KIA 1004: MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

SEMESTER 2 (2017/2018)

LECTURE 6: Plastic Analysis (Frames)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainah Ibrahim

Department of Civil Engineering
University of Malaya
KIA 1004 – Mechanics of Materials
Semester 2 (2017/2018)

Course Outcomes (CO)

No. Course Outcomes (CO) Delivery Assessment

Apply the principles of plastic analysis

Lab report,
4 method in the analysis of beams and Lectures, Tutorial
examination
frames.

2
1 = Course Outcomes (CO) addresses Programme Outcomes (PO) SLIGHTLY, 2 = MODERATELY, 3 = SUBSTANTIVELY
KAEA 3224– THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Plastic collapse of a portal frame
Frame is more complex than the simple
beam structures
There are various possibilities for the
failure mechanism
Total number of hinges =
degree of redundancies + 1

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Plastic collapse of a portal frame
Example 6 – Fixed supports
P1 kN Mp = 100kNm
P2 kN
EI = 100kNm2
5m P1 = 10 kN
P2 = 10 kN
5m 10m The whole
7.8 20.8
structure is in
elastic range
21.2

=1
11.4 25.7
Max bending
moment 4
KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Plastic collapse of a portal frame
Example 6 – fixed supports (cont’)

P1 kN
P2 kN B D
C
5m Plastic hinge
A E

5m 10m
30.4 80.9
The bending moment at
82.7 E reaches Mp, a plastic
hinge is formed
44.4  = 3.9 100
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Plastic collapse of a portal frame
Example 6 – fixed supports (cont’)

B
D
C
5m Plastic hinge
A E

5m 10m
31.4 97.3

100
The bending moment at
C reaches Mp, now
there are two plastic
 = 4.60 100
64.2 hinges.
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Plastic collapse of a portal frame
Example 6 – fixed supports (cont’)
46.7 kN
46.7 kN B D
C
5m Plastic hinge
A
E
5m 10m
33.4 100
The bending moment at
100 D reaches Mp, now
there are three plastic
66.8  = 4.67 100 hinges.

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Plastic collapse of a portal frame
Example 6 – fixed supports (cont’)
50 kN
50 kN B
D
C

5m Plastic hinge
A
E

5m 10m
Four plastic hinges are
50 100 formed, the structure is
100 changed into a
mechanism and the
c = 5.0 corresponding load is
100 100
called the collapse load.
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Portal frame with pinned supports
Example 7 – pinned supports

V
H The value of Mp is
constant throughout

L
Two hinges will be
required to form a
mechanism

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Example 7 – pinned supports (cont’)
A beam Mechanism Vc

 W   M  p
Hc Mp Mp
Collapse is
L caused by  
Vc   4 M p  
2 the vertical
force alone Mp
Vc L
Mp 
8
Vc
A Sway Mechanism Mp Mp
Hc
 W   M  p
Collapse is
H c h  2 M p  
caused by the
Hch horizontal
Mp  force alone
2
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Example 7 – pinned supports (cont’)

“Combined Mechanism”
There is a third possibility
in which the two
Vc independent mechanisms
are combined to produce
Hc
B  the “Combined Mechanism”
Mp
  
Mp It is a combination of
the beam and side sway
mechanism with a
“cancelling out” of the
joint rotations at B such
that B remains a rigid,
without the formation of
a plastic hinge.
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 Example 7 – pinned supports (cont’)
Virtual work equation for “Combined Mechanism”

 M    W p

L
4M p  2M p  M p  M p  Vc   H c h
2

internal internal internal work external external

work, beam work, sway at hinge which work, beam work, sway
mechanism mechanism disappears mechanism mechanism

L
4M p  Vc   H c h
2
Vc L H c h
Mp   12
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Which is the “most likely”
mechanism?
This is a difficult question to answer, because the actual
collapse mechanism depends on the relative values of the
forces H and V, see the graph below.
sway mechanism
9
8
7 collapse
Interaction beam mechanism
diagram (ID) 6
VL/Mp

5 (2,4)
4
3 permissible
region Combined mechanism
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Hh/Mp
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 sway mechanism
9

Notes on interaction 8
7 collapse

diagram (ID)
beam mechanism
6

VL/Mp
5
4
3 permissible
The horizontal line states 2
Combined mechanism
region
1
beam collapse when 0
0 1 2 3 4 5
VL/Mp =8 Hh/Mp

Similar arguments can be used for the other

mechanisms, and the arrows in the ID indicate safety.
The shaded area indicates combinations of V and H that
are safe against collapse by any of the possible
mechanisms.
Point (2,4) represents over-collapse because the sway
and combined mechanism will form simultaneously.

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Example 8: A more complicated case
V

H 2 4
3
3m

5m
5

Collapse mechanisms
1
Beam mechanism
4m 6m
Sway mechanism
Plastic moments:
Combined mechanism
Beam = 400kNm
Columns = 200kNm
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 V
2 4

Example 8 Cont’:
H
3
3m
5
5m

Beam mechanism 1
4m 6m

V MP = 400 kNm
  a Beam mechanism
 a 3m  = 4 = 6a
5m a = (2/3)
MP = 200 kNm

4m 6m
V = 200 + 400( + a)  200a
At a connection between two
substituting for  and a
members, the plastic hinge forms
at a BM equal to the plastic V x 4  600 (1  (2/3))
moment of the weaker member
V = 250kN
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 V
2 4

Example 8 Cont’:
H
3
3m
5
5m

Sway mechanism 1
4m 6m
D D

H
Sway mechanism
b 3m
 b D = 5 = 3b
5m b = (5/3)


4m HD = 2 x 200 + 2 x 200b
6m
substituting for D and b
Plastic hinges form at the top and
bottom of each column. The tops of H x 5  400 (1  (5/3))
the columns move sideways by the H = 213.3kN
same amount, so the rotations in
each column are different
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 V
2 4

Example 8 Cont’:
H
3
3m
5
5m

Combined mechanism 1
4m 6m

D D
V
H a

 a
b
b 3m
5m
Combined mechanism

a = (2/3)
4m 6m b = (5/3)

V + HD = 600 (1  (2/3))  400 (1  (5/3))  200  200

4V + 5H  1666.7
Beam mech Sway mech
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Example 8 Cont’:
Interaction diagram (ID)

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Example 8 Cont’: Notes
on Interaction Diagram (ID)

The collapse mechanism

depends on the relative
magnitudes of H and V
The ID shows that the collapse is under combined
mechanism with the H=166.6 kN and V=208.3 kN
(assume V=1.25H).
The corresponding
bending moment
diagram:

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 V
2 4

Example 8 Cont’: How to

H
3
3m
5
5m

draw the BMD? 1

4m 6m

M p  200kNm
The Free Body Diagram (FBD) of 4-5

H 5  3  2M p
3m 2M p
H5 
3
and M p  200kNm
H5 H 5  133.3kN

M p  200kNm

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 V
2 4
H
3

Contd.
3m
5
5m

1
4m 6m

H  166.6kN
The Free Body Diagram (FBD) of 1-2
M2

5m M 2  M p  H1  5  0
M 2  33.3  5 - 200
M p  200kNm
M 2  33.5kNm

H1  33.3kN

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 V
2 4
H
3

Contd.
3m
5
5m

1
4m 6m

The Free Body Diagram (FBD) of 2-3

M2

M p  400kNm
V1 4m
M 2  M p  V1  4  0
V1  4  33.5  400
V1  108.3kN
V5  208.5  108.3  100kN
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Collapse Mode & Load Factor
For a frame of given Mp and L, any values of V and H
will give us a point on the Interaction Diagram.
If this point lies outside the boundary then the values
of V and H will be inadmissible as the frame will have
already collapsed. If the point lies within the boundary
then a line drawn from the origin through the point
gives information regarding:
1. The Mode of Collapse
2. The Load Factor
For that particular Case

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Pitched portal frame – Gable Frame
V
H

B
A C Sway mechanism

Pitched portal mechanism

Beam mechanism can not

develop in the sloping rafters Combined mechanism
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Sloping members
B h h

v
l a v
l

kh
a Horizontal deflection
A
= vertical projection
L/2
x plastic rotation
Vertical deflection =
h = (l) sina = lsina  = kh horizontal projection
v = (l) cosa = lcosa  = (L/2) x plastic rotation =
deflection of a beam
with same span 26
KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Symmetric pitched portal
frame
V

H3 l

H1 3M p kh
a
H2

Mp h
Mp

L/2 L/2

The analysis is more complicated than the rectangular portal

frame, not required for exam.
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Possibilities to form a beam
mechanism

The internal work is the same

in each case
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Virtual work (pattern (b))

Internal work = Mp + 3Mp x 2 + Mp( +) + Mp

= 4Mp(2+k)

External work:
Case (a), (b) = VL/2 (same as beam mechanism)
Case (c) = VL/2 + H2 2kh 
Case (d) = VL/2 + H3 kh 

The horizontal forces determine which

pattern will occur
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Example – pitched portal
frame

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 Pitched-portal mechanism
V  L  H  2  0.25L  M p  M p 2  M p (   )

(V  0.5H ) L  4.5M p
Mp
V  0.5H  4.5
L

2   h  L
2  0.25 L  L
  0.5
 h  sin a  sin aLAb  0.25L Vertical deflection is the horizontal projection
of AB multiplied by the plastic rotation.
 V  cos a  L AB cos a  L Horizontal deflection is the vertical projection
of AB multiplied by the plastic rotation.
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Sway mechanism

H  L  M p  M p  M p D  L
H  L  3M p
Mp
H 3
L 32
KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Combined mechanism
(pitched-portal + sway)

(V  0.5H )  L  H  L  4.5M p  3M p  M p  M p

(V  1.5H )  L  5.5M p
Mp
V  1.5H  5.5
L
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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
The interaction diagram

Mp Mp
The collapse load is V  4.1 and H  0.8 (V=5H).
L L
Mp Mp
The collapse load is V  2.2 and H  2.2 (V=H)
L L 34
KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
KIA 1004 – Mechanics of Materials
Semester 2 (2017/2018)

Course Outcomes (CO)

No. Course Outcomes (CO) Delivery Assessment

Apply the principles of plastic analysis

Lab report,
4 method in the analysis of beams and Lectures, Tutorial
examination
frames.

35
1 = Course Outcomes (CO) addresses Programme Outcomes (PO) SLIGHTLY, 2 = MODERATELY, 3 = SUBSTANTIVELY
KAEA 3224– THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
 Break

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Tutorial – in Class

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 – in Class
Figure below shows a fixed-end portal frame of uniform plastic moment of
resistance, MP. The frame is vertically and horizontally loaded with
concentrated loads of 2P at C and P at joint B, respectively.
a) Identify and sketch the mechanisms of collapse together with their
work equations in terms of MP.
b) If MP = 50 kNm, determine the minimum value of P such that the
loading shown in figure below would cause collapse.

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 – in Class (solution)
a) Identify and sketch the mechanisms of collapse
together with their work equations in terms of MP

Beam Mechanism

2P (3)(θ) = MP (2θ) + MP (2θ)

6Pθ = 4MP θ

P = 2MP/3

Sway Mechanism

P (4)(θ) = MP (4θ)

4Pθ = 4MP θ

P = MP

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 – in Class (solution)
a) Identify and sketch the mechanisms of collapse
together with their work equations in terms of MP

Combined Mechanism
P 2P
P (4)(θ) + 2P (3)(θ) = MP (4θ) + MP (2θ)

10Pθ = 6MP θ

P = 0.6 MP

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 – in Class (solution)
b) If MP = 50 kNm, determine the minimum value of P
such that the loading shown in figure below would
cause collapse.

Beam mechanism,
P = 2MP/3 = 2(50)/3 = 33.3 kN

Sway mechanism,
P = MP = 50 kN

Combined mechanism,
P = 0.6 MP = 0.6 (50) = 30 kN

Hence, collapsed mechanism is combined mechanism with P = 30 kN.

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - in Class

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - in Class (soln)

Panel/sway mechanism:
WD in hinges = 4θ (Mp)
WD at load = 2λ (10) (θ)

Beam mechanism:
WD in hinges = 4θ (Mp)
WD at load = 3λ (10) (θ)

43
KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - in Class (soln)

combined mechanism:
WD in hinges = 6θ (Mp)
WD at load = 2λ (10) (θ) +3λ (10) (θ)

ratio.

44
KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q3 - in Class

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q3 - in Class (soln)

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q3 - in Class (soln)

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Questions

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 – Portal Frame

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 - Soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q1 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 – Gable frame

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q2 - soln

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q3 – Gable Frame UDL

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q3 – con’t

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q3 – con’t

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q3 – con’t

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KAEA 2223 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 – ZIB-
Tutorial Q3 – con’t

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KAEA 3224 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2 – ZIB-