BFT40303 Chapter3d

Railway Structure Analysis
1 BFT 40303 2
The Rail
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Chapter 3
RAIL TRANSPORTATION
BFT40303/BDD/FKAAS/UTHM
Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

3 4
The Rail  These include tracks af tramway lines, in level

 Rails support and guide the crossings and in port facilities.
wheels of the train vehicles.
 One of the earliest types of
rail is the grooved rail, which
is still in use along tracks
where the rail top and
pavement surface are on the Grooved rail
same level.
BFT40303/BDD/FKAAS/UTHM BFT40303/BDD/FKAAS/UTHM
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 1
5 6
 The bull head rail (double head rail) was widely  The rail that is currently widely used is the flat
used in the 19th century, with expectation that the bottom rail (Vignoles-type rail).
rail can be reused (reversed).
Flat bottom rail
Bull head rail

7 8
Stress Distribution
Static wheel load of 100-ton
car = 146,235 N Approximate
intensity of stresses
414,000 – 827,000 kPa (top of rail)
690 – 2,070 kPa (top of tie)
170 – 480 kPa (base of tie)
55 – 160 kPa
(0.6 m below the
base)
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 2
9 10
 Loads acting on the rail structure:

Rail deflection  Vertical Forces
profile
 Lateral Forces
 Longitudinal Forces
Depression and
stress  Dynamic forces (Pd) caused by vehicle vibrations
due to wind loading and geometric conditions can
be related to static forces (Ps) using Talbot’s
Moment
equation.

11 12
Talbot suggests that:  The amount of lateral force is restricted as follows:

Pd  Ps  I p Plateral
 1.2
 V  Pvertical
I p  1  0.01  5
 1.609  Plateral
 0.75 ( worn condition )
Pvertical
where Pd = dynamic load, Ps = static load, Ip =
dynamic factor and V = design speed.
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 3
13 14
 Loads acting on the rails: Calculation of Rail Dimensions

 Rails are designed using the concept of beam-on-
elastic-foundation model (BoEF), assuming that:
 Each rail will behave consistently as a beam placed on
elastic foundation.
 Modulus of foundation (k) is defined as the force per
 Q = Wheel load (vertical load) unit length of the foundation per unit deflection of the
 Y = Lateral load rail tracks.
 T = Longitudinal load
 N = Load due to temperature


15 16
BoEF Model BoEF Model

F(x) in kg/cm2
Reaction force Deflection
F ( x )   k . y( x )
y(x) Elastic modulus
F(x) in kg/cm2
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 4
17 18
 Modulus of track elasticity, u (or k) is given by  Talbot equations:

 Rail moment M o  0.318Px1
P where P = wheel load per unit length of
u 0.391P
D rail and D = unit of track deflection.  Deflection Yo 
ux1
P where P = wheel load required to deflect 0.391PS

u  Rail seat load Qo 
S the track per unit on one tie and S = tie x1
spacing.

19 20
where  The slope q(x), bending moment M(x) and shear

P = wheel load (kg) force V(x) at distance x along the rail due to load
u = track modulus (kg/cm2) P are given by: Damping factor:
1
P2 x  k 4
S = tie spacing (cm) q( x )  e sin x   
1 k  4 EI 
  4 EI  4
x1    P  x
4 u  M( x )  e cos x  sin x 
4
EI = flexural rigidity of rail, with E = modulus of
P  x
elasticity of rail and I = rail moment of inertia V( x )   e cos x 
2
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 5
21 22
 Effect of number of vehicle axles on bending  4 axles

moment: P  x
4
6 axles Ma   e cos x  sin x 

i 1 4

P  x
6 P
Ma   e cos x  sin x  M a  0.75
4 i 1 4
P
M a  0.82  Axle load configurations are not considered
4
P
M a  0.85
4

23 24
 The maximum values of deflection ym, bending  The rail seat load Qm can be obtained using:
moment Mm, and shear force Vm are given by:
Qm  Vm .S
P
ym  where S = sleeper spacing
2k
P
Mm   The ballast pressure Pb is calculated using:
4
P 2Qm
Vm  k . ym  Pb 
2 Ab
where Ab = sleeper bearing
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 6
25 26
 The modulus of foundation k can be estimated by: Exercise 3.8

4
 P  5
  Calculate the rail seat load of a rail with an elasticity
y
k  m1 modulus of 2 x 106 kg/cm2 and a moment of inertia
64EI 3 of 2,000 cm4, given a dynamic load of 17,000 kg
and tie spacing of 40 cm.

27 28
Solution to Exercise 3.8 Solution to Exercise 3.8
Track modulus, u = P/S = 17,000 / 40 Rail seat load

u = 425 kg/cm2
0.391PS 0.391 17 ,000  40
1
Q   4 ,324 kg
1
x 61.5
  4 EI    4  2  106  2,000 
4 4
x       61.5 cm
4 u  4 425 
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 7
29 30
Exercise 3.9
a) Determine the dynamic load of the rail for a Class Classification of Railway and type of rails
I railway given that the axle load is 18 tons. Class Maximum Design speed Load Capacity Dynamic wheel
speed, Vmax (km/hr) (million load (kg)
b) Calculate the maximum moment if the rail used is (km/hr) tons/year)
R54 with an elastic modulus of 2 x 106 kg/cm2 I 120 150 > 20 19,940
and moment of inertia of 2,346 cm4. The II 110 140 10 – 20 16,241
III 100 125 5 – 10 15,542
foundation modulus of elasticity is 180 kg/cm2.
IV 90 115 2.5 – 5 14,843
c) Obtain the deflection at 3 m from the loading V 80 100 < 2.5 14,144
point.

31 32
Solution to Exercise 3.9

Classification of Railway and type of rails (cont’d)
Class Type of Rail Dynamic Rail Stress Allowable (a) Axle load = 18 tons = 18,000 kg
(kg/cm2) stress
(kg/cm2)
I R60 / R54 1,043.3 / 1,176.8 1,325
II R54 / R50 1,128.2 / 1,2318 1,325
Static load, Ps (one wheel load) = ½ (axle load)
III R54 / R50 / R42 1,097.7 / 1,178.8 / 1,476.3 1,663 Ps = 18,000 / 2 = 9,000 kg
IV R54 / R50 / R42 1,031 / 1,125.8 / 1,410 1,843
V R42 1,343.5 2,000
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 8
33 34
Design speed, V = 150 km/h Dynamic load, Pd  Ps  I p

Pd  9,000 1.882  16,938 kg
Dynamic factor, I p  1  0.01 
V
 5
 1.609 
 150 
I p  1  0.01  5
 1.609 
I p  1.882

35 36
(b) Foundation modulus, k = 180 kg/cm2 Pd

Maximum moment, M m 
Rail elasticity modulus, E = 2 x 106 4
Rail moment of inertia, I = 2,346 cm4 16,938
Mm   427 ,728 kgcm
Damping factor,  4  0.0099
1 1
 k 4  180 4
   
 4  2 10  2,346 
6
 4 EI 
  0.0099 cm 1
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 9
Railway Structure Analysis
37
Solution to Exercise 3.9
(c) 3 m = 300 cm
x = 0.0099(300) = 2.97
P x
y( x )  e cos x  sin x 
2k
16,938  0.0099  2.97
y( 300 )  e cos 2.97  sin 2.97 
2 180
y( 300 )  0.0251 cm
BFT40303/BDD/FKAAS/UTHM
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 10

BFT40303 Chapter3d

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Railway Structure Analysis

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

The Rail  These include tracks af tramway lines, in level

Bull head rail

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

690 – 2,070 kPa (top of tie)

170 – 480 kPa (base of tie)

 Loads acting on the rail structure:

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

Talbot suggests that:  The amount of lateral force is restricted as follows:

 Loads acting on the rails: Calculation of Rail Dimensions

 N = Load due to temperature

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

BoEF Model BoEF Model

Reaction force Deflection

 Modulus of track elasticity, u (or k) is given by  Talbot equations:

P where P = wheel load required to deflect 0.391PS

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

where  The slope q(x), bending moment M(x) and shear

 Effect of number of vehicle axles on bending  4 axles

6 axles Ma   e cos x  sin x 

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

 The modulus of foundation k can be estimated by: Exercise 3.8

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

Solution to Exercise 3.8 Solution to Exercise 3.8

Track modulus, u = P/S = 17,000 / 40 Rail seat load

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

Solution to Exercise 3.9

Solution to Exercise 3.9 Solution to Exercise 3.9

Design speed, V = 150 km/h Dynamic load, Pd  Ps  I p

Railway Structure Analysis Railway Structure Analysis

Solution to Exercise 3.9 Solution to Exercise 3.9

(b) Foundation modulus, k = 180 kg/cm2 Pd

Solution to Exercise 3.9

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