— Member buckling with tension flange restraint David Brown of the SCI explains the structural hanics and design provisions for tension flange restraint for both flexural and lateral torsional buckling. Introduction Portal frame designers are familar with tension flange restraint often refered tousing the shorthand ofAnnexG> which the relevant Annexin BS 5950 “The benoit of tension lange restraints used to increase the lateral torsional buckling resistance. Restraint to one ange can also be used to increase resstance to ewural bucking under compression Lateral torsional buckling {A simply supported, unrestrained beam s shown in Figure The unrestrained ‘compression flange buco lateral, dragging the tension flange with The tension flange is reluctant to be esplaced at all resulting in aateral ‘mavement anda rotation af the section Noe thatthe centre of the rotation is Some way distant from the section. 4 s cee ot ‘. 4 tem ioadedbeam ———utatesonabucking ——_midspansecton gue eter! trina buckling ‘The compression flange experiences a rect stress due tothe major axis, one-tenth isabending sessin the ange nthe sect nor A heer ttre the tenses cn nd eile sls theca ee rachyjld Tbs aig simp erplanation ar sity, ‘ll esses andseconrder lect So conte othe cing bso bith simple explanation when devlpng the achat ange we restaitsprovded to cose tothe tension ange te ito th compression flange seduced showin Pe 2 The pt of rtton now fred be mich coset ton fae sual tpt ‘tte ibe ame tance the tensor tinge suchas te cetelne f ‘eves ecu thell sht conse, he ode bending ‘mets redid Tiswantestoan neasedresanc aoa ben late tnsorabching,miipanseten (en ge eta) ‘owe 2 Lateral eine buckling with tenon ange restraintU gure} rar bucking ‘Tae background theory assumes that the restraint the tension flanges ‘continuous rater ikea piano ninge unang along te length ofthe member {In most cases, this sort of continuous restraint cannot be achieved in practice, ‘Therefore design Standards have further checks to ensure thatthe restraints tothe tension lange are close enough to provide appropriate lateral fit. ‘Flexural buckling under compression ‘man unrestrained compression member, the section Buckes about its minor axis, ax shown in Figute 3. The cose section experiences the ail stress, but ‘aso bending tres inthe minor aus This sagaina simple explanation of a ‘complex situation. intermediate restraints ae introduced to one ange ony, as shown In Figure 4 the unrestrained flange ire to buckle, but the extent of that lsplacementis reduced, The bending stress therefore reduced, which ‘tansates to an increased esstance ke lateral torsional buckling, the testaints tothe lange must be located frequently enough to mimic the effect ‘of continuous "piano hinge restraint. What difference does it make? ‘Tre answers always" depends; but the beneft can be ery helpful. In ‘general the Benettis more signihcant in lest buckling compared to lateral ‘ersional buckling. Numerical comparisons are presented inthe following ‘paragraphs. The calculations follow the Eurocode nomenclature, Example Consider a 610x229 x 13 UKB, S275 with 6325 m between torsional restrain ‘Te bending moment diagram Is tlangulr and the aval force N,, is 18S KN ‘Tere are intermediate restraints to one flange the tension ange) at 16m owes Minor ai fearal bucking withone fongerestreined contes, ne enneation covered by aus W121) Ine spacing ofthe Intermediate restrain must not be greater thant, of 88.3.1) a(t oe ey ‘The facto relates to the shape of the bending moment diagram. Foran ‘overall rangular bending moment diagram, the lowest value (most onerous) of ny ofthe segmentsin the member isC,~ 17 Substtuting the various section properties, steel strength, et into the expression, 38488 4, 1 (188x10° 1 _xn0x10% (265 )' ara (Crasoo )* FsexIaF Tasoox rx io (zas 91mm With intermediate restraints at 1600 mm, they are considered etective and the benef of restraint to one flange may be utilised, ‘Theelastic crcl force, for this situation, with straints to one Mange i ive in 883.3: by: wale, el N, Tt 1 +41, where i pened‘The key variables o, which sthe distance from the shear centre ofthe section tothe longitudinal avs ofthe retains. Assuming theaxs of the restaintis 100mm off the face ofthe clurm, the distance ae 402.8 ma, ‘Substituting the varlous section properties, steel strength, tc ino the expression N,=2365KN Using curve this leads to a buckling resistance, N,,of 1685 AN Example? Ifthe benefit of estrains to one fange had not been taken the elastic citical force N, is givenby: te sro Using curve b this leads to a buckling resistance, Nl of 36 KN, ‘proximately 20% ls than previously called Lateral torsional buckling comparison Example [though not given in the Eurocode, the expression for the elastic crits ‘moment fa b-symmetrc ection under a uniform moment canbe foundin Reference Tand igivon by 225952 Using the same details as example, Maa = 2365 =662kNm The influence ofthe shape ofthe bending moment diagram is incorporated using the C, factor in 88.31 Following this procedure ives C, = 1883, ‘The elastic crtical moment undera linear momentisthen given by Wy =M gC = 662% 1883 = DAG KN Using curve cand expression 857, the calculated buckling resistance My 61.48 Example the benefits of tension flange restraint were ignored, the elastic crteal moment of abi-symmeti sections given by me, [i , &6y 1.672 + SEL were accounts forthe shape ofthe bending moment siagra, Substituting te various section properties steel strength et int the expression, = 167 kN and M,,, = 629 kN (This calculation has ignored the benef ofthe factor givenin 63232) Summary Frisina | Laeatonawesane Nay Ms, ‘ese age estat 1685 kN ea kN ito esn anes 13364 ‘e294 Conclusions Restraint o one flange can be of benefit, especialy for flexural buckling. The Improvement in teal torsional buckling resistance Is perhaps not as much ‘2s commonly thought. both cass, tis essential thatthe spacing ofthe irtermeeiate restraint tothe tension flange meet the requirements ofthe ‘design Standard to ensure they provide appropriate restraint. 1. KING, CM Design of tel Portal Frames for Europe, P16, SC, 2001