NAME SOURCES PROPERTIES USES

LNG  LNG comes from  Chemical  LNG is

(Liquefied raw natural gas Formula- frequently used
Natural Gas) processing. CH4 (Methane) for fuel in
 Liquefied natural  Boiling Point - heating,
gas – is methane 161°C or -257.8°F cooking, hot
(CH4) that is  Liquid Density - water and
liquefied by 426kg/m³ or vehicles, after it
cryogenic chilling 26.5943lb/ft³ has been
below -161°C.  Gas Density at regasified into
25°C or 77ºF methane.
0.656 kg/m³or  Industrial and
0.04095lb/ft³ commercial
 Specific Gravity boilers are one
(Air=1)0.554 of the most
 Limits of common uses
Flammability - for LNG in
5.3% to 14% Australia.
 Auto Ignition  LNG as an
Temperature - alternative fuel
595°C or 1103°F to diesel for
road
transportation
has been in
development in
Australia since
2001.
 LNG is a suitable
alternative to
diesel for the
remote power
generation
market.
 LNG is currently
used in power
generation,
boilers, fluid
bed dryers,
rotary kilns and
furnaces.
GASOHOL  It is produced  Gasohol, a  Gasohol is a fuel
from fermented gasoline extender for internal
and distilled made from a combustion
grains. The most mixture of engines.
common grains gasoline (90%)  Used as an
that are used to and ethanol alternative fuel
produce ethanol (10%; often for cars and
are corn, barley obtained by other vehicles in
and wheat. fermenting many countries.
Ethanol is also agricultural crops
 called ethyl or crop wastes)
alcohol or grain or gasoline (97%)
alcohol. It is and methanol, or
usually blended wood alcohol
with gasoline to (3%).
create a fuel  Made from a
called gasohol. mixture of
gasoline (90%)
and ethanol
(10%; often
obtained by
fermenting
agricultural crops
or crop wastes)
Or gasoline (97%)
and methanol, or
wood alcohol
(3%).
DIESEL  Diesel fuel is  Diesel is  Diesel engines
produced from composed of in trucks, trains,
various sources, about 75% boats, and
the most common saturated barges help
being petroleum. hydrocarbons transport nearly
 Other sources (primarily all products
include: biomass paraffins people
animal fat including n, iso, consume.
biogas and  A Diesel fuel
natural gas cycloparaffins), power most of
coal liquefaction. and 25% aromatic the farm and
hydrocarbons construction
(including equipment. The
naphthalenes and construction
alkylbenzenes). industry also
 The average depends on the
chemical formula power diesel
for common fuel provides.
diesel fuel is  The U.S. military
C12H24, ranging uses diesel fuel
approximately in tanks and
from C10H20 to trucks because
C15H28. diesel fuel is
less flammable
and less
explosive than
other fuels.
 Diesel fuel is
also used in
diesel engine
generators to
generate
electricity.
GASOLINE  Gasoline is a fuel  It has an initial  Gasoline is
made from crude boiling point at primarily
oil and other atmospheric consumed as a
petroleum liquids. pressure of about fuel for
 Most of the 35 °C (95 °F) and transportation.
gasoline that a final boiling  Used as fuel for
petroleum point of about internal-
refineries produce 200 °C (395 °F). combustion
is actually  Gasoline contains engines.
unfinished hydrocarbons in  It is also used as
gasoline. the range of C4- a solvent for oils
C10. and fats.
 Liquid state.  Gasoline is most
 High energy often used in
density (better vehicles like
than alcohols, cars, vans, etc.
LPG, LNG, etc.,  Gasoline can be
and only a little used in a wide
behind variety of other
diesel/fuel oil). things that we
 Vaporizes and use every day,
ignites easily at such as
low temperature. lawnmowers,
leaf blowers,
and small boat
motors.
KEROSENE  Kerosene is a  Kerosene is a low  Kerosene is a
hydrocarbon viscosity, clear very effective
compound liquid formed lighting fuel.
extracted as liquid from  Kerosene is
from refined hydrocarbons. versatile
petroleum.  Kerosene’s major heating oil
 Manufacturers components are which can be
can also extract branched and readily
kerosene from oil straight chain controlled, so
shale, wood and alkanes and portable
coal. Like natural naphthenes. kerosene room
gas, kerosene is  Autoignition heaters regulate
derived from the temperature is room
same type of fossil 220 °C (428 °F). temperatures
fuels. easily and
safely.
 Kerosene has
developed
another
important
usage: jet fuel.

LPG  LPG is prepared by  LPG - Propane  LPG (propane) is

(Liquefied refining Boiling Point - used as a fuel
Petroleum Gas) petroleum or 42 °C or -44 °F for many
"wet" natural gas,  Propane Flame residential,
 and is almost Temperature - commercial and
entirely derived 1967 ºC or 3573 agricultural heat
from fossil fuel ºF applications,
sources, being  Limits of including
manufactured Flammability- cooking, hot
during the refining 2.15% to 9.6% water systems
of petroleum LPG/air and heating.
(crude oil), or  Autoignition  It is also
extracted from Temperature- employed as a
petroleum or 470 °C or 878 °F propellant,
natural gas  Molecular refrigerant,
streams as they Weight- 44.097 vehicle fuel and
emerge from the kg/kmole petrochemical
ground. feedstock.
 One of the
many uses of
LPG is as
ignition fuel for
vehicles.
METHYLENE  Methylene  Methylene  Methylene
CHLORIDE chloride does not Chloride is a chloride is used
occur naturally in clear, colorless, as an industrial
the environment. nonflammable, solvent and as a
 The primary volatile liquid paint stripper.
stationary sources chlorinated  Used as an
that have hydrocarbon with inhalation
reported a sweet, pleasant anesthetic and
emissions of smell and emits acts as a
methylene highly toxic narcotic in high
chloride in fumes of concentrations.
California are phosgene when  Its primary use
plastic product heated to is as a solvent in
manufacturers, decomposition. manufacturing
manufacturers of  Molecular and food
synthetics, and Weight- 84.94 technology.
aircraft and parts  Boiling Point-  Methylene
manufacturing. 39.75C at 760 chloride is a
mm Hg solvent found in
 Melting Point - paint and
95C varnish
 Vapor Pressure- strippers that
349 mm Hg at are used to
20C remove paint or
 Vapor Density- varnish coatings
2.93 from a variety
Density/Specific of surfaces.
Gravity- 1.3255  It is also used in
at 20/4C bathtub
 Log refinishing.
Octanol/Water
Partition
Coefficient- 1.30
  Conversion
Factor 1 ppm =
3.47 mg/m3
BENZENE  Natural sources of  Benzene is a  Benzene is a
benzene include cyclic widely used
volcanoes and hydrocarbon with industrial
forest fires. a chemical chemical.
 Benzene is found formula C6H6  It's used to
in crude oil and is  Benzene is a make plastics,
a major part of clear, colorless, resins,
gasoline. highly flammable synthetic
 Benzene is and volatile, fibers, rubber
produced liquid aromatic lubricants,
naturally by hydrocarbon with dyes,
volcanoes and a gasoline-like detergents,
forest fires. odor. drugs and
 They are pesticides.
unsaturated, and  Benzene is
contain used as an
delocalized industrial
electron clouds solvent in
above and below paints,
the ring. varnishes,
 It burns in air lacquer
with a sooty thinners,
flame - due to gasoline, etc.
high proportion
of unburnt
carbon.
 It is insoluble in
water, but
dissolves organic
compounds.
 It has a boiling
point of 80C.
TOLUENE  It is produced in  Molecular Weight  Toluene is
the process of - 92.13 mainly used as a
making gasoline  Boiling Point- precursor to
and other fuels 110.7C benzene via
from crude oil and  Melting Point- hydrodealkylati
in making coke 95C on.
from coal.  Flash Point- 40F  Toluene is
 Toluene occurs (closed cup) needed for
naturally at low  Vapor Density dinitrotoluene,
levels in crude oil 3.2 (air =1) which is needed
and is a byproduct  Toluene reacts as for toluene
in the production a normal diisocyanate,
of gasoline by a aromatic which is used to
catalytic reformer hydrocarbon in produce
or ethylene electrophilic polyurethane
cracker. aromatic foams.
substitution.  Toluene is a
 common
solvent, e.g. for
paints, paint
thinners,
silicone
sealants,[20]
many chemical
reactants,
rubber, printing
ink, adhesives
(glues),
lacquers,
leather tanners,
and
disinfectants.
 Toluene can be
used as an
octane booster
in gasoline fuels
for internal
combustion
engines.
XYLENE  Xylene is primarily  Molecular  Xylene is used
released from formula- C8H10 in the
industrial sources,  Molar mass- laboratory to
in automobile 106.16 g/mol make baths
exhaust, and  Appearance- with dry ice to
during its use as a Clear, colorless cool reaction
solvent. liquid vessels, and as a
 Xylenes are an  Density and solvent to
important phase- 0.864 remove
petrochemical g/mL, liquid synthetic
produced by  Melting point- immersion oil
catalytic −47.4 °C (−53.3 from the
reforming and °F; 226 K) microscope
also by coal  Boiling point- objective in
carbonization in 138.5 °C (281.3 light
the manufacture °F; 412 K) microscopy.
of coke fuel.  In histology,
 They also occur in xylene is the
crude oil in most widely
concentrations of used clearing
about 0.5–1%, agent.
depending on the  It is widely used
source. in several
industries as
well as in dental
and medical
arenas.
NAPTHALENE  Naphthalene is  Naphthalene is a  Naphthalene is
emitted as a white crystalline, used mainly as a
product of volatile solid with precursor to
 incomplete an odor of other
combustion, e.g., mothballs. It chemicals.
from wood, straw, sublimes at room  The single
tobacco, gasoline temperature. largest use of
and diesel  Naphthalene is naphthalene is
combustion, and insoluble in water the industrial
from evaporation and is soluble in production of
or sublimation of benzene, phthalic
naphthalene- absolute alcohol, anhydride,
containing ether, carbon although more
materials, e.g., tetrachloride, phthalic
coal tar, crude oil, carbon disulfide, anhydride is
petroleum hydronaphthalen made from o-
products, moth es, and in fixed xylene.
repellents and air and volatile oils.  It's also used to
fresheners.  Boiling Point- help make
217.9C insecticides
 Melting Point- (insect killers),
80.2C artificial tanning
 Molecular agents, and
Weight- 128.16 dyes, and if
you've ever
wondered why
a public
bathroom
(especially the
men's one)
sometimes
smells really
similar to
mothballs, it's
because
naphthalene is
used in some
kinds of toilet
deodorant
blocks.
ANTHRACENE  Anthracene is also  Molar mass-  Anthracene is
released naturally 178.234 g·mol−1 used in the
from volcanoes,  Appearance- artificial
lightning and Colorless production of
forest fires, but  Odor- Weak the red dye
the amounts are aromatic alizarin.
very small  Density- 1.28  It is also used in
compared to g/cm3 (25 °C) wood
those released 0.969 g/cm3 (220 preservatives,
from man-made °C) insecticides,
combustion sourc  Insoluble in water and coating
es. but is soluble in materials.
most organic  Used as a
solvents such as scintillator for
carbon disulfide, detectors of
 alcohols, high energy
benzene, photons,
chloroform, and electrons and
hydronaphthalen alpha particles.
es.
PHENANTHRENE  The primary  Melting point-  phenanthrene is
emission sources 98-100 °C (lit.) used to make
of phenanthrene  Boiling point- 340 dyes, plastics
are the °C(lit.) and pesticides,
combustion of  Density- 1.063 explosives and
fossil fuels, traffic g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) drugs. It has
and exhausts from  vapor pressure- also been used
industry. 0.00012 hPa (20 to make bile
 It can be detected, °C) acids,
e.g. in tobacco  Stability:Stable. cholesterol and
smoke, smoked, Combustible. steroids.
charbroiled and Incompatible
contaminated with strong
foods and drinking oxidizing agents
water.  It can subject to
 For industrial sublimation,
purposes being insoluble in
phenanthrene is water, slightly
derived from coal soluble in
tar. ethanol, soluble
in ether,
benzene, acetic
acid, chloroform,
etc.
BENZPYRENE  The main source  Chemical  Only relatively
of atmospheric formula- C20H12 small amounts
BaP is residential  Solubility in of BaP are
wood burning. water- 0.2 to 6.2 intentionally
 It is also found in µg/L manufactured
coal tar, in  Molecular to be used in
automobile Weight-252.316 dyes.
exhaust fumes g/mol
(especially from  3,4-Benzpyrene is
diesel engines), in a crystalline,
all smoke resulting aromatic
from the hydrocarbon
combustion of consisting of five
organic material fused benzene
(including rings and formed
cigarette smoke), during the
and in charbroiled incomplete
food. combustion of
organic matter.
 Classified as a
member of the
Benzopyrenes.