The Sustainable

Concrete Guide

Andrea J. Schokker, Editor

 

  


Staff
President


Technical




 

Production


Design


Editing







 















  


Dedication
November 2010

T




 





























TABLE OF
CONTENTS



 


 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 

 

 





The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications 1

INTRODUCTION

2 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications


C




 

  






 























 















 
Introduction 3
 


 











 
 



4 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 








 







 
 










 




   
  







Introduction 5
PART 1—
MATERIALS

6 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Introduction








Part 1—Materials 7
 Chapter 1—Water 
Sustainable attributes 
  
 






 
 
 
 



 


 



8 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications



 

 
  
 



  












  

 
 
 
  


Part 1—Materials 9
 

  


















 


 

 


















 





 





10 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications


 






 

  

 



 









 

Definitions

 



 



 











Chapter 2—Cement
Sustainable attributes






 








 


Carbon footprint
 





  
 

 

  

 






  







 


 

 

 






 

 






















 












Part 1—Materials 11
   
  
 
 
 
 
  


   
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
  
 







 









 
 

12 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications


 









Longevity and life cycle


 
 
 

 —


  —



 —

 
 
 
 
 
  

    
    

     
    
     

    

 




  

   

    
     

    
     
    
 
 
  


Part 1—Materials 13
  





 


 

  








14 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
Human factors and living/working environment
 










 










 
  














Reduce, reuse, recycle
 
 








 Asia-Pacific Partnership (APP)
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 Sector Strategies Program
 

 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 

Cement industry initiatives
  Climate VISION
 
   
   
 
 
    
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 Climate Leaders
  
 
   
 

Associations and resources  
  
 
 
  

Part 1—Materials 15
 ENERGY STAR cement manufacturing focus
 


 

 



Concrete Sustainability Hub
 






 


 —


 

  
  

 

  













16 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications



World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) Cement Sustainability
Initiative (CSI)


 


 
 
 
 
 











 









 
—


Chapter 3—Supplementary
cementitious materials (SCMs)
Sustainable attributes
Beneficial properties to concrete







  


 
 
 
–
 – 











 





 







  


 –

 

 

















 


 

 









 
  



 









 



 
Part 1—Materials 17
 

 




 



 


 






 




 



 












 









 
 

18 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




   



 


Carbon footprint
 


 











 
Longevity and life cycle


 









  



 
 
 
 
 





 




Human factors and living/working environment



 
 

 


 


 






  
 








 





 
  


 




 

















































Part 1—Materials 19
 



 


 


Reduce, reuse, recycle




 




Compatibility with other innovative
sustainability strategies


 







 




Case studies
Hanford Site (Hanford, WA)
 

 


 
 
 
 




 

20 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications


 

 






Four Seasons Hotel and Tower (Miami, FL)


 






 















 




 


  
  
  
  
  
  











Solid Waste Authority (Palm Beach Gardens, FL)










 

 



 

 
 






Indianapolis International Airport Parking

Garage (Indianapolis, IN)



 
 



 


 




   
   

Part 1—Materials 21
 
 
    
    
    
    

   






 

    
    
    
    
    





 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

22 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications


  



 


 










 

 

  


 

 




 

Part 1—Materials 23

 

 — 




 —


—

 — 



 —











24 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications



















 





















Chapter 4—Aggregates
Sustainable attributes
















 








 











  





Carbon footprint








 
 







 


 


Thermal transmission





 





 

Longevity and life cycle



 





 

 

 
  





  
 
 


Part 1—Materials 25
 








 


 






Storm water management




 


 




 
 
 
 
 

26 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
 



Human factors and living/working environment










Security and safety
 










 











 

   
   
   
   
   
 


Reduce, reuse, recycle

































 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
 
  



 
 
 


 

 








 


 




 


  


 


 

 












 



  


Part 1—Materials 27
  

28 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




 



 






Economic impact


  



 



Compatibility with other innovative

sustainability strategies





   
  









 




Associations and resources

Guiding principles for
sustainable aggregate
operations
 



 






 

Part 1—Materials 29
   


 —  

 


 —  




 — 



 


 




 — 








30 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications






  

  


 

—

 


 







Chapter 5—Reinforcement 
Sustainable attributes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 
 
Carbon footprint reduction 
   
  
  
 

   

    
     
    

   

    
    
    

    
    
    
 
 
 


 
 

 
   
    

   

    
    
     

   

    
    
    

    
    
    
 
 

Part 1—Materials 31
 

 

 


  



 

  







32 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
Longevity and life cycle








  

 


 
  
 














 










 
 







 















 

 


Human factors and living/working environment
 





 





 




 


  




 














Security and safety






 
 

 
Reduce, reuse, recycle
 




 









 

Part 1—Materials 33
  

34 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Economic impact
 





 







Case study
2201 Westlake (Seattle, WA) (Maingot 2009)
 










 


Part 1—Materials 35
 








 

 

 —

 
 
  








—




 —

 






 —

 



36 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications







 

 
 


 —


  
















 —








Chapter 6—Admixtures











 


Sustainable attributes









 
 

 
 
 
 

Carbon footprint reduction

 
  



 



  

 
 

 
 

 





Longevity and life cycle

















 


Reduce, reuse, recycle



 





Resources



Part 1—Materials 37
   
 
  
 



38 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Chapter 7—Other materials
and technologies










Sustainable attributes: other materials
Fiber-reinforced concrete




 












Fillers in concrete

 






Photocatalytic materials



 




 
  


 
 


 


Lightweight synthetic particles

 ® 

®


 

  







Waterproofing concrete





 



Sustainable attributes: other technologies
CO2 sequestration


 






  


 



Part 1—Materials 39
  

40 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

  


 
   —
   
 —
 
 
 
 
 









 



Part 1—Materials 41
PART 2—
CONSTRUCTION

42 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Introduction

















 




Part 2—Construction 43
 Chapter 8—Construction team
 


 



 


 

 


 







44 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications





  

Subcontractors
























 




Chapter 9—Planning and building
information modeling
Decisions







 













Building information modeling




  












 






 






 




 








 









  













 



 














Part 2—Construction 45
 



 











 








 



  




   









 
  
 


 
 

46 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 
 

  
  
  
   
  
   
  

  
  



 
 








 
 

Part 2—Construction 47
 

 


48 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Chapter 10—Managing construction 
Production of concrete  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 

 




Mixture proportions








 









 
 

Part 2—Construction 49
 Transportation









  





 

 










 




Community presence





 

 
 




  



 



50 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
Resources
Green-Star Concrete Plant Certification Program
 

 





Formwork







 


 
 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 


  



 

 






  



 
 



 
 

  

 



 

 




 










Part 2—Construction 51



 

 
 


 

 




 

 


 


 


 


 
 
 
 
52 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications








 


 

 


 

 

 


 


 

 

 


 


 
 

   
 
   
 
   
  
   
 

 


 



 
 
   
 
   
  
  
   
 
 

 

Part 2—Construction 53
  
 

 

 

 
 

 


  due to
light weight of forms special equipment for lifting
and moving are not required
 

 
 


 

 

 

 

 
 



 
   
 
   
  
 
   
 
 


 
 

 

 

 

 


54 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

  


 
 





Part 2—Construction 55
 Installation (placement/finishing/curing)
 






























 
 





56 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Concrete pumping



















 
 

















 
 





 





 





 
 
 

Part 2—Construction 57
    
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
 

Water
Concrete finishing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 Excess concrete
 
 

Waste stream 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 

58 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Chapter 11—Quality control and
commissioning





 



Overdesign



 

 

 














 

















 


 





 



Acceptance age






 











 























 
Part 2—Construction 59
 



 

 





 
 
Building commissioning







60 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 

 

 


 

 
 
 
 
 

 




Part 2—Construction 61
PART 3—
APPLICATIONS

62 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Introduction






 


Part 3—Applications 63
 Chapter 12—Architectural precast 
Sustainable attributes 
  
 
 
  
 

Carbon footprint 
Materials 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 

64 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

  
 
 
  
  
 
   
   
  
  
 
 
 

Manufacturing 
 

 Thermal transmission
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  

Transportation 
 
 
  
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  

Part 3—Applications 65
 









 

 


Thermal mass and operational energy

 

  














Longevity and life cycle




















66 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 

 














 



 




Quality control





 









 





Maintenance
 















 








 




















Part 3—Applications 67
 




















 

68 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications



 




 






 






Human factors and living/working
environment












 











 







 







Security and safety

Fire resistance





 



Blast resistance
 



 






Reduce, reuse, recycle







 




 












 
 

Part 3—Applications 69
  










 







 


70 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 





Compatibility with other innovative strategies











 













Part 3—Applications 71
 

 



Architectural Precast Top Sustainability

Benefits


 

 


  
 

 

   
 


  


Case studies
University of North Florida Social Sciences
Building, Jacksonville, FL
 


 
 
 






  

  

 
  

 






 
 
 

72 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

  
 
  
 
 
   
 
  
 

Domus Residential Complex, Philadelphia, PA
 
 

  








 


 

  
 

 


 

   

 

 
 






 






 
 
 
 

Part 3—Applications 73
 
  




 






 




   











74 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications



 

 














 
 



 

 


Chapter 13—Cast-in-place
Sustainable attributes






















 
 






 




 






 




Embodied energy of cast-in-place concrete





 

  














Thermal mass
 






 







 


 
 

  



Post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete
 











Part 3—Applications 75
   
 
  
 
  
 
   
 
 
 
 



 



 







 










 





 







 



  
 

76 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

  


 


 
 


 



 

 





Cast-In-Place Concrete Top Sustainability
Benefits
 


 

 

 
 
 

   
 


  

















Part 3—Applications 77
 Chapter 14— Cast stone








 





 


 







 

78 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications


 



 

 


 


 


 


Sustainable attributes










 


 



 





Reduce, reuse, recycle







 


 




















 



 
Part 3—Applications 79
 
 

Cast Stone Top Sustainability Benefits

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

  

 


  









80 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Chapter 15—Foundations
Sustainable attributes












 






 
 

Concrete Foundations Top Sustainability

Benefits
 


 

   



 



 




 



 


 


  
 


Part 3—Applications 81
 Associations and resources


















82 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




 


 






Chapter 16—Hardscape/pavement
Sustainable attributes






 



 
 

 


Storm-water management



  




 

 




 






  


 





 





 


Part 3—Applications 83
 Interlocking Concrete Pavements Top
Sustainability Benefits
 
 
 

 


 
 

 

 



 

 




  



 


84 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
Human factors and living/working environment
Heat-island effect

 



 


Aesthetics

 





Case studies
Whitemarsh Park, MD—First Eastern Shore
community to choose pervious concrete

















 
















  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 











 






Autumn Trails (Moline, IL) 

 






 







 










 
  
 

Part 3—Applications 85
 
   
 
  
  
 
 
 

 
 
      
 

     

 
      

   
    
 

   

 
    
  
  
 
 
    



    


  
  
 
     
 
    


 
     
 

 

  
 

86 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

   
 
     
   
    
 
   
 
    
 
   

    

  
 
    
 
   



   

 
 
  
 
  
   

  


 










 






 



 


 




 
 

Part 3—Applications 87
 









Marine Way Market (Burnaby, BC, Canada)
Do something beautiful

 
 
 



 


 

88 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications








 


 


 

 













 

 



 









 
 
 
















 
 
 

Part 3—Applications 89
  





  




 


90 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications






 


  









 
 













 
 
  
  





 


Part 3—Applications 91
 Chapter 17—Insulated forms  

Sustainable attributes 
Carbon footprint 
  
 
   
 
 
  
 
  
 
   
   
   
 

 
  
 

 
  
 
 
   

 
   





Insulated Forms Top Sustainability Benefits 
  

  Thermal transmission ( -values)
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
 

 Thermal mass
  
 
 
   
  
  
  
 
  
  
 

   Longevity and economy
  
 


92 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications







 


Examples of ICF structures under construction
(Fig. 3.45 to 3.48)



 

Case study
City of Philadelphia: revitalization of the
East Parkside Community using insulating
concrete forms







Part 3—Applications 93
  



  









 




 




 
 

 

94 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications


 

















 


Part 3—Applications 95
 Chapter 18—Masonry
Sustainable attributes
Carbon footprint
 







 

 



Masonry Top Sustainability Benefits
 


 

 



 

 
 

 



 

 




 
 


 

 


  

96 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
Thermal mass and operational energy
 













 















 






  



 
 



 









Longevity and life cycle







 










 



Human factors and living/working environment

 



 





 


Security and safety








 
 
 



 
























 












Reduce, reuse, recycle





 
 

 






 
Part 3—Applications 97
  
  
 
 





98 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Chapter 19—Pipe  
Sustainable attributes 
  
 
 
Carbon footprint 
 

 Longevity and life cycle
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

Thermal mass and operational energy 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

 Storm-water management
 


 
 
  
 
  

Part 3—Applications 99
 
 











 



























 





 



 

 

100 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
 



  

 

 




 




 






 



Human factors and living/working environment




















 





 


Security and safety


 








 





 
 


 











 

 


  


 




 



 


 


 




 



Reduce, reuse, recycle






 



 



 
 




Economic impact


 




 


 





 



Part 3—Applications 101
  









 




 


 





 


 




 

 






 




Project design life






 


102 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications







Material service life






















 


 
 


 
  











Compatibility with other innovative strategies




 






































Part 3—Applications 103
 








104 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 Resources
Pipe Top Sustainability Benefits 
  
 

 
 

   
 
 
  


 

 
 
 

 


  


   







  










Part 3—Applications 105

 Chapter 20—Precast
Sustainable attributes

 


 



Carbon footprint
  

 

 



 


 

 


Precast Top Sustainability Benefits
 

 


 

 


 

 

 

 
 

 


  

106 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
 


Longevity and life cycle
 




Storm-water management


 


Human factors and living/working environment
 



Reduce, reuse, recycle











 
Compatibility with other innovative strategies



 



 




 









Resilience with respect to climate change






Case study
Port of San Diego floating dock








 

 
 
 



Part 3—Applications 107

  
 
 

 
 
 

 


Precast product examples


 


Agricultural products







Barriers



108 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




 


Cisterns


 



Grease interceptor





 


Hazardous materials containment
 








Part 3—Applications 109

 



 




Lift stations















Manholes







Retaining walls



 


 


 


 





 



 
  
 

110 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 

 




 







 


Site furnishings




 
 



Part 3—Applications 111

 







Case studies
Melrose Commons, Site 5, Bronx, NY



  


 




 



  


 

 







  
 



 




 

  
 
 

 

 

 

 
 

112 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications



  
 
 

915 Walnut Parking Structure, Kansas City, MO  
   
 
  
  
 
 
   
   
 

 Intensive Management Unit, Monroe Correctional
  Complex, Monroe, WA
    
 
 
 

Part 3—Applications 113

 








 

 


 

 


 
 



   
  
   
 
 

114 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Chapter 21—Shotcrete 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 


 







 


 

 
 








 










  










 



Part 3—Applications 115

 

 









 





 


  







Specific Sustainability Aspects of Shotcrete
Formwork Reduction or Elimination






 











 






116 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications







Construction Efficiency
 

  








Repair and Rehabilitation
 

 





Creativity and Efficiency of Shotcrete Sections









  








Summary





 Shotcrete Top Sustainability Benefits
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 



Case studies
Atlantic Times Square Project, Monterey Park, CA
 






 

 
  





 




Surrey 2010 Olympic Games Preparation
Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
 




 

 

 








 






 






CEMEX Bayano Plant No. 2 Line Expansion,
Panama











 









 









Part 3—Applications 117
 

 





 
















  






























118 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




















































Part 3—Applications 119

 














 








120 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 

Part 3—Applications 121

 

 
  
 

122 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

  
 

 




 
 








 











 

 







  





 

 

 

 



  


  





 





Part 3—Applications 123
 Chapter 22—Tile roof
Sustainable attributes

 





 



 








 
124 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications



Tile Roof Top Sustainability Benefits
 



 


 



 



  

Chapter 23—Tilt-up
Sustainable attributes








Carbon footprint



 


 





Thermal transmission ( -values)


 
 






Thermal mass and operational energy





  



 
Part 3—Applications 125
 
  



 
 
 
 
 
 




  
 


 
Longevity and life cycle



126 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
 




 

 



 
 


Human factors and living/working environment
 






   
 
 





 












Security and safety











Part 3—Applications 127

  






 




















Reduce, reuse, recycle 

 
 

Tilt-Up Top Sustainability Benefits

     
 
  
 
 
  



 


 




 

 



 


 

   
 


  


128 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Part 3—Applications 129
PART 4—
CONCRETE IN
SUSTAINABLE
STRUCTURES

130 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Introduction
















 








Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 131
 Chapter 23—Integration of
concrete structural elements
 


















 












  
 
 
   
  
 
 





 
 







 


 












 

  







 
  
 




 

 

 


132 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications


 









Durability
















 





Disaster Resistance




















TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE IMPACTS
Environmental—
 

 

 


 






Economic—
 

 

Social—
 


 



 


 



 




 









Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 133
  


 













134 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




 
















 

 


 






 
 














Chapter 24—Solutions by
integration of concrete elements   
  
 
 

 














  














 
Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 135
 




 
















 





















 



 








 






 

































Caveats
 









 




136 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Chapter 25—Maintenance  
and repair 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 

 When repair is needed
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
The case for preventive maintenance 
  
 
 
 
 

Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 137

  

 
























 
 
138 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




Repair process to minimize environmental impact


 




























 



 











 


  















 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

  










  

 








 





Specific repair techniques

 



Post-tensioning
















Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 139





140 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




 


 






 




Shotcrete










 
 

 
 
 
 

 


 


 


 





  

 













Concrete sawing and drilling




 



 












 






 

 

 
 
 


 

 

 

 
Concrete cutting techniques


 





 




 


 

 
 
 




 


  

 









 







Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 141
  










 

 






 














 











 


 



 
142 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications











 







 
 







 


 
 
 











Case studies
Restoration and corrosion protection of
reinforced concrete airport terminal building




 
















 


Restoration and service life extension of the
Rainbow Bridge
 








  


 



Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 143
 

Parking deck repairs, Towson, MD
   



 

 




144 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications




 


 













 


Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater, Mill Run, PA




 








 

 


 

 




 

 

 





Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 145

 


 
  
 




 


 
 




 



 
 


 
 

146 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 








 



 




Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law, University

of Memphis, Memphis, TN
 


 

 

  
 
 
 



 

 

 





 
  


 



 




 

  



 
 

Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 147

 Chapter 26— Preservation
and adaptive reuse







Preservation












 


















  














148 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications





 




 



 

Beyond green





 






 









  








  







 










 










 







 
 





  

 



  

































 


 


  

Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 149

 







 














150 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
  






  




 
 








Part 4—Concrete in Sustainable Structures 151
PART 5—
CODES

152 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Introduction






 

 



















 
 



  

















  











 











Part 5—Codes 153
 







 




















 



 























 

154 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Chapter 27—National, state, and
local codes
 





 


 






 

 
 ®



National Green Building Standard (ICC-700-2008)
 




 




 



 

 


International Green Construction Code (IGCC)
 


 


 

 

 







 


 



 




  








 






Codes specific to concrete and masonry











 



 
Part 5—Codes 155
 



 








 


Codes Specific to Energy and Thermal
Performance
 
 



 

 



 


 

  


 

156 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 










  












 












 

 








Part 5—Codes 157

 APPENDIXES

158
15
158 158
The
The
he S
Sustainable
The
us
usta
aSustainable
in
nab
able
eCConcrete
onc
on crrConcrete
ette G
e Gu
Guide—Applications
uiid
de—
de—
Guide—Applications
— Ap
Appl
plic
plic
cat
atio
ionns
s
Appendix A—ACI Manual of
Concrete Practice



 













 





























































































Appendixes 159
 























































160 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications
























































 















































































































Appendixes 161
 
























































162 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

























































 
















 



































Appendixes 163
 Appendix B—Technical contacts 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 

 

 
 
 




164 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 

  

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 

  
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  

Appendixes 165
 











166 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

Appendixes 167
REFERENCES

168 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

 
















































































































References 169
 












 











































170 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications











  









































 



  



 
















 











 



















































  





















References 171
 













  












 

 




172 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications















 



















References 173
 INDEX

174 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications

  

 
 


 
 

 
 



 

 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 

 

 

 
 
 
 


 



 
 

 
 
 
 



  
 
  
 
  

 
 
 
 



 

 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 

 
 

 


 


 
 
 
 

 


 
 

 




 
 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
Index 175
  

 
 
 
 
 


 



  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 



 
 

 

 
 
176 The Sustainable Concrete Guide—Applications







 
 




 

  
 

 
 
 




 

 




 





 

 

 


 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
  


  
 


 
 
 





 
 



 
 
 


 
 


 

 
 

 



 
 


 
 


 

 

 
 


  
 
 




 





  
  
  
  

  
 
 

  
 
  
 
 
 
 

 

 
Index 177
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NOTES
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