National Conference on Engineering Materials, Automotive Technology and Electrical Mobility (EMATEM-

2023) 17-18 November 2023, AED and EEED, Maturi Venkata Subba Rao (MVSR) Engineering College
(Autonomous), Hyderabad, TS

Evaluation on Physicochemical Properties and Performance Charecteristics of

Biodiesel from used Cooking Oil on Di Diesel Enigne
1
Suresh Devunuri, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India.
1
Shaik Amjad, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India.
1
GVL Prasad, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India.

Abstract— Investigation into newer routes of alternative fuels
is a key research area especially due to the fluctuations in the
conventional fuel prices and the environmental advantages.
The present work illustrates the production of biodiesel from
the used cooking oil to study the properties produced biodiesel.
Esterification of waste cooking oil with methanol in presence of
slphuric acid. Transesterification of methyl ester with methanol
or ethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide or sodium
hydroxide as a catalyst has been investigated to produce
biodiesel
Keywords— Fatty acid compositions, Waste cooking oil
methyl ester, yield
I. INTRODUCTION
Many researchers are doing experiments around the
world to reduce automotive vehicle emissions, especially
diesel emissions such as HC, CO, CO2, NOx, smoke etc. To
decrease these emissions methyl esters derived from
vegetable oils known as biodiesel are the widely accepted
alternative fuels. [1] In general, biodiesel made from plant
oils has better qualities such as cetane number, latent heat,
and 12 percent oxygen in its molecular structure, which aids
in the production of biodiesel. For the manufacturing of
biodiesel, a variety of feedstocks are available. Palm,
coconut, jatropha, cotton seed, Pongamia, linseed, and other
plants were among them. Sunflower, coconut, and so on.
Cultivation and, nevertheless, the costs of producing edible
plants and vegetable oils are high. It is frequently more
expensive than petro-diesel. As a result, biodiesel from
Animal fats and waste cooking oils are low-cost feedstocks.
These fuels improve combustion efficiency while also being
environmentally benign and aiding in the reduction of
particulate matter (PM)[2] emissions There are various
feedstocks available for biodiesel production There were
some palm, and Coconut, jatropha, cotton seed, Pongamia,
linseed, coconut, sunflower, and other similar plants
However, the costs of growing food plants and
manufacturing vegetable oils are higher. It is frequently more
expensive than petro-diesel. As a result, biodiesel from
Animal fats and waste cooking oils are low-cost feed stocks.
potentially lower the cost of producing biodiesel [3] Every
day, huge amounts of used cooking oils are discarded, and
some of the waste oil is used to make new products. Soaps.
In India, 0.1 million tons of waste cooking are produced each
year. In the United States, 0.3, the European Union, 0.7, the
United Kingdom, 0.2, and Canada, Waste oil was disposed of
at a rate of 0.13 million tons per year.[5]. This oil can be used
to make biodiesel, which helps to cut costs while also
providing a solution to the problem. [6] Although raw
vegetable oils can be used directly as a fuel in diesel engines,
their high viscosity causes poor fuel injection and incomplete
combustion. Combustion takes place. To get around the
viscosity issue the process of Transesterification is employed.
During the Transesterification procedure, In the presence of a
catalyst, alcohol reacts with vegetable oils. As a by-product,
methyl ester and glycerin are formed. The disposal of these
items causes environmental issues. For Transesterification is
the process of converting raw oils to methyl esters. strategy
that is widely employed [7] on biodiesel application
demonstrates that biodiesel made from renewable and
typically domestic sources is a more long-term energy
source. As a result, it will play an increasingly important role
in supplying.
Transportation energy requirements Particulate matter is a
type of dust. Biodiesel reduces particulate matter (PM)
emissions considerably.in comparison to a clean diesel fuel
operation, and the current trend with PM emissions of
biodiesel will be reduced due to lower aromatic and Sulphur
compounds and higher cetane number for biodiesel, but the
more important factor is higher oxygen content.
II. Materials Used
Waste cooking oil (1liters) was collected from the local
tiffin center. Pure methanol (99.9% pure), Potassium
hydroxide (KOH) pellets were purchased from new science
laboratory chemicals limited. Remi Equipment 5MLH
magnetic stirrer with hot plate of capacity 2 liters was used
for stirring and maintaining the required temperatures.
III. Esterification of WCO
Most biodiesel regulations place a cap on the amount of
FFAs in the fuel since FFAs can produce deposits and
Schematic representation of the Esterification reaction
engine damage. As illustrated in scheme-2, esterification can
be utilised to convert FFAs to biodiesel and lower FFA
levels. Fatty acid interacts with alcohol in the presence of a
catalyst to produce fatty acid alkyl ester in this reaction In this study, a 4.5 kW, VCR (variable compression
(Biodiesel) Ratio) water - cooled, four-stroke cycle, compression
IV. Transesterification ignition diesel engine coupled with an water cooled
eddy current dynamometer along with load cell was
Transesterification is a three-step reversible reaction that used to conduct the experiments. Stain gauge type load
converts the initial triglycerides into a mixture of fatty acid cell was used to measure engine torque. Fuel flow rate
alkyl esters (FAAE) and glycerin, in the presence of a was measured with the help of standard burette
catalyst and alcohol. The fatty acid alkyl esters produced is apparatus. AVL degas 444 five gas analyzer was used
known as biodiesel. for measuring the exhaust gas emissions. AVL 437C
Smoke meter was used to measure smoke opacity.
AVL pressure transducer GH14D/AH01 and AVL
365C crank angle encoder with AVL BOSH
combustion analysis software were used for the
measurement of combustion parameters. The engine
was started under no load conditions and steadily the
load was increased in steps of 25%, up to the full load
capacity. Readings were taken at constant speed and
under steady state conditions. The engine specification
schematic representation of the Transesterification reaction [ was presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Engine specifications.
Type Variable compression engine. Four
3.1 Process of Transesterification for waste cooking oils stroke, vertical, water cooling
Ignition Compression ignition
One liter of waste cooking oil (WCO) were filtered with Fueling Direct Injection(DI)
surgical cotton, to remove food particles and other sediments
that had accumulated in the oil during its production. Use. Bore x Stroke 87.5 x 110 mm
This pre-filtration improves the production of methyl esters. Compression Ratio 17.5:1
Rated Power 4.5 kW @ 1500 rpm
It must be done with caution, as any sediment in the WCO
Injection 200 bar
during the esterification process can cause soap to develop. pressure
Half liter of WCO was heated after filtering. Any water Lubricating Oil SAE20W 40(K-Oil)
content in the oil is removed, and it is then tested for basic
qualities such as viscosity, density, and so forth. To be able VI. Results and Discussion
to maximize the yield by optimizing the procedure At a, the
esterification process was carried out.
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
Table 1. Properties of fuels. Figure .1 portrays the impact of brake power (BP) on
explicit fuel utilization for diesel and biodiesel mixes. The
Sl No Property Diesel Biodiesel
BSFC is displayed to diminish as brake power is expanded.
1 Lower 43000 38000
The fall in BSFC could be clarified by the way that the pace
calorific
of expanding brake power is essentially quicker than the pace
value(kJ/kg)
of rising fuel utilization as the motor burden increments. A
2 Kinematic 3.8871×1 1.01193× 10-5
similar example can be seen in biodiesel mixes. When
Viscosity (m2 0-6
contrasted with diesel fuel, the BSFC for B20 is 14% more
/sec )
prominent and 3 percent lower. The BSFC is differed for
3 Density 814 864 biodiesel mixes contrasted with diesel to get a similar force
(kg/m3) and force yield for each test fuel. This is because of higher
4 Absolute 3.164×10-3 8.743×10-3 thickness and lower calorific worth of biodiesel contrasted
Viscosity (N- with diesel fuel.
sec/m3)
5 Flash point ( 49 66
o
C)
6 Fire point ( 52 75
o
C)

V. Experimental Setup
 consuption (kg/kwh) 8 Carbon monoxide generation reduces when the engine load
Brake specific fuel

6 increases due to complete combustion. Furthermore, when

4 the quantity of animal fat methyl ester in the mix increased,
B10
2 B20 CO emissions decreased. The addition of oxygen (about
D100 10%-12%) could hasten the combustion process, resulting in
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 lower CO emissions for higher diesel blends.
brake mean effective pressure (bar)
0.16
0.14
0.12

CO% (g/kwh)
Figure 1. Variation of BSFC with BMEP.
0.1
0.08
Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) B20
0.06
0.04 D100
The ability of the combustion system to accept test fuel is 0.02 D100
measured by the thermal efficiency of the brake.is a 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
comparable way of determining how efficiently the energy in
BMEP(bar)
the fuel was transferred to mechanical output. For both diesel
and biodiesel blends, the BTE increases as brake power
increases, as seen in Figure 7.2. The thermal efficiency of the Figure 3. CO emissions of various fuels
brakes is 25% for diesel, 25% for B10, and 25.2 percent for
B20. Because AFME blends have a lower calorific value and Emission of Oxides of Nitrogen
a higher density than diesel fuel, the fall in BTE is higher
density. The lower calorific worth of creature fat methyl ester Indicates the change of nitrogen oxide (NOx) with the
enormously impacts the brake warm proficiency under all average effective braking pressure of the biodiesel and diesel
stacking conditions. It is additionally evident that the impact
fuel mixture. As the percentage of biodiesel is increased,
of BSFC is more compelling than LHV as to diminish in of
BTE. As shown in fig 2 NOx emissions fall. The temperature in the cylinder, the
oxygen concentration, and the time it takes for the chemical
30
Brake Thermal efficiency

25 reaction to take place all play a role in the reaction of NOx.

20 Because of the increase in power production, the greater the
15 brake mean effective pressure, the lower the NOx emission
B10
%

10 B20 for all tested fuels. At maximum brake mean effective

5 D100
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Brake meaneffective pressure(bar)
Figure 2 Brake thermal efficiency vs BMEP
Unburned hydrocarbons emission
pressure, NOx emissions are lower than 3.1 percent for B10
and 3 percent for B20 than diesel fuel. In the presence of
chemically bound oxygen concentration in biodiesel, NOx
production is accelerated and becomes less significant,
resulting in higher levels of NOx emissions as observed in
Figure 4

The chemicals generated during the intermediate combustion

phases of hydrocarbon fuels is carbon monoxide (CO).
Figure 7.4 depicts the relationship between CO emission and
brake mean effective pressure. At maximum braking mean
effective pressure, CO emissions for diesel fuel are 0.15
g/kWh, 0.03 g/kWh for B10, and 0.04 g/kWh for B20.
 900  The biodiesel and its blends is slightly higher than
800 diesel owing to low calorific values of the blends. It
700 is observed that there is a significant reduction in
600 CO and HC emissions for all biodiesel blends as
NOx (ppm)

500 compared to diesel fuel at full load condition.

400 B10
B20  However, NOx emission of blends is lower
300
compared to diesel fuel at maximum brake mean
200 D100
100 effective pressure. Carbon soot emission is found to
0 be substantially lower for biodiesel blends in
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 comparison to neat diesel.
BMEP (bar)  Hence, It is concluded WCO (Waste Cooking Oil)
based biodiesel especially can replace the diesel fuel
upto certain level in diesel engine and reduces the
Figure 4: NOx vs. BMEP demand of fossil fuel without comprising the
Smoke emission performance of the engine
REFERENCES
Figure 5 shows us the abut the emission of smoke. it is
[1]Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An
observed that as the load increased on engine the emission
efficient technique to convert waste into biodiesel
of smoke is gradually increased. The smoke emission is
Sahara , Sana Sadafb,⁎ , Javed Iqbala , Inam
lower about 3% for B10 and 10% for B20 respectively at
Ullahd , Haq Nawaz Bhattia ,Shazia Nourene ,
maximum load.
Habib- ur - Rehmanf ,JanNisar ,
120 MunawarIqbalhhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/scie
100 nce/article/pii/S187661021300027
80
SMOKE %

60 [2]Performance of Diesel Engine Fuelled by a

B10
40 B20 Biodiesel Extracted From A Waste Cocking Oil
20 D100 Wail M. Adaileh1 and
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Khaledhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl
LOAD (N)
e/pii/S1876610212009198/pdf?
md5=dbbee69ccb480acfa7147776dfd7e6e5&pid=1-
Figure 5: Smoke vs. load s2.0-S1876610212009198-main.pdf

6. Conclusion. [3] Biodiesel Made from Ethanol (Ethyl Esters).”

 The density of the biodiesel is more than the density Online Posting. 2000. The Green Trust . 26
of the diesel.
January2004http://ww2.greentrust.org:8383/2000/bi
 kinematic and absolute viscosities of the biodiesel is
more than the diesel. ofuel/biodiesel_ethanol htm.
 The calorific value of biodiesel is less than diesel. [4]G. Silva, F. Camargo and A. Ferreira,
 An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the ''Application of response surface methodology for
effects of WCO (Waste Cooking Oil) based
biodiesel in proportions of 10% and 20% with that optimization of biodiesel production by
of petroleum diesel on the performance and
transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol'', Fuel
emission behavior of a CI engine.
 The parameters like brake specific fuel Processing Technology, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 407-
consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust 413,2011.[ Links ]https://www.sciencedirect.com/sc
regulated emissions and combustion parameters are
measured, analyzed, and reported. It is observed that ience/article/pii/S0378382010003504
biodiesel and its blends can be used in the diesel
engine without any modifications. [5] Deligiannis A, Anastopoulos G, Karavalakis G,
Mattheou L, Karonis D, Zannikos F, Stournas S,
Lois E:, 2009, “Castor (Ricinus Communis l) seed
oil as an alternative feedstock for the production of
biodiesel” ,11th International Conference on
Environmental Science and Technology, A‐204‐
211.

[6] School of Science and Technology, Georgia

Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Ln,
Lawrenceville, Georgia 30043, United
States; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1922-5923

[7]Finding, Qualifying and Managing Sources of

Waste Vegetable Oil as Feedstock for Biodiesel
Production.” Online Posting. September 9, 2003.
Biodiesel Solutions. 26 January 2004
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27565378
4_Ethanol-
Based_Biodiesel_from_Waste_Vegetable_Oil 0

[8]Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil and Animal Fats.”

Online Posting. May 20, 1997. BiomassEnergy
Foundation (BEF). 30 June 2003.
http://www.woodgas.com/biodies.htm.

[9] Diesel particulate emissions from used cooking

oil biodiesel 26 March 2007 Diesel particulate
emissions from used cooking oil biodiesel -
ScienceDirect