Lec-1

Energy Storage Technologies

ENES803020 - Penyimpanan Energi Kelas Penyimpanan Energi
 ENES803020 - Penyimpanan Energi
Tujuan Perkuliahan:
Mata kuliah Material Penyimpanan Energi merupakan kuliah untuk
memberikan pemahaman atas jenis-jenis energi dan metode
penyimpanan energi dengan fokus pada sumber energi terbarukan.
Kuliah ini memberikan gambaran tentang materi dan metode
penyimpanan energi secara elektrokimia, kimia dan mekanis
Selanjutnya, pembahasan tentang bahan untuk aplikasi dalam
penyimpanan energi, baterai dan bidang terkait, dan kemungkinan
penyimpanan energi lainnya di masa depan, penerapan material maju.
Assessment Criteria
System evaluation (%)
UTS  30
Task  ​30
UAS  40
Presence min.  70% value-added at the
final assessment.

*
References:

1. - Duncan W. Bruce, Dermot O-Hare,

Richard I. Walton: Energy Materials, John
Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication (2011).
2. - David Linden, Handbook of Battery

*
Contents

 Why do we need energy storage ?

 Technical and economical savings from energy storage
 Types of storage based on application
 Different technologies
 Criteria for selection of energy storage technology
 Economical evaluation of storage technologies
 Thermal energy storage-LHES
Renewable energy potential of in a country

Source : http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/Energy_statistics_2016.pdf
 Indonesia Energy Demand: Final byTypes
1,000

900

800

700

600
(Million BOE)

500

400

300

200

100

0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Coal Oil Fuels Natural Gas Electricity LPG Biomass

Difficulties with renewable integration in the grid

 Decentralized electricity production and the introduction of variable , fluctuating

source increase the difficulty of stabilizing the power network, mainly due to
supply-demand imbalance.
 Unpredictable character of renewables requires that network provisioning and
usage regulations be established for optimal system operation.
 Peak supply and demand of the renewable energy technologies like solar energy
do not match and hence create a gap.
 Why do we need energy storage ?

Source :http://www.theenergycollective.com/schalk-cloete/259876/intermittent-renewables-and-electricity-markets
THIS FIGURE FROM THE CALIFORNIA GRID OPERATOR SHOWS THE ANTICIPATED EFFECT OF INCREASING SOLAR
GENERATION ON THE STATE’S NET LOAD (LOAD MINUS RENEWABLES) IN THE FUTURE. THE AMOUNT OF OTHER
ELECTRICITY RESOURCES REQUIRED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DAY IS REDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY, AND FAST-RAMPING
GENERATORS ARE REQUIRED TO COMPENSATE FOR SOLAR BETWEEN 4 AND 8 P.M. (SOURCE: CAISO)
Daily variation in solar radiation

www6.cityu.edu.hk/bst/beet/project_page/research%20projects/solar%20utilization/solar%20utilization.htm
What is Energy storage ?

 Conversion of excess electricity into a different form of energy which can be

reconverted into electricity with minimum losses . This can be done to reduce
the gap in supply and demand of electricity. It can be applied to both
conventional sources of electricity and renewable energy sources .
 It increases the dispatch ability, makes power available on demand and by
reducing the gap between supply and demand reduces the need for newer
power plants.
Technical and economic advantages of energy storage

Energy transfer
 Conventional Energy production : Energy storage compensates for a temporary
loss of production, spike in the peak demand and to avoid penalties by fulfilling a
commercial agreement of pre-sold energy supply . The power level is comparable
to a that stipulated and the quantity of stored energy should be a compromise
between the desirable duration of backup power and the potential penalties.
 Renewable energy production: Storage of electricity adds value to the supplied
current by making it more predictable. Cost of buffer storage should be
considered.
Network Savings
 Power networks are comprised of many generating units, various levels of
transmission and distribution lines and associated stations and sub-stations and a
great many consumers with wide ranging power requirements.
 End user demand in terms of ratio between peak and average levels often
reaches a value of 10. This leads of over dimensioning of transmission equipment
which are designed for peak load levels rather than average levels.
 Storage helps compensate a local supply for load variations making it possible to
operate transmission, sub-transmission and distribution networks with lighter
designs.
 Kinetic advantage
The flexibility of energy storage systems can help provide instant response to
demand and as a consequence, add flexibility to the network in terms of load
levelling. Network imbalance can be caused by a temporary production deficit,
which could possibly be predicted.
 Electricity storage systems

 Low power application in isolated areas, essentially to feed transducers and

emergency terminals.
 Medium power applications in isolated areas (individual electrical systems , town
supply)
 Network connection application with peak levelling
 Power quality control applications
The first two categories are for small scale systems where the energy could be stored
as kinetic energy (flywheels) , chemical energy, compressed air, hydrogen (fuel cells) or
in super capacitors or super conductors
Categories 3 and 4 are for large scale systems where energy could be stored as
gravitational energy, thermal energy , chemical energy or compressed air (coupled with
natural gas )
Characteristics of energy storage systems

 Storage capacity : Quantity of available energy in the storage systems after

charging. Discharge is often incomplete. Wst is the energy stored while Wut is
the energy utilized.
 Available power : Defines the constitution and size of the motor-generator in
the stored energy conversion chain. Expressed as an average value, as well as
peak value often used to express the maximum power of charge or discharge.
 Power transmission rate: Time needed to extract the stored energy
 Efficiency: The ration between the Wut/ Wst . Should be based on the complete
cycle to account for the charging, no load and self discharge losses.
Characteristics of Energy storage

 Cycling capacity (durability) : Number of times the storage unit can release
energy level it was designed for after recharge. Expressed as the maximum
number of cycles (N).
 Autonomy : The maximum amount of time the system can continuously release
energy. Expressed as a= Wut/ Pd ( restorable power / maximum discharge
power).
 Costs : Investment costs of storage is factored out using the following formula
C=C1Wut + C2Pd . Operational costs are proportional to the investment costs , to the
tune of 40% of the investment costs
 Feasibility and adaptability to the generating source : Highly efficient storage
systems need to be closely adapted to the type of application and to the type of
production. Needs to be harmonized with the network.
 Self-discharge : Portion of stored energy dissipated during non-use time.
 Mass and volume density : Refers to the maximum amount of energy stored per
unit mass of the storage system.
 Environmental and operation safety
 Reliability
Different types of energy storage systems

 Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES )

 Compressed air energy storage ( CAES)
 Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES)
 High temperature thermal energy storage with turbine
 Kinetic energy storage system (Flywheels )
 Thermal
- STES
- LHES

Electrical Mechanical
- Flywheel
- Super capacitor
- CAES
- SMES
- Pumped hydro storage

Electro
Chemical chemical
- Hydrogen - Batteries
- Flow batteries
 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage: Overview

 The most commercially

developed technology.
 PHS uses two reservoirs at
different heights to store energy
 As of 2012, 99% of the global
storage is in the form of PHS.1
 India’s estimated potential of
pumped hydro storage plants is
94GW across 56 sites.2
 Round trip efficiency: 70%-85% 3

1. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), USA

2. http://indiaenergy.gov.in/supply_larhydro.php
3. http://greeneconomypost.com/fifteen-grid-scale-energy-storage-solutions-watch-15924.htm#ixzz3zqwwIXOH
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage: Statistics

High
environmental
Capital cost of Impact
electricity is 150- High capital
700$/kWh3 investment
required

Total global installed

142 GW across 40 Occupy large space
countries 2

India’s Potential:
90GW across 56
sites1
Statistics Long time for
construction

1. http://indiaenergy.gov.in/supply_larhydro.php
2. http://people.duke.edu/~cy42/PHS.pdf
3. Assessment of the Role of Energy Storage Technologies for Renewable Energy Deployment in India, Partnership to Advance Clean Energy - Deployment (PACE - D) Technical Assistance
Program, March 2014
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage:
Applications

Frequency
Load
stabilizatio
Leveling n

Reactive
power APPLICATIONS Spinning
control reserve

Black Storage
start media
 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage: Case
Studies

 DNVGL has developed Energy Island, North Sea off Dutch coast. It uses an inverse
offshore pump accumulation station (IOPAC) on an artificially created island in
conjunction with wind energy.1

 The Energy Island is about 10 kilometers long and 6 kilometers wide. The water level in
the ‘inner lake/ reservoir’ would be 32-40m below that of surrounding North Sea.

 Energy Island’s maximum generation capacity is 1,500 MW, depending on the water
level.

 Annual storage capacity of more than 20 GWh.2

1. https://www.dnvgl.com/services/large-scale-electricity-storage-7272
2. http://www.windtech-international.com/product-news/news/products-news/kema-collaborates-on-large-scale-offshore-energy-storage-system
 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage:
Status
China:1
24 PHS plants
Austria:4 16.95 GW
Spain:3
5.4GW Future 3.5GW Future Target:
addition plan: Future 50GW by 2020
720MW Addition Plan:
5.5GW by
2020

Japan:2
Ua:3
27GW
22GW

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032112003589
2. http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/TOP-20-Capacity#tspQvChart
3. http://www.store-project.eu/en_GB/current-situation-in-the-target-countries-spain
4. http://www.store-project.eu/en_GB/current-situation-in-the-target-countries-austria
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiczqfTu-PPAhWBvY8KHQiCAlUQFggiMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.store-project.eu%2Fdocuments%2Fresults%2Fen_GB%2Freport-summarizing-the-current-
status-role-and-costs-of-energy-storage-technologies&usg=AFQjCNFimpnwKCWOJoJi2Ctpfld542AbbQ&sig2=vumKfJOZKWVhCZ84MIPZ9w&cad=rjt
 Pumped Hydro Storage Plants

Srisailam Pumped Bhira Pumped Storage

Hydro Storage, Hydro Plant,150 MW
1,670 MW

Nagarjuna Sagar Sardar Sarovar Pumped Storage

Pumped Hydro Power Station, 1,450 MW
Station Tail Pond
Project
700 MW

1. http://indiaesa.info/index.php/resources/india-energy-storage-projects.html
 Flywheel Energy Storage System:
Overview

 Flywheel storage is a mechanical

storage technology.
 Flywheels are excellent for storing
intermittent energy for short time
periods.
 As most energy is lost due to friction,
flywheels are operated in enclosed
vacuum spaces to minimize drag.

Image source: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/flywheels

 Flywheel Energy Storage Systems:
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages

• Add weight to cars. Especially

 Low maintenance. problematic in racing cars
 Long life (more than 20-25 years) • High cost as compared to PHS and
batteries
 Low environmental impact • Cost: 1400$/kW1
 Excellent load following • Cannot hold power for long
characteristics durations

 No fuel, water or any resource

consumption.

1. Assessment of the Role of Energy Storage Technologies for Renewable Energy Deployment in India, Partnership to Advance Clean Energy - Deployment (PACE - D) Technical Assistance
Program, March 2014
 Flywheel Energy Storage System:
Applications
Uninterruptible power supplies1
They consume less space than batteries. Preferred for use in
backup systems like UPS for data centers

Ancillary services
They have very fast response and ramp rate: can
be used as back up power support/ spinning
reserve

NASA applications Grid Energy Storage

NASA developed flywheels for application as an Due to fast response, low environmental impact,
energy storage media small footprint, these can be used for grid support

These are well suited for applications that require Frequency regulation
high power, low energy and large number of
cycles

Transport
Wind Turbines Used in hybrid electric vehicle to increase fuel
Can be used to store energy generated by wind efficiency. Such vehicles are called ‘flybrids’
turbines during low demand periods

1. http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2007/06/26/flywheels-gain-as-alternative-to-batteries/
Flywheel Energy Storage Systems: Case
studies
20MW, Stephentown, New York 1
For frequency regulation to NYISO

Data center in Sweden using flywheel storage2

Flybrid LMP1 KERS has run for the first time in the Hope Racing
LMP1 car. 3
It completed 21 laps of the circuit

1. http://beaconpower.com/stephentown-new-york/
2. http://www.activepower.com/data-center-case-studies/
3. http://www.flybridsystems.com/LMP1test.html
Compressed air energy storage

 The compression mode of a typical CAES plant is activated at the time when the low
demand presents.
 The surplus electricity is used to run a chain of compressors to inject the air into a
storage reservoir (normally an underground cavern for large-scale CAES), and the stored
compressed air is at a high pressure (typically 4.0-8.0 MPa) and the temperature of the
surrounding formation.
 Such a compression process can use intercoolers and after-coolers to reduce the working
temperature of the injected air thus to improve the compression efficiency and
minimising thermal stress on the storage volume walls .
 When the power generation cannot meet the demand, the expansion mode will be
engaged. The stored high pressure compressed air is released from the storage reservoir,
heated, and then expanded through a high-pressure turbine which can be a steam
turbine or a gas turbine .
 CAES system
Compressor train Expander/generator train
Air
Exhaust

PC PG

Intercoolers
PC = Compressor Heat recuperator
power in Fuel (e.g. natural gas, distillate)
PG = Generator
power out

Aquifer, hS = Hours of
Air
salt cavern, Storage (at PC)
Storage
or hard mine

Source : https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwi6473Er-
PPAhXBQI8KHe9VCVoQFgg0MAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcmi.princeton.edu%2Fnews%2Fppt%2Fcaes05.ppt&usg=AFQjCNHodvVRn5QSZCCk6XDPx70nGLwsqA&sig2=yXXAc9TTNTofKjgDuzhFLA&cad=rjt
Source : http://www.eera-set.eu/wp-content/uploads/Overview-of-Current-Development-on-Compressed-Air-Energy-Storage_EERA-report-2013.pdf
Source : http://www.eera-set.eu/wp-content/uploads/Overview-of-Current-Development-on-Compressed-Air-Energy-Storage_EERA-report-2013.pdf
Source : http://www.eera-set.eu/wp-content/uploads/Overview-of-Current-Development-on-Compressed-Air-Energy-Storage_EERA-report-2013.pdf
Source : http://www.eera-set.eu/wp-content/uploads/Overview-of-Current-Development-on-Compressed-Air-Energy-Storage_EERA-report-2013.pdf
Compressed air energy storage
Small scale CAES facilities

 Small-scale CAES is now attracting the developers’ attention and the associated
technologies are emerging. ACompressed Air Battery (CAB) systemisdevelopedby
aUK based company -Energetix Group,with a power rating range between 2 kW
and a few MW.
Commercial application of small scale CAES System by
Energetix group
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiczqfTu-PPAhWBvY8KHQiCAlUQFggiMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.store-project.eu%2Fdocuments%2Fresults%2Fen_GB%2Freport-summarizing-the-current-
status-role-and-costs-of-energy-storage-technologies&usg=AFQjCNFimpnwKCWOJoJi2Ctpfld542AbbQ&sig2=vumKfJOZKWVhCZ84MIPZ9w&cad=rjt
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiczqfTu-PPAhWBvY8KHQiCAlUQFggiMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.store-project.eu%2Fdocuments%2Fresults%2Fen_GB%2Freport-summarizing-the-current-status-
role-and-costs-of-energy-storage-technologies&usg=AFQjCNFimpnwKCWOJoJi2Ctpfld542AbbQ&sig2=vumKfJOZKWVhCZ84MIPZ9w&cad=rjt
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiczqfTu-PPAhWBvY8KHQiCAlUQFggiMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.store-project.eu%2Fdocuments%2Fresults%2Fen_GB%2Freport-summarizing-the-current-status-
role-and-costs-of-energy-storage-technologies&usg=AFQjCNFimpnwKCWOJoJi2Ctpfld542AbbQ&sig2=vumKfJOZKWVhCZ84MIPZ9w&cad=rjt
Useful links

 http://www.store-project.eu/
 http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/energy-storage-technologies
 http://energy.gov/oe/services/technology-development/energy-storage
 https://energy.mit.edu/area/power-distribution-energy-storage/
 http://indiaesa.info/