneance work only “Accessible roofs (where nccess is provided in addition to such ‘access as may be necessary For maintenance work only) oF for use of Class L106 7C A essible flat rooTS or for use of Chase 1106" D Canopi Nove 1 Specie uses that ate not specie i the Busing (Construction) Rewultions 3.4.2 The imposed loads for Class 74. 7B. 7C and 7D are given in Table 3.8 The concentrated load. Q shall be applied on plan over any square with a.50).mm side Table 38 Minimum Imposed Loads on Roofs and Canopies Class Roof Slope Qs (kN) Of or kesst oA Greater than 5 or less than 20° ater 0 AS gen in Table 8.2, 3h and 35 accordin 7 OFor ess than 20° | the specific use but g not less than 2.0 Ba Ox not less than LS KN As given in Table 32. 34 and 35 nccordiny co Not applicable | the specific use bit q, not less than 2.0 KPa Qj not less than LS KN 2D. Not Applicable 20 is Notes: 1 For sot slopes seater than 2 but les than "the salu a gz may be determined y linear interpolation, ul344 2 For Class 7D where cavopies are constucted of Tightweight materials sult as wlass or metal set, the Pa uniformly distributed fod, may be veded 00. Where bottom chords of roof trusses, joists and hangers for eviling, ribs of skylights, frames and coverings of ceiling access hatches and any similar structure are required to support the force imposed by people for any purpose. they shall be designed to support a concentrated load of 1SKN acting at a position that will produce the most adverse effect. Such concentrated load shall be considered together with the appropriate loads given in Table 3.8 Class 8: Imposed Loads for Affiliated Building Elements Imposed loads with examples of specific use for affiliated building elements Table 39 en in The concentrated load. Q). shall be applied on plan over any square with a StI mm side unless otherwise stated Table 3.9 Minimum Imposed Loads on Affiliated Building Elements Class Examples of Specific Use 44 (kPa) 2. (KN) Praecting window sills Za 5} Prnjecting window hoods and ain conditioner hoods (lower and - upper slabs)! 1.5 kNim run applied allong the outer edge Unity platforms ‘Same as the floors to which they give | 2.0 kNim um applied aacoess but not less | along the outer edge than 4.0 Baloonies Same as the Moors to which they give | 2.0 kNinn sum applied aacoess but not less | along the outer edge than 3.0 ‘Stairs, Tandings and comidows Same as the Nloars to which they give aAcoess but not Less 45 than 3.0 and not more than 5.0 Mantenance canwalhs! - 1 at 1 mv centres Note 1 Spevitic uses that are rot specified in the Puking (Corstmetion) Regatons Partitions (positions of which are not indi ited on building plan) Where a building is to support partitions but the position of the partitions is not indicated on the building plans submitted t BD for approval, the weight of such partitions shall be regariled as imposed distributed load applied uniformly on plan and shall, in addition to other imposed loads. be (a) not less than 1/3 of the weight per metre length of the partitions uniformly distributed per square metre. and (b) not less than 1 kPa if the floor is used for office purposesq Reduction of Distributed Imposed Loads on Beams and Vertical Members The f owing loads do not qualify for reduction in distributed imposed loads (a) floor loads from plant or machinery which are specifically allowed for (b) floor loads less than 7.5 KPa in factories and workshops (see clause 3.7 (c) floor loads from vehicles. (d) Moor loads from storage and filing in of (c) _ forees produced by dynamic effvets (A) floor loads from storage (2) floor loads from partitions (the position of which are not indicated on building plan): or {h) floor loads determined as imposed loads due to its uncertainty of permanency as described in clau Reduction of Total Distributed Imposed Loads on Beams The total distributed imposed loads on beams may be reduced by the percentage: Table 3.10, except as provided in clause 3.7.1 Table 3.10 Reduction of Total Distributed Imposed Loads on Beams Floor Area Supported by Single Span of Beam (m*) Percentage Reduction of Total Distributed Imposed Load Less tan 43 a 48 5 90 D 1 180 layin Note Recto far intermesite area ize may been by fear snterpalation veep fiw Toor ate Less than 4S where no intspolation is allowed The reduction of total distributed imposed loads on beams shall be applicable only to the design of the beams under consideration. ‘The reduced imposed loads on beams shail not be applicable to the design of vertical members supporting the beams. Reduction of Vota! Distributed Imposed Loads on Vertical Members The total distributed imposed loads on every floor carried by a vertical member may be reduced by the percentage given in Table 3.11 except as provided in clause 3.7.1 and 3.7.3 Table 3.11 Reduction of Total Distributed Imposed Li ‘Number of floors (including the roof) loads qualifying for reduction carried by the ‘member under consideration Percentage reduction of total distributed imposed load on all floors (including roof) carried by the member under consideration i 3 10 4 13 5 20 6 25 4D maxiinany2 For floors for workshops, factories under Class $ of Table 3.2 with distributed imposed load nnot less than 7.5 kPa on every floor. the total distributed imposed load on every floor carried by a vertical member may be reduced by the percentage given in Table 3.12. except as provided in clause 3.7.1 Table 3.12 Reduction of Total Distributed Imposed Loads on Floors for Workshops, Factories under Class § of Table 3.2 with Distributed Imposed Load of not less than 7.5 kPa Percentage reduction of total distributed imposed load on all floors (including roof) carried by the member under consideration Number of floors (including the roof) with imposed loads qualifying for reduction carried by the member under consideration Overs, 25 maxim Note than 7.5 XPa Inno case can the reduced imposed load al cach floor le 38 Horizontal Imposed Loads on Protective Barriers 3.8.1 Horizontal Imposed Loads on Protective Barriers to Resirict or Contra! Movement of Persons 3.8.L1 Partition walls, glass walls, curtain walls, lightweight structures and barriers installed to restriet or control the movement of persons shall be designed to resist the minimum horizontal imposed loads given in Table 3.13 when separately applied or the wind load (where applicable), whichever shall produce the most adverse effet. Table 3.13 Minimum Horizontal Imposed Loads on Protective Barriers, to Restrict or Control Movement of Persons Line Load to be | Uniformly distributed | Concentrated load to applied at a height of | toad to be applied on | be applied on any part Catego 1.1m above the floor | the infill between floor | ofthe infill between pegory level, and top rail floor and top rail (Nim (kPa) x) Areas where not people 1s not 0.78, 10 Os expected, Areas where people ‘may congregate but overcrowding is not 1s 1s 1s expected teas susceptible to 30 1s 1s overcronding 3.8.12 Examples of areas where congregation of people is not expected are domestic uses. offices stairs and landing 3.8.1.3 Examples of areas where people may congregate but overcrowding is not expected ate areas seating or tables: balconies: utility platforms: edges of roof’: and footbridges or eater than 3m wide with fixed footpaths not MW3.8.14 Examples of areas susceptible to overeroding are theatres: shopping areas: assembly areas. and footbridyes or Footpaths sn nemas. discotheques. bars. ter than 3m wide Horic Grandstands. stadiums, assembly platforms. reviewing stands, and similar, shall be designed to withstand minimum horizontal imposed loads due to erowd movement as follows Inposed Loads on Grandstants Due to Crowd Movement (a) forplatforms with seats, the following separate load cases (not applied simultaneously) applied at floor level at each row of seats~ (i) 0.35 Nim of seating along the line of seats: or (ii) 0.15 KNim of seating perpendicular to the line of the seats, (b) for platforms without seats. .25 kPa of plan area applied in any direction Horizontal Impaet Farce on Vehicle Barriers Barriers subject to vehicle impact must be designed to withstand the greatest impact force anticipated subject to the following minimum requirement of horizontal impact force. F (in LN). given by where Mis the gross mass of the heaviest vehicle to be accommodated (in Ke). v- isthe velocity of the vehicle normal to the barrier (in mis). 6. is the deformation of the vehicle (in mm). and 44 isthe deflection of the barrier (in mm) ‘The values of Mv: 8-and 6. except provided in clause 3.8.3.2. are given in Table 3.14 Table 3.14 Design Values for Determination of Horizontal Impact Force on Vehicle Barriers Chass M (kg) vem) | 8.(mm) 5. (mm) oA Ton 1 B 5.500 25 we Zino toomm | B= setual deflection © 50,008 unless beter {or Meible Tobe determined im < | evidence is " sxcordhne with the Read | 1S provided) 6 for igi barte oe Trafic (Construction and 3 e— Tor eid barrie Mnunfenance of Vehicles) Regulations 3.83.2 The velocities given in Table 3.14 should be inereased if the barriers are located al the lower end of a straight ramp. which excoeds 10m in length, Such inerease in velocities shall result in the horizontal impact force. /" being increased by a factor. 7 The values of y are given in Table 3.15.3.8.34 For barriers alongside an access ramp. the vehicle impact will be oblique. Th 3.9 Table 3.15 Values of Factor y for Determination of Horizontal Impact Force on Barriers Located at the Lower End of Straight Ramp Length of Ramp (m) Factory it i 1-20) Linear interpolation benveen Land 2.0) 20 20 The horizontal impact force. /, determined in clanse 3.8.3.1. shall act al bumper height, in the direction normal to and uniformly distributed over any length of 1.5 m of the barrier. Values given in Table 3.16 are the design bumper height for each class of vehicles. Table 3.16 Design Bumper Height for E: h Class of Vehicles Bumper Height above Floor Level (mm) ou 800) 1200 ¢ horizontal impact force. Fin such case will be half the values obtained in clause 3.8.3.1 or clause 3.8.3.2 \whichever as appropriate. The direction of the horizontal impact force, F for design purpose. is taken as nonmal to and uniformly distributed over any length of [5 m of the barrier at the design bumper height in accordance with clause 3.8.3.3 Surcharges and Lateral Loads on Earth Retaining Structures Surcharge loads applied to slopes and carth retaining structures are given in Table 3.17 Table 3.17 ‘Minimum Surcharges on Slopes and Earth Retaining Structures Category ‘Surcharge Load (kPa) Highways and Roads Pabhie Rows a Private Roads 10 Footpaths isolated from roads, oy cle tracks and play areas 5 In assessing surcharges from buildings with shallow foundations, where the actual loads ean be derived from available records, the actual surcharge loads should be used for design. Iho records are available. the surcharges shall be assessed with respect to the existing uses and the structural forms witha minimum value of 10) KPa per storey Surcharge loads other than those given in Table 3.17 are to be considered, where applicable in the building design Designer must also consider the effet of lateral loads due to earth retaining actions. including \where applicable, impact loads trom landslide debris, using established soil mechanics pnnciples, Reference can be made to the GEOGUIDE 1 “GUIDE TO RETAINING WALL DESIGN” published by the Geotechnical Engineering Office lo3.10 Dynamic Loads The imposed loads given in this Code have allowed for small dynamic effets and should be sufficient for most structures without the need for further dynamic checks. However they do not cover the special type of loading conditions, for example, caused by the rhythmical and synchronized movement of erowds oF the operation of some types of machinery, Where necessary, the designer should make reference to specialist literature For design of these types of dynamic effet For workshops. factories and other buildings for industrial use and where no. specific information on machinery is availble, the buildings or part of the buildings should be d for the following additional imposed loads (a) for the purpose of determining the design of slabs and beams only, a vertical uuformly distributed load of 2.5 kPa: and (b) for the purpose of determining the design of structural frames and foundations, an additional horizontal force (which may be assumed not to act together with the wind load) of 10% of the vertical imposed load specified in (a) above acting simultaneously on the N number of Moors which will produce the most adverse effects, where N is a whole number not less than 0.2 times the total number of floors subject to dynamic41 4nd 42 420 IMPOSED LOADS NOT PRESCRIBED IN THIS CODE General Where imposed loads for specific uses are not prescribed in this Code and other sources of reliable information or data about the specific uses are not available. performance based approach as & means to establishing the design imposed loads for the specific uses may be adopted. subject to the acceptance of the Building Authority Approaches In using the performance based approach. the imposed load to be adopted for design should have regard to the greatest applied load likely to arise during the serviee life of the building street, building works or street works for the intended use and shall be determined from (a) measured load information together with a probability-based analysis with the desi imposed load not more than 3 pereent probability of the design imposed load being exceeded during the service life or from (b) an assessment of the imposed load for the intended use result (i) assembly of people: (ii) accumulation of equipment and furnishings. and (iii) storage of materials.Appendix A Density of Materials Materials Density (kN/m’) ‘Conereie non ic. wath or without PEA, Tivick and Hock work Metals IsAppendix B Examples of Loaded Length for Different Structural Design Parameters for Area Class 6B, 6C and 6D Design Parameter Loaded Area / Loaded Length |. Mid-span Moment (M) of Slab Loaded Length = The Shorter of Lt or L2 2. Support Moment (M) of Slab ane (Chace Loaded Length = The Shorter of LI or L2 20Design Parameter Loaded Area / Loaded Length 3. Support Moment (M) of Cantilevered Slab Gee Loaded Length = The Shorter of LI or L2 4, Mid-span Moment (My/Shear (S) of Secondary Beam Loaded Length = The Shorter of 1.1 or 12Design Parameter Loaded Area / Loaded Length 5. Support Moment (M)/ Shear (S) of Secondary Beam Loaded Length = The Shorter of LI or L2 6. Mid-span Moment (M)/ ‘Shear (S) of Main Beam Deo Depeics Loaded Length = The Shorter of L1 or L2Design Parameter Loaded Area / Loaded Length 7. Support Moment (M)/ Shear (S) of Main Beam Loaded Length = The Shorter of LI or L2 8. Support Moment (M)/ Shear (S) of Cantilevered Beam Loaded Length = The Shorter of L1 or L2Design Parameter Loaded Area / Loaded Length Axial Load (P) of Column LoadedAppendix C Loading Curves for Area Class 6B, 6C and 6D 13.9 129 for 01S mloades lenath exp (5.158 ."*") -0:35 for Sm to 20 m leaded length {i = 3.2 fr longer than 30 m loaded lerath a, tkNie’) ° 5.0 10 2 » o Pa @ Loaded Length, L (m) Figure Cl: Londing Curve for Area Class 6B 94 = 347 for 0to 5 m loaded length 94 = exp ( 5.200 L**") + 0.675 for § mo 10 mloaded length x (5.450 L®2®) + 0.346 for 10 mo 50 mloaded length 7.6 for longer than 50 m loaded length 0 5.0 1 20 30 40 50 60 Loaded Length, L (m) Figure C2: Loading Curve for Area Class 6C80 50 46.6 0 fo au 465 tor0t05 mloaded iength =» : 44 = © (5.660 "1099 or 5m to 10 mioaded length z : ok ex2 (0.279 L** + 2200 for 10 to 0 ose length G i 4, =9.2fe longer han 50 m adediength Fn : 0 =§.0 0 20 30 40 cy e Loaded Length, L (m) "3: Loading Curve for Area Class 6D. 26